Episiotomy Wound Research Articles

The Effectiveness Of Giving Calendula Oil On Wound Healing In White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus)

Research Background : In the process of childbirth, there is often a tear in the birth canal, especially in the perineum, which is known as a ruptured perineum. Some herbal ingredients that are thought to be healing wounds are nyamplung seed oil/tamanu oil (Calophyllum inophyllum L.), red ginger oil (Zingiber officinale var rubrum) and marigold flower oil/calendula oil (Calendula officinalis). Calendula ointment has the benefit of healing episiotomy wounds faster than the use of povidone iodine.Research Objective: To determine the effectiveness of giving calendula oil herbal ingredients to wound healing in female white rats.Research Methods: Laboratory experimental research using a completely randomized design using the Post Test Only Control Group Design pattern. The population in this study were female white rats (Rattus norvegicus). The sample selection was used by simple random sampling. Univariate analysis of wound healing was performed to obtain the mean ± SD and bivariate analysis using one-way ANOVA using computer software.The results of the study: The results of statistical tests showed that the One way Anova test obtained p value = 0.000 with a value of = 0.05 (p < ) where the administration of Calendula Oil on white rat wounds was more effective than without treatment.Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that giving calendula oil to female white rats is effective in healing wounds.

Evaluation the effect of Silybum marianum ointment on episiotomy wound healing and pain intensity in primiparous women: a randomized triple blind clinical trial

BackgroundEpisiotomy is the most commonn surgical procedure in midwifery which as any other wounds can cause infection or delay in healing.The current study aimed to determine effect of Silybum marianum ointment on pain severity and healing of episiotomy wound in primiparous women referring to Shahid Nourani Hospital at 2019.MethodsThis research was done as a randomized, triple-blind clinical trial on 87 priiparous women (44 indivdiuals in Silybum marianum ointment group and 43 indivdiuals in placebo group) referred to Shahid Nourani Hospital in Talesh (Guilan Province), Iran at September 2019.After labor and performing episiotomy, twice a day for 10 days as a fingertip size of the ointment was prescribed to be topically used on the episiotomy incision for both groups (Silybum marianum ointment or placebo ointment).Data gathering was done using demographic and midwifery information questionnaire, Episiotomy healing assessment: Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, Approximation)REEDA Scale (REEDA Scale: Redness(R); Edema (E), Ecchymosis(E), Discharge from the wound(D); Approximation of the perineal tissues(A))(scale, and visual analogue scale of pain. Examination of healing status of the perinea incision was performed during first 12 h, fifth day and tenth day after labor.Kolmogrov-Smirnov test was used in order to investiagte nomrality of data distribution of quantitative data, and two- independent samples t test, Chi square, repeated measures two factorial analysis of variance and Fischer’s exact test were used. SPSS software version 23 was used to analyze data and 0.05 was considered as signifcance level.ResultsBoth groups of Silybum marianum and placebo groups did not differ regarding demographic and midwifery characteristics, hygiene status prior to intervention (P > 0.05).Mean difference of pain severity and REEDA scale in Silybum marianum ointment group in 12 h after labor, at fifth day and tenth day after labor was significant comparing to control group which indicates decline in episiotomy pain severity and faster wound healing (P < 0.001).ConclusionsSilybum marianum ointment ointment accelerates episiotomy wound healing rate due to its healing properties and decreases pain severity.Trial registrationThis study was registered in Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials in 10/08/2019 with the IRCT ID: IRCT201811100411603N1.

Vulvo-vaginal myiasis among rural women in West Bengal, India

Myiasis, the infestation of living or dead tissue of vertebrates by larvae (maggots) of dipterous flies, is well-known in the medical field. Different parts of the human body, such as skin, oral, nasal, urogenital are affected and named accordingly. The present study was a clinic-entomological study where the women having vulvo-vaginal myiasis were included. Maggots were collected, cultured, and adult flies were identified. A total of 34 cases of vulvo-vaginal myiasis were treated. The larvae of 29 cases were cultured into adults. Most of the women are rural (94%), illiterate and from a low socioeconomic society. The authors specified the infested sites of vulva and vagina such as vaginal, labia, clitoris, episiotomy wound, vulval growth, and prolapsed uterus. The episiotomy wound (32%) is the most common infestation site, followed by the vagina (26%). Chrysomya bezziana (76%) and Chrysomya megacephala (24%) are the identified flies. Illiterate, rural puerperal mothers of low socioeconomic status without proper health education and basic hygiene knowledge are vulnerable to myiasis.

