Epistemological Paradigm Research Articles

Differential Intrinsic Coupling Modes in Psychological and Physical Trauma.

Despite each disorder having a distinct etiology, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) often exhibit overlapping symptomatology that makes clinical diagnosis difficult. Furthermore, identification using structural imaging is impractical because anatomical alterations, if they exist at all, can be subtle, or lie beyond the resolution of current technology. Functional MRI, which relies on an indirect measure of brain function (that of blood hemodynamics), has revealed that aberrant functional connectivity (FC) is prevalent in these disorders (1, 2), and machine learning/pattern classification shows promise that these injuries can be objectively classified on certain feature parameters within the spontaneous fluctuations of these signals (3). Although these analyses could potentially aid diagnosis, theories of how these disorders impact underlying neurophysiological interactions and neural network function remain scant. Generating the questions driving answers to this knowledge gap, basic neuroscience research is increasingly revealing the critical role that neurophysiological networks and their dynamics play in cognition and behavior (4). From a philosophical viewpoint, there has been a Kuhnian epistemological paradigm shift from a reductionist, and historically segregative approach toward, or at least combined with, an integrative neural doctrine (5). In other words, ontological standpoints are being driven by neuroscience moving toward the view that mental states are the population-level interactions of neurons, rather than simply the activity of “independent” neurophysiological units; the emergent properties of these networks ultimately give rise to our inner mental life. Understanding how perturbations to these networks results in psychiatric and neurological disorders will be crucial in future explanations, and ultimately the efficacy of diagnostics, intervention, and prognostication. In this short opinion piece, I discuss some of the Taylor and Pang laboratory’s recent exploratory studies using resting-state paradigms with magnetoencephalography (MEG) that have investigated FC and spontaneous networks in two groups of these patients by examining “intrinsic coupling modes” [ICMs (6)]. These putative types of network interactions comprise distinct mechanisms that facilitate the spatiotemporal organization of ongoing and spontaneous brain activity that defines our psychological state (these modes also subserve goal-directed action, but this is outside the scope of the current piece). I will describe the phenomenology of discrete neurophysiological connectivity profiles evident in the specific cohorts we tested with these disorders, and how they differ in subtle but important ways as well as theorize on the underlying alterations to connectivity that drive these macroscopic markers of disease. Language: en

The Nordic Tradition of Caring Science: The Works of Three Theorists.

The Nordic tradition of caring science has had a significant influence on healthcare research, healthcare education and clinical development in the Nordic countries from 1990 to the present. Theoretical contributions from the professors and scientists Katie Eriksson, Kari Martinsen and Karin Dahlberg form the basis for this paper. The tradition has established a paradigm of ethics, ontology and epistemology for the caring science domain. Short introductions present the scientific background of Eriksson, Martinsen, and Dahlberg, and show how interpretive teamwork has led to the formation of an intertwining of the essential qualities of the theories. The synthesis emphasizes caring science as a human science, and views caring as a natural phenomenon where the patient's world, vulnerability, health, and suffering are primary. In the art and act of caring, relationships and dialogue are essential; they provide parameters where caring becomes visible in its absence.

Práticas de linguagem na realidade da sala de aula: contribuições da pesquisa de cunho etnográfico em Linguística Aplicada

<p>Neste trabalho discuto princípios da perspectiva etnográfica que orientam estudos acerca de práticas de linguagem em contextos escolares no grupo de pesquisa Educação Linguística e Pós-colonialismo. Diante de uma política globalizada, a reflexão crítica sobre práticas de linguagem em contextos escolares tornou-se imperativa. Destaco a necessidade da pesquisa nesses espaços ser pensada a partir de paradigmas epistemológicos que contemplem as exigências da contemporaneidade. Apresento, a partir de resultados de investigações em salas de aula de línguas, exemplos de práticas de linguagem que evidenciam usos translingues e performances linguísticas criativas. Essas manifestações linguísticas, muitas vezes consideradas à margem sob a ótica dos cânones racionalistas, podem ser consideradas legítimas quando problematizadas por paradigmas epistemológicos que dão sentido à prática.</p>

Joining the Struggle: White Men as Social Justice Allies

This study explored the experience of White men as they sought to support individuals from oppressed groups and participate in a community with other allies like themselves. This research was conducted from a social constructivist epistemological paradigm and informed by a constructivist grounded theory methodology. The following research questions guided the study: (a) How do White male social justice allies come to understand themselves as allies?, and (b) What are the critical influences on this process?

