White Group Research Articles

Quantifying the portrayal of alcohol-related A&E attendances and prevention in the British medical documentary series '24hours in A&E'.

Alcohol misuse is linked to numerous health and socioeconomic harms. Edutainment and docutainment television programmes can act as health promotion tools, influencing health perceptions and behaviours. Inaccurate portrayals can engender misinformation. Limited research has assessed alcohol-related illnesses and prevention in edutainment/docutainment, with none examining British medical documentaries. A quantitative content analysis assessed the portrayal of alcohol-related attendances (ARAs), behaviours, and prevention in the series 24hours in A&E. Main series episodes broadcast 2011-2022, depicting ARAs, were coded. Descriptive statistics and a Fisher's exact were then undertaken. ARAs featured 38 patients in 23 episodes (8.3% episodes total). Significantly more ARA episodes were broadcast from 2011 to 2016 than 2017-2022 (P=0.002). ARAs were mainly portrayed in males (63.2%), young adults (73.7%) and White ethnic groups (78.9%). Binge drinking and pubs/bar/nightclubs/'nights out' were the main behaviours and settings depicted. ARAs encompassed predominantly accidents/injuries (72.7%). Prevention featured infrequently (15.8% patients) and involved secondary (50.0%) or tertiary prevention (50.0%) for alcohol-use disorders (AUDs). ARAs were under-portrayed. While prevention portrayals and demographics were largely consistent with reality, ethnic minority groups, AUDs and chronic alcohol-related illnesses were underrepresented. Binge drinking and night-time economy settings were over-portrayed. Inaccurate depictions could lead to misperceptions of alcohol-related health harms.

Exploring Demographic Disparities in Private Well Water Testing in North Carolina.

The natural, built, and social environments shape drinking water quality supplied by private wells. However, the combined effects of these factors are not well understood. Using North Carolina as a case study, we (i) estimate the demographic characteristics of the private well population; (ii) evaluate representation in well testing records; and (iii) demonstrate how spatial scale influences knowledge of well-using household demographics and representation in testing. We leverage a statewide database of 117,960 well testing records collected over 20 years and a national model predicting well locations. An estimated 25% well-using households identify as Black, Indigenous, and Persons of Color (BIPOC) and 15% have incomes below the poverty threshold. While there is robust well sampling (an average of 4,269 wells tested annually), we observed that most testing records were from predominately White block groups (BGs). Well-using households that did not participate in state testing were 2.4 times more likely to be from predominately BIPOC BGs compared predominately White BGs. Due to the spatial heterogeneity of the well population, demographic differences in well populations were more evident using higher resolution data. Multifaceted testing approaches that couple government-driven efforts with localized studies that engage underrepresented communities are needed to facilitate evidence-based management.

RACE DIFFERENCES IN WALK SPEED, CARDIORESPIRATORY FITNESS, AND MUSCLE MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATION

Abstract Older adults who self-identify as Black have a disproportionately higher incidence of mobility disability. Whether older adults who are Black also have lower fitness and mitochondrial energetics compared to those who are White has not been adequately investigated. The Study of Muscle, Mobility and Aging (SOMMA) examined 879 older adults (≥70 years old), including 116 who self-identified as Black, who could complete a 400m walk within 15 minutes. Mitochondrial respiration (MaxOXPHOS) was measured in permeabilized fibers from biopsies of the vastus lateralis. A cardiopulmonary exercise test assessed maximum oxygen consumption (VO2peak). Education, income, financial resources, race, sex and age were determined by self-report. Propensity score matching was used to match Blacks with Whites with a 1:1 ratio. Black (n=90) and White (n=90) groups were well matched for age, sex, SOMMA multimorbidity index, BMI, muscle mass, physical activity, marital status, educational achievement, and whether financial needs were met (all p>0.05). Despite being well matched, those who identified as Black had a slower 400m walking speed (0.97 vs. 1.03 m/s, p=0.014), lower MaxOXPHOS (50.8 vs. 60.9 (pmol/(s*mg)), p< 0.001), and lower cardiorespiratory fitness (1391 vs 1566 ml/min, p=0.007), when compared to those who identified as White. Multivariate regression showed that VO2peak and MaxOXPHOS, but not socioeconomic factors, attenuated the race difference in 400m walking speed. In conclusion, while the etiology of race differences in mobility is multifactorial, our data indicate that muscle mitochondrial respiration and cardiorespiratory fitness may contribute to slower walking speed of individuals who identify as Black compared to White.