Effect of Post Episiotomy Antibiotic on Maternal Infectious Morbidity(Clinical trial)

AbstractBackground: Episiotomy is a surgical wound done with sterile scissors to widen the vaginal opening. There is little information on the prevalence of post-episiotomy infection worldwide. Contrary to WHO recommendations, prophylactic antibiotics still prescribed in many hospitals including our hospital, to prevent the episiotomy site infection in all women after childbirth.Aim: To compare infectious morbidity rate between parturient women with uncomplicated vaginal birth received either prophylactic course of oral antibiotics post-episiotomy in addition to routine local care and who received routine local care only.Patient and method: A randomized trial conducted in the labour room of Alzhraa University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt within a 15 months duration. We recruited 630 pregnant ladies admitted for a non-complicated vaginal birth and indicated for episiotomy. Cases randomly assigned after delivery and at discharge into two groups. Group A: prescribed on discharge oral antibiotics twice daily for 5 days after the delivery and routine episiotomy care, Group B: received routine episiotomy care only. Primary outcomes: Episiotomy wound infection and endometritis, and secondry outcomes: Episiotomy wound dehiscence or gapping, Puerperal infection or adverse effects of antibiotics.Results: We reported a 7.5 % prevalence of wound infection in total study participants. Episiotomy overall wound complications were 7.8 %-6.7% in antibiotic and non antibiotic group respectively with no statistical difference. On the second visit, no cases reported with abnormal lochia or maternal fever.Conclusion: It is concluded that administration of prophylactic systemic antibiotic post episiotomy is not effective to prevent wound infection.

Effect of moderate iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy on maternal and fetal outcome.

Background: The most frequently identified dietary deficiency worldwide is iron deficiency, especially during pregnancy. Aim of the Work: To evaluate the impact of moderate maternal iron deficiency anemia on maternal outcome (atonic postpartum hemorrhage or postpartum infections after delivery), and fetal outcomes (neonatal weight and Apgar score). Patient and Methods: This study was carried out at El Hussein University Hospital and Om El-Masryeen General Hospital on 100 pregnant females, who were admitted to the labor ward for delivery. They were split into two equal groups after the assessment of hemoglobin levels. The first group included non-anemic pregnant women and the second group included pregnant women with moderate iron-deficiency anemia. After delivery, the maternal outcome was assessed for atonic postpartum hemorrhage or postpartum infections and all newborns were assessed for neonatal weight and Apgar score. Results: After delivery, the discrepancy in the rate of atonic postpartum hemorrhage, postpartum endometritis, post-cesarean wound infection, and episiotomy wound infection among both groups was statistically insignificant (P value 0.204, 0.307, 0.485, 0.481 respectively). There were positive correlations between maternal parameters (maternal serum hemoglobin, MCV, MCH, serum iron, and serum ferritin) and fetal outcomes (neonatal weight and Apgar score). There were negative correlations between maternal total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and fetal outcomes (neonatal weight and Apgar score). Conclusion: Maternal iron deficiency anemia affects both maternal and fetal outcomes. Keywords: Iron deficiency anemia; Maternal outcome; Fetal outcome.