Complexidade, conhecimento e educação: a emergência de um novo paradigma epistemológico no contexto contemporâneo

O presente estudo tematiza a emergência de um novo paradigma epistemológico no cenário contemporâneo, o qual sinaliza para a problemática da complexidade implicada em toda dinâmica do conhecimento humano. O texto em questão constitui-se resultado de uma pesquisa realizada no intuito de investigar as contribuições do pensamento complexo para a educação a partir dos escritos de Edgar Morin. A abordagem metodológica orienta-se por uma perspectiva hermenêutica e dialética, a qual busca privilegiar a leitura crítica das obras de Morin situando-as numa leitura de conjunto e procurando extrair delas relações entre concepções epistemológicas, éticas e políticas. O resultado desta leitura, quando tematizada no âmbito escolar, consiste em compreender o novo desafio da escola no trato com o conhecimento. Para além de ensinar conhecimentos, a escola precisa ensinar uma nova relação com o conhecimento. Esta pressupõe uma leitura mediata e complexa da realidade, reelaborando o significado da ciência e do conhecimento no contexto societário.

Cyborgs, biotechnologies, and informatics in health care - new paradigms in nursing sciences.

Nursing Sciences are at a moment of paradigmatic transition. The aim of this paper is to reflect on the new epistemological paradigms of nursing science from a critical approach. In this paper, we identified and analysed some new research lines and trends which anticipate the reorganization of nursing sciences and the paradigms emerging from nursing care: biotechnology-centred knowledge; the interface between nursing knowledge and new information technologies; body care centred knowledge; the human body as a cyborg body; and the rediscovery of an aesthetic knowledge in nursing care.

Enfoque dialógico a la epistemología de las Ciencias Administrativas

El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre la epistemología de las ciencias de la administración, de tal forma que contribuya al desarrollo de los investigadores en las escuelas de administración de negocios. Se examinan las tendencias recientes de la epistemología genética, de la complejidad, abierta. Se avanza la posibilidad de desarrollar un paradigma epistemológico más plural, ecléctico, transdisciplinario y sinérgico, bajo un nuevo enfoque de epistemología dialógica.

Lady Rosaline’s Darkness: Linguistic Games and Deep Meanings

The aim of this paper is to show the aesthetic as well as philosophical complexity of the discourse led by Shakespeare in Love’s Labour’s Lost; a comedy that conveys, through a particularly sophisticated and sometimes paradoxical language, deeply “revolutionary” meanings. The process that takes place in the play consists in a double passage, the main symbol of which is the darkness of Lady Rosaline. On the one hand, Shakespeare makes Rosaline’s darkness the rock on which the traditional Petrarchan lyric founders. The falsifying character of the Petrarchan rhetorical language is in fact revealed to be misleading, while the Neo-platonic ideal at the base of the sonnet tradition, chromatically characterized as luminous and white, crashes against the obscure materiality of the lady’s body. On the other hand, the exceptionally complex linguistic game through which Shakespeare ambiguously intertwines light and darkness, expresses the play’s ontological and epistemological discovery. The initial denial of mankind’s “material parts”, associated by Navarre to an “ascetic” kind of knowledge, is followed by the recognition of matter’s profound value and of a new epistemological paradigm, according to which knowledge can be reached only by directly experiencing the darkness of the material world.

Fanon: Religious Language, Messianic Time and the New Man

Drawing on Giorgio Agamben's work on messianic time, principally The Time That Remains, this article seeks to extend Agamben's epistemological paradigm on messianic time to Fanon's work. At stake here is the question of the Messianic and the extent to which it is not simply a matter of Fanon's prophetic tone but a dimension of Fanon's work that contributes to the shaping of both his thought on the ‘New Man’ and its relationship to time.