DISABILITY STATUS OF ASIAN OLDER ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES: FINDINGS FROM THE 2017–2021 AMERICAN COMMUNITY SURVEY

Abstract Little information is available on the disability status of the diverse Asian population in the United States (U.S.). In this study we estimate the prevalence of six types of disability in older adults for six major Asian subgroups using the recently released data from the 2017-2021 American Community Survey. The survey contains a sample of 11,737 Vietnamese; 32,388 Chinese; 24,625 Filipino; 12,125 Japanese; 10,231 Koreans; 16,759 Indians; and 2,412,999 non-Hispanic Whites. All analyses use survey weights for population estimates and the jackknife method for standard errors. We find higher prevalence of disability in independent living for Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, and Indian compared to non-Hispanic White. For self-care disability, Vietnamese, Chinese, Filipino and Indian have higher prevalence. Cognitive disability is more prevalent in Vietnamese, Filipino, and Japanese. Only Vietnamese older adults have higher prevalence of mobility disability and vision disability. Surprisingly, all Asian subgroups in the study have lower prevalence of hearing disability than the non-Hispanic White group. Overall, the results show Vietnamese older adults have the worst disability profile, whereas Korean older adults have the best profile. Future research is needed to understand the role of fortitude in addressing disability status, especially in the areas of independent living, self-care, and cognition, which are more prevalent in most Asian groups.

Perceived everyday discrimination, socioeconomic status, and mammography behavior

Black women (BW) experience age-adjusted breast cancer mortality rates that are 40% higher than White women. Although, screening rates for breast cancer are similar between White and Black women, differences in mammography utilization exist among women with lower socioeconomic status (SES). Moreover, perceived everyday discrimination (PED) has been shown to have an inverse relationship on health screening behavior among BW. However, mammography behaviors of BW with low SES, who also report higher levels of PED, is not well known. This study aims to explore the relationship between perceived discrimination, SES, and mammography behavior. Participants were recruited between 2020 and 2022 through the Bench to Community Initiative, a community-based participatory research study, and completed a 41-item survey. Logistic regression was used to test the associations of mammography utilization with PED (assessed by a shortened version of the Everyday Discrimination Scale), SES, and race/ethnicity. Most participants (77%) identified as BW (African American, African, and Caribbean) followed by White (17%) and other groups (6%). Many respondents (87%) had health insurance; 67% reported having had a mammogram; and 41% were breast cancer survivors. Most respondents (63%) had a college education and income between $51,000 and $75,000. In an initial logistic regression model, race/ethnicity, income, and PED significantly predicted mammography behavior (χ2 (8) = 45.464, p < .01). In an additional stepwise logistic regression model that controlled for a history of breast cancer, race/ethnicity, income, PED, and education accounted for 35% of mammogram screening behavior (χ2 (12) = 112.410, p < .01). Race/ethnicity, income, education, and PED were associated with mammography behavior. Addressing these social determinants of health factors may improve our understanding of ways discrimination leaves BW vulnerable to disparate health outcomes, including breast cancer.

Drug Overdose Deaths in Mexican-Heritage Arizonans: An Examination of Mortality Rates, Demographics, Drugs Involved, and Place of Death

Objective This study examined drug overdose deaths in Mexican-heritage Arizonans, with the goal of informing tailored overdose prevention programs for this community. Methods We analyzed death certificate data (from the Arizona Department of Health Services) for drug overdose deaths among Arizona residents from 2018-2022. We compared deaths in US-born and foreign-born Mexican-heritage Arizonans and, as a frame of reference, Non-Hispanic (NH) White Arizonans. We compared demographics, circumstances of death, and mortality rates, using descriptive statistics, multinomial logistic regression models, and age-standardized mortality rates and ratios. Results The age-standardized drug overdose mortality rate (per 100,000) was lower in the overall Mexican-heritage population (28.0) than in the NH White population (35.9). Nonetheless, the rate in the US-born Mexican-heritage male subgroup (59.5) was higher than in US-born NH White males (49.9) or any other subgroup examined. Synthetic opioids such as fentanyl were involved in higher proportions of deaths among US-born (64.6%) and foreign-born (65.1%) Mexican-heritage Arizonans than among NH White Arizonans (48.5%). In multinomial regression models, the risk of a medical place of death, relative to death at home, was significantly higher in the foreign-born (adjusted Relative Risk Ratio [aRRR] 1.82; 95% Confidence Interval [CI], 1.38-2.42) and US-born (aRRR 1.85; 95% CI, 1.62-2.11) Mexican-heritage groups than the NH White group, adjusting for age, sex, marital status, county of residence, overdose intent, and drugs involved. Conclusions Findings highlight disparate rates of overdose mortality in US-born Mexican-heritage Arizona men, also underscoring racial/ethnic/nativity-based differences in overdose circumstances and decedent characteristics.