Effectiveness of Olea Herbal Ointment on Episiotomy Wound Healing Among Primiparous Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Background: Episiotomy is a surgical incision in the perineal region to increase the vaginal diameter during delivery. Since the perineal region is not well visible to the mothers and there is a possibility of infection for the episiotomy wound by vaginal and rectal bacteria, such a cut is associated with infection and delay in wound healing. Objectives: This study aimed to detect the effect of Olea ointment on episiotomy wound healing among primiparous women. Methods: This randomized controlled clinical trial included 73 women referring to the Al-Zahra Education, Research, and Remedial Center in Rasht, Iran, during 2017 - 18. Women were randomly assigned into two groups: Intervention group (n = 39) and control group (n = 34). Episiotomy wound healing was assessed using the REEDA scale prior to the intervention, 2 and 24 hours following the first intervention, and 5 and 10 days after delivery. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, independent t-test, repeated-measure test, Friedman test, and chi-square. Results: The mean baseline scores of REEDA was 2.72 ± 0.46 in the Olea ointment group and 2.71 ± 0.46 in the control group; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. On the other hand, the episiotomy healing scores in the Olea ointment group were significantly lower than those of the control group at four intervals in the follow-up assessments: -0.34 (95% CI: -0.56 to -0.12) two hours after intervention, -0.63(95% CI: -0.89 to -0.37) 24 hours after intervention, -0.30 (95% CI: -0.48 to -0.12) on Day 5 postpartum, and -0.29 (95% CI: -0.46 to -0.13) on Day 10 postpartum. Conclusions: The present findings suggested that the Olea ointment facilitated wound healing of episiotomy; however, further studies are suggested to support these data.

A Study to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Sitz Bath on Episiotomy Wound Healing among Postnatal Mothers in Aravindan Hospital at Coimbatore

Statement of the problem: ‘A study to evaluate the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in Aravindan hospital at Coimbatore. Objectives of the study: 1. To assess the episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers both in experimental and control group. 2. To administer Sitz Bath Application to mothers in Experimental Group. 3. To evaluate the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers in experimental group. 4. To compare the effectiveness of sitz bath on episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers between experimental and control group. 5. To find out the association between the post observational episiotomy wound healing scores of postnatal with selected demographic variable. Methodology: The quantitative approach - quasi-experimental, non- equivalent control group pre-test. Post-test design was selected to evaluate the effectiveness of sitzbath on Episiotomy wound healing among postnatal mothers The researcher adopted non probability convenient sampling technique and 60 postnatal mothers were selected for the study from Aravindan hospital Coimbatore. They are divided into two groups, 30 in experimental group and 30 in control group. The investigator used Reeda Scale and visual Analog pain scale to assess the episiotomy wound healing. Results: The findings reveal that application of sitz bath is highly effective on severe redness (63.3%), severe oedema (876%), severe ecchymosis (83.3%), severe discharge (93.3%) and poor approximation of wound (90%). Posttest on 5th day revealed that they had moderate redness (30%), moderate oedema (34.3%), mild ecchymosis (27.6%), moderate discharge (38.6%) and improved approximation of wound (27.6%). For all parameters of REEDA calculated t-value &gt;p-value, which infers that application of sitz bath is statistically highly effective for healing of episiotomy at 0.05 level of significance. The calculated t-value is 22 &gt; 2.05, which infers that application of sitz bath is statistically highly effective for healing of episiotomy wound at 0.05 level of significance. The application of sitz bath is highly effective in experimental group based on REEDA parameters as per redness (45%) in experimental group when compared to control group redness (90%), discharge (38.6) in experimental group when compared to control group discharge (53.3%), edema (34%) in experimental group when compared to control group odema. 6%), ecchymoseis 7.6%) in experimental group when compared to control group ecchymosis (53.3%) and on approximation of wound (27.6%) when compared to control group approximation of wound(47.6%). Hence H2 is accepted. Conclusion: This information shows that Application of Sitz Bath is effective in episiotomy wound healing process

A comparative study between fast absorbing polyglactin 910 vs chromic catgut in episiotomy wound repair