Parent–teacher meetings as a unit of analysis for parent–teacher interactions

The attempt to establish the decisive factors in psychological research, from an idiographic perspective, firstly involves examining the meanings entailed in this epistemological paradigm. Specifically, our work sets out to assess the possibilities of using this perspective with reference to parent–teacher relationships, as expressed through parent–teacher meetings. Said meetings present their own specific features which distinguish them from all the other kinds of meetings examined in literature (clinical, orientational, educational). Since many studies on this subject (parent–teacher communications; parent–teacher meetings, parent–teacher relationships) have focused mostly on the conversational aspects, it seemed time for a deeper theoretical and methodological examination of the specific characteristics of this instrument. Parent–teacher meetings have some particular features that make them a possible subject of idiographic analysis: firstly, it is a phenomenon that occurs at the dynamic meeting point between the life experiences of different individuals, brought together by their shared focus on the same matter of interest. Here we intend to describe, from a theoretical point of view, parent–teacher meetings as a relevant object of study and a possible context for future interventions.

A Principled Complementarity of Method: In Defence of Methodological Eclecticism and the Qualitative-Quantitative Debate

I found PhD study to be a stimulating, challenging and ideal conduit for exploring knowledge via discussion, argument and defence: to have the opportunity to explore method, methodology, epistemology, ontology and what may constitute 'acceptable' research practice is an enriching experience. I had previously heard of intepretivists decrying positivists et cetera, but I was unprepared to find quantitative researchers and lecturers openly dismissing qualitative approaches, and finding dismissals by qualitative researchers of the use of a quantitative approach: such are disappointing and confusing to a trainee researcher. Thus, a far less enriching experience for a trainee researcher is being faced with assumptions and preferences of experienced researchers that extend from defending approach to decrying any approaches that may not be aligned to their own. As a result, this paper will focus upon the quantitative-qualitative debate (QQD) and offer a critical evaluation upon the issues surrounding affiliations between method and epistemological paradigm. It will also question the validity of 'traditional' divides between qualitative and quantitative methods. This discussion will facilitate an answer to the question: 'can the researcher complement quantitative with qualitative method - and vice versa - within the same research paradigm and subsequent design'? I will explore here a claim that no more than a rhetorical link exists between method and epistemology and that the 'distinctions' between quantitative and qualitative methods are often erroneous and do not always reflect differing paradigmatic assumptions. Further, I will suggest quantitative and qualitative methods be used in a complementary fashion as opposed to an integrated approach. I will further claim that the quantitative-qualitative debate has much to offer trainee researchers and should thus be kept open, as long as unprejudiced and tolerant discussion is encouraged.

Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest by Paul A. Scolieri (review)