Effects of individually calibrated white and pink noise vestibular stimulation on standing balance of young healthy adults.

Imperceptible noisy galvanic vestibular stimulation (nGVS) improves standing balance due to the presence of stochastic resonance (SR). There is, however, a lack of consensus regarding the optimal levels and type of noise used to elicit SR like dynamics. We aimed to confirm the presence of SR behavior in the vestibular system of young healthy adults by examining postural responses to increasing amplitudes of white and pink noise stimulation scaled to individual cutaneous perceptual threshold. Forty (40) healthy young participants (19 males, 25.1 ± 5.6 years) were randomly divided into a group that received nGVS with white (WHITE group) or pink noise (PINK group). Participants performed a cutaneous perceptual threshold detection task followed by 8 trials of quiet standing and eyes closure (60s) with nGVS applied during the last 30s. Balance stabilization was quantified in the ratio of the stimulus versus pre-stimulus Centre of Pressure (CoP) 90% ellipse area, Root Mean Square (RMS) and mean velocity. Cutaneous perceptual threshold was similar across groups. Group analysis confirmed that the mean CoP velocity increased across nGVS intensities, particularly for the PINK group while the other two variables remained unchanged. Single subject analysis indicated that 55% of WHITE and 30% of PINK group participants showed an SR-like response judged by three experts. Results are puzzling with respect to the presence of SR-like response dynamics in young healthy adults and highlight the need for further research using individual calibrated stimulus intensities. White noise seems more effective than pink noise in revealing an SR-like response to nGVS.

Are there any sociodemographic factors associated with non-uptake of HPV vaccination of girls in high-income countries with school-based vaccination programmes? A systematic review.

Uptake of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination is generally high in high-income countries with school-based vaccination programmes; however, lower uptake in certain population subgroups could continue pre-immunisation inequalities in cervical cancer. Six electronic databases were searched for quantitative articles published between 1 September 2006 and 20 February 2023, which were representative of the general population, with individual-level data on routine school-based vaccination (with >50% coverage) and sociodemographic measures. Titles, abstracts and full-text articles were screened for eligibility criteria and assessed for bias. A second independent reviewer randomly screened 20% of articles at each stage. A narrative synthesis summarised findings. 24 studies based in eight countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK) were included. Studies reported vaccination uptake by individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES), parental education, religion, ethnicity and/or country of birth. 19 studies reported that more than 70% were vaccinated (range: 50.7%-93.0%). Minority ethnic groups and migrants were more likely to have lower vaccination uptake than White groups and non-migrants (11/11 studies). Lower SES was also associated with lower uptake of vaccination (11/17 studies). Associations with other sociodemographic characteristics, such as parental education and religion, were less clear. Even in high-income countries with high coverage school-based vaccination programmes, inequalities are seen. The totality of available evidence suggests girls from lower SES and minority ethnic groups tend to be less likely to be vaccinated. Findings could inform targeted approaches to mop-up vaccination and cervical cancer screening amidst changing HPV epidemiology in a vaccine era. CRD42023399648.

Molecular Differences in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas from Black Versus White Patients.

Pancreatic cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death in the US. Black or African American patients have a higher incidence of pancreatic cancer compared to other racial groups. It is unclear whether distinct molecular mechanisms are involved in the development of pancreatic cancer in different racial groups. To identify tumor molecular features that are distinctly associated with race in Black or African American and White patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (the main subtype of pancreatic cancer), we analyzed de-identified patient records, including tumor sequencing data and expression of PD-L1, from the Tempus multimodal database. Patients with a primary diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and who received molecular testing between 2017-11 and 2023-03 were included in analyses. Among 4,249 patients analyzed in this study, 452 (10.6%) were Black or African American and 3797 (89.4%) were White. Black patients had a higher prevalence of TP53 mutations compared to White patients (p<0.001). KRASG12R mutations occurred more frequently in female patients in the Black vs White group (p=0.007). Compared to White patients, Black patients had a higher tumor mutational burden (p<0.001) and PD-L1 overexpression (p=0.047). In a separate analysis of recent clinical trials testing immunotherapies for pancreatic cancer, we found that Black patients and other minorities were underrepresented in most trials. These findings suggest race-associated molecular differences in tumors that may impact patient responses to immunotherapies. Our study also supports the importance of improving patient diversity in clinical trials on pancreatic cancer treatments.