Background: 85% of women delivering vaginally experience perineal trauma, and almost two-thirds require perineal tear repair [1]. Although chromic catgut is used as standard suture, newer materials like Polyglactin 910 question the best available properties [2]. Methods: This prospective, comparative study was conducted in Shri BM Patil Medical College, Karnataka from November 2019 to November 2020. 200 women divided randomly into Catgut (group 1) vs Polyglactin (group 2). Results obtained after evaluation at 24-48 hours, 10-14 days and 6-8 weeks postnatally. Results: At 24 to 48hrs postpartum 18% had severe pain in Group 1 whereas 6% in Group 2. Similar trends observed at subsequent follow ups. 54% felt tightness/Uncomfortable in Group 1 and 83% had no such complaints in Group 2 (P<0.0001). Wound gaping in Group 1 was 14% vs 4% in Group 1 after 10 to 14 days. However none required resuturing. Residual sutures at 6 weeks postpartum Group 1 vs 2 (0% vs 13%, p value = 0.002). Conclusion: Fast-absorbing Polyglactin efficient in lessening morbidity such as significant diminution in terms of pain, discomfort, analgesia, wound dehiscence, resuturing. Hence contemplated in place of time honoured chromic catgut traditionally used for perineal repair.

To Compare the Clinical Outcomes Following Episiotomy Wound Repair Using Chromic Catgut versus Fast Absorbing Polyglactin 910

Episiotomy, a very common surgery in obstetrics meant to reduce difficulty during delivery of the baby can itself be the cause for distress if it lands up in complications. Many of these complications like pain and swelling in the wound, induration, urinary retention, feeling of uncomfortable stitches, wound dehiscence etc. are related to the type of suture used for repair. This study is aimed at comparing the clinical outcomes following episiotomy wound repair using the two commonly used absorbable sutures chromic catgut and fast absorbing polyglactin 910 (vicryl rapide). 200 patients were included in the study with half of them undergoing repair with chromic catgut and the remaining half with vicryl rapide. They were evaluated at 24-48 hrs, 3-5 days and at the end of 6 weeks. Factors considered were pain and swelling around episiotomy, need for analgesia, induration, feeling of uncomfortable stiches, wound dehiscence, wound healing etc. It was observed that Pain score and need for analgesia were significantly less in the vicryl rapide group at 24-48 hours and 3-5 days, as well as the patients with complaints of uncomfortable stitches (11% vs. 27%), wound indurations (11% vs. 23%), wound discharge (infection) (8% vs. 19%) and wound dehiscence (7% vs. 16% at 3-5 days and 8% vs. 16% at 6 weeks). Dyspareunia was also less in the vicryl rapide group (9% vs. 21%). Wound healing was also observed to be better in the vicryl rapide group than the other group. So it was concluded that fast absorbing polyglactin is a better suture for episiotomy wound repair than chromic catgut considering the lesser complications and better healing with it.

Anti-Inflammatory and Restorative Effects of Olives in Topical Application.

Methods A literature search was conducted (1990–2021) in Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Google Scholar, Science Direct, SID, IranDoc, and Magiran databases. From the 102 reviewed articles, 17 articles were selected to be included in the current article. Results Various forms of olive have long been used to accelerate the healing of various wounds and skin damage such as diabetic foot ulcers, atopic dermatitis, diaper dermatitis, episiotomy wound, and nipple ulcer but there are still no credible documents or articles that provide reliable evidence of topical use. Conclusion According to the information obtained from the articles reviewed, olive oil appears to be an effective, safe, and available treatment. This study suggests that olive oil is an alternative remedy to minimize the frequent use of chemical-based treatments. More research may be beneficial to reach certainty in terms of curative properties of olive oil in similar or different injuries in different populations.