s co li e r 1, paul a. Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards, and the Choreography of Conquest. Austin: U of Texas P, 2013. xii + 205 pp.Paul A. Scolieri's Dancing the New World: Aztecs, Spaniards and the Choreography of Conquest is a richly nuanced and well-researched study of indigenous that investigates the importance of as part of the transformation of the Aztec empire into a Spanish colony (back cover). Primarily historiographical, this work is a crucial addition to a growing field of research on indigenous performance. Scolieri's focus on stands apart from scholarship on forms of conquest performance, which tend to ignore or under-theorize the kinesthetic and choreographic aspects of indigenous favor of theorizing the of colonial governmentality. His analysis powerfully argues not only that became a key site which the European self and the Indian other were discursively produced, but that the chroniclers choreographed history the sense that they memorialized, justified, lamented, and/or denied their role the discovery, conquest and colonization of the New World through the Aztec dancing body (2).Scolieri's study is comprised of a series of five chapters spanning from the discovery period through the late sixteenth century. Each chapter considers a selection of texts that demonstrate an epistemological paradigm relation to their understanding of Aztec dance. Well aware of the limitations of terms such as dance and choreography to describe the embodied practices of indigenous people, Scolieri carefully historicizes his terms and offers the complex relationships between danza, baile, arieto, mitote, and others as they functioned epistemologically, without overplaying the alterity of indigenous practice as unknowable.His first chapter, On the Arieto, traces the emergence of writing on from the discovery period texts from Christopher Columbus, Amerigo Vespucci, Peter Martyr d'Anghera, Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes, and Bartolome de Las Casas. It is here that Scolieri confronts these chroniclers' desires to think of the arieto as a site of collective memory and history, despite the authors' lack of information about the cultural meaning of said performances. Scolieri performs his analysis of the emergence of understood as a form of knowledge through a careful genealogical analysis of how the Taino term arieto applied to culturally distinct practices by Oviedo, who used it to distinguish embodied acts that commemorate history from those that connote a 'mysterious' form of idolatry (38). As Scolieri argues, this distinction, although at times inconsistent and misinformed relation to indigenous ritual practices, nonetheless suggests that Oviedo was on the verge of articulating an early modern notion of performance (39). Las Casas's subsequent desire for the arieto to be a form dedicated to indicting Spanish atrocity is an extension of Oviedo's project. Las Casas's vagueness about the formal practices of the dances themselves is a legacy that is imparted throughout colonial sources. Scolieri's greatest contribution here is subtly imparted: that the chroniclers' desire to think of performances as being in the place of books might reflect upon contemporary scholars' desire for indigenous to stand as a form of historiography. We are, after all, just as hampered as many of the missionaries were by the lack of information about the meaning of these practices within indigenous cultures.Chapter two, and the Counterfeit Histories of Dance, traces the legacy of the texts on the Memoriales by Fray Toribio de Benevente Motolinia through subsequent histories that excerpted and modified them. In this short chapter, Scolieri first analyzes Motolinia's desire to convert indigenous into Christian practice by underscoring the indigenous people's ability to imitate and therefore adopt said practices through performance. …

Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Poverty: Taming the Tensions and Appreciating the Complementarities

There is a germane relationship between qualitative and quantitative approaches to social science research. The relationship is empirically and theoretically demonstrated by poverty researchers. The study of poverty, as argued in this article, is a study of both numbers and contextualities. This article provides a general overview of qualitative and quantitative approaches to poverty studies and argues that only a combination of the two approaches, where necessary, would provide a robust, rich and reliable data for researching issues of poverty. Hence, the contemporary drive towards a mixed methods approach in poverty research is not only welcomed but certainly timely as well. Thus, understanding ontological and epistemological paradigms about social sciences is imperative in dousing such tensions.

Humanities and Arts in Management Education

The recent report from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Rethinking Undergraduate Business Education: Liberal Learning for the Profession (Colby, Ehrlich, Sullivan, & Dolle, 2011) that has inspired this special issue begins with a gesture back toward the previous Carnegie report (Pierson, 1959). Half a century ago, business school faculty were urged to develop a scientific paradigm worthy of its place in the modern university. What happened then has been well researched (see Augier & March, 2011; Bobko & Tejeda, 2000; Chew & McInnis-Bowers, 2004; Datar, Garvin, & Cullen, 2010; Friga et al., 2003; Hatchuelle, 2013; Karakas, 2011; Khurana, 2007; Menand, 2011; O’Connor, 2011; Pfeffer & Fong, 2002; Podolny, 2009; Zald, 1996): An epistemological paradigm took shape among business academics that embraced logical empiricism (LE) as an account of the relationship between knowledge and the world, rational choice (RC) as an account of how people exercise knowledge in practice, and agency theory (AT) as an account of how people in organizations relate to each other. This so-called “LERCAT” paradigm has produced several generations of business school graduates who are “purely linear thinkers who see only oneway causation” (Colby et al., 2011, p. 31). This epistemological paradigm has

Chief information officer's role - addressing agenda beyond role definition

The role of a Chief Information Officer has undergone massive transformation in the past decade. As organisations prepare to cope with and compete in the digital era, CIO's role is becoming very demanding. The CIO is expected to play multiple and often competing roles. This demands a commensurate development of the CIO to play the role effectively. The focus of academic research has largely been upon defining the role and appreciation of its importance in the larger scheme of things. Based upon an extensive literature review spanning last three decades, the paper identifies the gaps in CIO role research. It argues for the fact that inclusion of context is very crucial as it can have a very deep impact on CIO's effectiveness. The paper also proposes a shift towards a suitable ontological and epistemological paradigm for studying the aspects of CIO role effectiveness it its context.