The effect of the Verbascum Thapsus on episiotomy wound healing in nulliparous women: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundThe pain and discomfort caused by episiotomy affect the quality of life of the mothers, so rapid and complete repair of the episiotomy is very important. Due to the effective ingredients of Verbascum Thapsus, it has been used since ancient times to treat wounds. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of Verbascum Thapsus on episiotomy wound healing.MethodsThe study was designed as a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Ninety-three primiparous women who were referred to Fatemeh Zahra Hospital in Saveh in 2015 were randomly divided into two groups of intervention (Verbascum Thapsus) and control (placebo). Both groups covered the episiotomy wound twice a day for 10 days with 2 cm of prescribed creams. Wound healing was assessed using the REEDA scale before the intervention and on days 1,3 and 10 after the intervention.ResultsBefore the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference in terms of demographic characteristics, obstetrics, and REEDA scores between the two groups (p < 0.05). The mean scores of REEDA on days 1 and 3 in the intervention group were better than the control group but were not statistically significant. However, on the tenth day after the intervention, the mean scores of REEDA were significantly better in the Verbascum group than the placebo (p = 0.01).ConclusionsAccording to the results of this study, it seems that Verbascum Thapsus is effective in repairing episiotomy wounds. The researchers hope that the results of this study can provide clinical evidence for the use of this herbal medicine in the wound healing process.Trial registrationThis study was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with the code “IRCT201404073106N15” on 02/12/2015.

The effectiveness of cold compresses for reducing perinium wound pain

The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. Observe before and after cold compress on the sample to be selected. Determines whether Ho will be accepted or rejected and Ha accepted, and vice versa. The number of samples was 30 postpartum mothers with grade I and II episiotomy wounds. The results of the univariate analysis showed that from 30 respondents, 0% of respondents who experienced very mild pain became 11 respondents (36.7%) after cold compresses, 15 respondents (50%) had mild pain to 13 (43.3%), pain moderate as many as 10 (33.3%) respondents to 6 (20%) respondents, severe pain as many as 5 respondents (16.7%) to 0 respondents. The result of p-value = 0,000, which means there is an effect of cold compresses on the healing of perineal wounds.

English

BACKGROUND The status of maternal health in developing countries is often described in terms of maternal mortality alone. Data on maternal morbidity is inadequate as there is no proper reporting system. Improving maternal health and reducing maternal mortality has been the critical concerns of the international community. So, the present study was undertaken to identify and determine the factors associated with early postpartum morbidity among mothers in the rural field practice area of Rural Health Center (RHC), Simhachalam, Visakhapatnam. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among post-partum mothers in the early postpartum period, registered with Rural Health Centre (RHC), Simhachalam, from March 2019 to November 2019 using a pre-tested semi structured questionnaire. Study was conducted among 335 postnatal mothers. List of antenatal mothers registered in RHC Simhachalam was obtained. Antenatal mothers who had their expected date of delivery (EDD) between April 2019 and Aug 2019 and were available in Simhachalam in the post-partum period were contacted after getting information about their delivery from local Multipurpose Health Worker (MPHW). The mothers were visited and interviewed between day 7 and day 10 at their home and information on morbidity was obtained. RESULTS Most common complaints seen in the early postpartum period among the study participants were easy fatigability [214 (63.7 %)], headache in 140 (41.66 %), pedal oedema [131 (39 %)] and facial oedema [27 (8.0 %)]. Almost 67.85 % of mothers were anaemic. Among the obstetric related complaints, lower abdominal tenderness was the most common [196 (58.3 %)] followed by heavy vaginal bleeding [138 (41.1 %)], episiotomy wound swelling / pain [90 (26.8 %)] and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) [46 (13.7 %)]. Episiotomy wound infection [24 (7.12 %)] and Caesarean wound infection [12 (3.57 %)] were seen together constituting around 10. 7 % among mothers. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of morbidity in the early postpartum period was high with 82.5 % of the mothers presenting with one or more morbidities. KEYWORDS Maternal Morbidity, Early Postpartum Morbidity, Post-Natal Mothers

Evaluation of the effect of Teucrium polium ointment on the episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women

Introduction: Episiotomy is a surgical incision at the vaginal opening performed in the second stage of labor during childbirth. The purpose of performing an episiotomy is to increase the size of the soft tissue of the pelvis floor and prevent damage to the perineum, facilitate delivery, and reduce the time during childbirth. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effect of Teucriumpolium ointment on wound healing in primiparous women. Patients and Methods: This triple-blinded clinical trial was conducted on 84 primiparous women referred to Mahdieh hospital in Tehran. Participants randomly received 2% T. polium ointment and placebo. The first time the ointment was started 24 hours after delivery and continued twice a day for 10 days. Wound healing rate was measured by redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, and approximation (REEDA) scale on days 1, 5, and 10 postpartum. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 23. Results: The results were performed on 84 women, 43 people using T. polium ointment and 41 people using placebo ointment. There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding obstetrics and demographic characteristics at the beginning of the study. The mean scores of REEDA in the T. polium group in the first 12 hours, days 5 and 10 were significantly different from the placebo group (P&lt;0.001). Conclusion: Wound healing following episiotomy can be accelerated due to antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antiseptic properties of T. polium ointment. Trial Registration: The trial protocol was approved by the Iranian registry of clinical trial (#IRCT20100130003226N18; https://en.irct.ir/trial/40004, ethical code# IR.SBMU.RETECH.1398.055).

Use of Infrared Light Fomentation for Pain Relief in Postpartum Mothers with Episiotomy

Background: Post delivery is decisive period for post-partum women who had undergone episiotomywhich is a throbbing and disquiet procedure during this time. So the aim of the study is to appraise the effectof infrared light fomentation therapy on episiotomy wound pain relief among postpartum women.Aim: To asses the level of episiotomy wound pain among postpartum mothers before and after infraredfomentation.Methodology:1. The study participants will be selected among postpartum mothers having normal vaginal delivery withepisiotomy within 2 hours.2. Accordingly 30 postpartum Women will be randomly selected and allocated into matched groups.3. Written consent will be obtained from recruited Postpartum mothers.4. Intensive Phase:a. Twice a day until the fourth day morning infrared lamp and normal episiotomy wound care (twospoons betadine in 4 glasses of water).b. Best and worst levels of pain will be measured using 10 pain scale from 0(none) – 10(severe).5. Technique of procedure: Infrared light will be placed 45cm away from the perineum and heat emittedwith 220V will be used for 10-15 minutes then pain will be assessed.6. Appraising phase: The results will be compared for the 4 following days follow up of infraredfomentation therapy in postpartum mothers with episiotomy.Results: The study show that the intensity of pain decreased with the infrared light fomentation on episiotomyhad good results and pain relief is seen at the end of 4th day of follow up.Conclusion: Post-partum women who apply infrared lamp therapy on episiotomy display faster pain reliefthan those who do not.

A study to correlate the compliance of health care professional to infection control protocols with selected maternal outcome in labor room of a Tertiary care Hospital in Bangalore

Prevention of infection and control is an integral component of nursing care delivery in any setting to reduce risks for morbidity and mortality in patients and care givers at all levels. A descriptive correlational research design was conducted in the labor room of Obstetric ward of SJMCH, Bangalore. A total of 42 parturient mothers and 62 HCP were the samples. A non participatory observation was done on compliance of infection control protocol (HH, PPE, BMW) using checklist by the investigator. These mothers were observed for puerperal infection on 1st, 2nd and 3rd day for pyrexia, REEDA scale for Episiotomy wound (only 3rd day) and Follow up on Mothers was done by telephonic enquiry on 10th day for the assessment of infection. The finding of the study showed that compliance to infection control protocols: HH (41.67%), PPE (90.32%) and BMW is (98%) respectively. The incidence of episiotomy wound infection on 3rd day is 9.5% and on 10th day (follow up) there is no evidence of infection. The study finding showed that health care professional were not fully complied to the infection control protocols. Although there was mild redness and edema of episiotomy wound and no incidence of puerperal infection identified among mothers. There was no association found between professonal variables and compliance to infection control protocols.