Mengembangkan Pemikiran Falsafah Pendidikan Islam

<span><em>Dichotomic paradigm in Islamic education has brought about some </em><span><em>difficulties in responding challenges of change. This dichotomic prototype </em><span><em>even caused the backthrough of Islamic civilization. In spite of this, new </em><span><em>paradigm of Islamic scientific epistemology which develop integratic and</em><br /><span><em>interconected Islamic educational progress in the future is needed. The </em><span><em>progress thoughts is needed in Islamic education to minimize disparity </em><span><em>between science and religion.</em><br /><span><strong>keywords: </strong><span><em>Epistemology, Philosophy, Development and Islamic</em><br /><span><em>education</em></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><br class="Apple-interchange-newline" /></span></span>

Manusmriti, Macaulay's 1860 Penal Code, Neoliberal India, and Queer Cinematic Subjectivities

It is perhaps now, more than ever, in the context of the controversy around section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, inherited from Macaulay's 1860 British Sodomy Law, that it becomes crucial to recognize what instating the South Asian queer, unacknowledged by the Subaltern Studies Collective, can do for a discursive formation like subalternity that attempts to shift dominant epistemological paradigms holding structural inequalities in place. This paper draws on the precolonial Hindu customary law encoded in Manusmriti, Macaulay's 1860 British colonial penal code based on Victorian sexual mores, and their legacies in post-Soviet neoliberal India to examine the representation of queer sexualities in three films—Aarekti Premer Golpo, Memories in March, and Chitrangada.

A Model To Estimate Firms Accounting-Based Performance: A Data Envelopment Approach

The objective of the study was to follow a logical inductive approach to develop a Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model to estimate the relative technical efficiency of firms. The Du Pont analysis theory as conceptual framework was applied using primarily readily available accounting line-items as input and output variables. From an interpretive epistemological paradigm and analytical reasoning, a new DEA model was developed with Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC), leverage and expenditure as input variables and revenue, net profit and Earnings Before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA) as output variables. The originality of this study is that this is the first effort to employ accounting data, based on the Du Pont analysis in a DEA model. All the input and output variables in the model were already used individually or in combinations by previous studies, except for WACC. The study argues that WACC should be employed as a proxy for the accounting line-items, equity and liabilities, since lowering WACC implies that firms are moving closer to their optimal capital structures.

Comparing Eastt and Westt on the Basis of Epistemological Paradigms

This article attempts to distinguish the concept of ‘East’ and ‘West’ on the basis of epistemological paradigms. It focuses to argue by synthesizing the literatures that three epistemological paradigms; science, religion and philosophy are found practiced differently in two geographical halves of the globe.

Are we wasting theology in our continent?

The 2014 conference theme of the society for Practical Theology in South Africa was ‘Practical Theology in Africa and human waste’. The article asks the question whether we can do theology in Africa in such a way that the kingdom of God is realised, notwithstanding the feeling that the seed that is sown is often wasted. The growth of Christianity and southern shift of the majority of Christians to amongst others Africa, is described, discussed and questioned: Is this seed falling on fertile ground or is it wasted if one considers all the calamities of the African continent? Taking its cues from the parable of the sower the epistemological revolution and paradigm shift are outlined stating that unless doing theology within a new paradigm the kingdom of God cannot be served. It calls for new paradigm labourers who are trained to be on the marketplace, who reach out to where people are suffering and struggling and serve their needs thus following the example set by Christ in training his disciples.