Effect of green tea ointment on perineal pain and wound healing after episiotomy: A randomized double-blind clinical trial

IntroductionPerineal pain after an episiotomy is common and distressing and affects quality of life of women who have just given birth. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of green tea ointment on pain and wound healing after episiotomy. MethodsThis randomized controlled trial was conducted in 2019 on 130 parturient mothers in Hamadan, Iran. Mothers were assigned into two groups using blocked randomization. Data collection tools were a demographic questionnaire, Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation (REEDA) scale to measure episiotomy wound healing, and a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) to measure episiotomy pain score. REEDA and VAS were completed 6 h after episiotomy surgery. Green tea ointment was administered to the patients in the intervention group twice a day for 10 days while the control group received placebo. On days 5 and 10 following the intervention, REEDA and VAS were completed. The data were analyzed using Stata-13 software and the significance level was considered at p <0.05. ResultsComparison of the wound healing scores between the two groups on days 5 and 10 indicated no statistically significant differences. There was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of episiotomy pain score on days 5 and 10 and Cohen's d revealed the effect of the intervention on episiotomy pain (0.64 and 0.68, respectively, p-value=0.001). ConclusionThe results of the study suggested that green tea ointment appeared to improve episiotomy pain but did not significantly change wound healing.

A clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of Murivenna application on Episiotomy Wound

A surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during the second stage of labor is called episiotomy (Perineotomy). It is in fact an inflicted second-degree perineal injury. It is the most common obstetric operation performed. This is done to enlarge the vaginal introitus to facilitate easy and safe delivery of the fetus and to minimize overstretching and rupture of the perineal muscles and fascia thus to reduce the stress and strain on the fetal head. This wound of episiotomy is associated with a delicate area of the female with immense pain and discomfort and seeks appropriate medical care and attention. If ignored, it may lead to puerperal wound infections and delayed healing that can interfere mother-infant interaction, lactation and prolonged hospital stay. Episiotomy wound care should be start immediately after suturing the wound in order to reduce pain and inflammation. The surgical wound of episiotomy can be considered as Sadyo Vrana. Different treatment modalities have been told in Ayurveda for Vrana Chikitsa. Drugs having Shodhana and Ropana qualities are essential for healing. In this research study total 30 patients were registered and treated in two groups, group A with application of Jatyadi Taila on episiotomy wound after Ushna Jala Parisheka as a standard control group and Group B with application of Murivenna after Ushna Jala Parisheka as a trial group. Encouraging results were observed in Murivenna. Study emerges that Murivenna possess better pain relieving and tenderness diminishing properties.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONTINUOUS VERSUS INTERRUPTED EPISIOTOMY REPAIR AFTER VAGINAL BIRTH IN PRIMIGRAVIDAE

Background: The use of continuous sutures are associated with lower short-term pain intensity assessed compared to the interrupted sutures; 2 days after repair and 10 days after repair. Objective: To assess the effects of continuous versus interrupted suturing methods on short and long term postpartum maternal morbidity experienced by primiparous women following repair of episiotomy after vaginal birth. Patients and methods: This comparative study was conducted in the Emergency Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Desouk general Hospital. The study involved 200 primigravid women prepared for vaginal delivery with episiotomy). Results: In the current study, episiotomy repair with continuous sutures was more economic; it required a significantly shorter time and lesser number of Vicryl sutures. Repair of episiotomy wound using continuous suturing technique of the vaginal mucosa and perineal muscles results in a better post-procedural pain recovery. Conclusions: Continuous suturing technique consumed significantly shorter procedure time and less cost owing to fewer vicryl sutures.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CONTINUOUS VERSUS INTERRUPTED EPISIOTOMY REPAIR AFTER VAGINAL BIRTH IN PRIMIGRAVIDAE

Background: The use of continuous sutures are associated with lower short-term pain intensity assessed compared to the interrupted sutures; 2 days after repair and 10 days after repair. Objective: To assess the effects of continuous versus interrupted suturing methods on short and long term postpartum maternal morbidity experienced by primiparous women following repair of episiotomy after vaginal birth. Patients and methods: This comparative study was conducted in the Emergency Unit of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Desouk general Hospital. The study involved 200 primigravid women prepared for vaginal delivery with episiotomy). Results: In the current study, episiotomy repair with continuous sutures was more economic; it required a significantly shorter time and lesser number of Vicryl sutures. Repair of episiotomy wound using continuous suturing technique of the vaginal mucosa and perineal muscles results in a better post-procedural pain recovery. Conclusions: Continuous suturing technique consumed significantly shorter procedure time and less cost owing to fewer vicryl sutures.