Use of Mothers Milk Odor and White Noise on Pain Management in Preterm Infants: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Recurrent pain experienced by preterm infants during hospitalization is significant due to its short and long-term negative consequences. This randomized controlled trial examined the effect of the mother's own milk odor and white noise on pain management during heel lance in preterms. The data were collected in the neonatal intensive care unit and postpartum services between May and October 2022. The study included 66 infants born between 34 and 37weeks. Infants were randomly assigned to either the mother's own milk odor, white noise, or control groups. Data were collected using the Premature Infant Pain Profile-Revised Form, Descriptive Information Form, and Follow-Up Chart. Pain was evaluated 5 and 2minutes before the procedure, at the time and 5minutes after the procedure by 2 independent nursing academicians/lecturers through video recordings. Frequency, mean, standard deviation, chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and repeated measures were used for data analysis. All groups were similar regarding the descriptive characteristics. The control group had higher heart rates before and after the procedure than the mother's own milk odor and white noise group. Oxygen saturation was higher and pain scores were lower in the white noise and mother's own milk odor group compared to the control group during and after the procedure. There was no difference between the mother's milk odor and white noise groups at any time. The odor of the mother's milk and white noise may effectively manage pain during heel lance in preterms. Neonatal nurses can adopt these methods as effective non-pharmacological pain management methods.

Racial/Ethnic Variations in the Intergenerational Transmission of Adolescent Depression.

Depression tends to be experienced across generations and among racial/ethnic groups through various pathways. However, little is known about racial/ethnic variations in the transmission of adolescent depression among different racial/ethnic groups. This study aims to investigate the intergenerational transmission of adolescent depression across three generations among White, Black, and Hispanic groups. Data were drawn from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study. This study used a nationally representative sample of 2,604 individuals. A multi-group serial mediation analysis was conducted using structural equation modeling. As hypothesized, adolescent depression was transmitted across three generations, from the maternal side. Furthermore, the intergenerational transmission of depression was identified as a sequential transfer from one generation to the next, as opposed to exhibiting a generation-skipping effect. However, no statistically significant racial/ethnic variation was found in the pathways of intergenerational transmission of adolescent depression. In conclusion, depression is a mental disorder that can be transmitted from one generation to the next, and its transmission pathway is shared and similar across White, Black, and Hispanic groups. Regardless of racial/ethnic group, the intergenerational transmission process of depression can be halted with the implementation of appropriate interventions and treatment.

REDEFINING GOLPUT IN THE LENS OF LAW: EXAMINATION OF ISLAMIC AND POSITIVE LAW

In a democratic context that continues to travel, the phenomenon of the White Group (Golput) becomes a prolonged politics. This study aims to reveal the history of the Golput, the meaning of the Golput, and the response between Islamic law and the state regarding the phenomenon. Researchers recognize that Golput is a complex phenomenon that refers to various factors, such as political identity, community polarization, and inter-paradigm conflicts. In this study, the researcher tries to understand the dialectics between Islamic law and the state as an important foundation in studying the Golput phenomenon. It is hoped that this research will become a discourse and critical analysis as a response to the birth of the intended white group. This study uses the literature method by examining literature sources in the form of scientific articles as primary sources and books with similar themes as secondary sources. The results of this study revealed: that Golput became a controversial phenomenon that triggered the birth of Islamic law and the state. Islam and the state agree that the community must take part in political participation by considering the aspects possessed by the leader in the form of fairness, trustworthiness, and so on. The same was also found through the MUI fatwa which forbids Golput with several supporting arguments. Likewise, the interpretation of the Qur'an regarding compliance with policies issued by the government by considering aspects that are under commendable traits.

Understanding inequities in access to diabetes technologies in children and young people with type 1 diabetes: Qualitative study of healthcare professionals' perspectives and views.

We explored healthcare professionals' perceptions and understandings of the factors and considerations underlying inequities in technology access in children and young people (CYP) with type 1 diabetes. We interviewed (n = 29) healthcare professionals working in paediatric diabetes in England recruited from (n = 15) purposively selected sites. We analysed data thematically. Interviewees highlighted multiple, often overlapping barriers to accessing technology faced by CYP with type 1 diabetes from deprived and/or ethnic minority backgrounds. They described the impacts of deprivation on technology uptake, together with the complex social, ethnic and cultural factors that could also reinforce disparities in technology access. Interviewees further highlighted staffing shortfalls as a significant barrier to supporting CYP to use technology, especially those from under-represented groups who they perceived as requiring more staff time to be trained to use technology. While interviewees suggested that unconscious bias has become less prominent, they reported being less likely to recommend technology (especially pumps) to CYP/caregivers who they feared would not use it safely and effectively (e.g. those with low literacy levels). Interviewees also highlighted geographical variability in the technology commissioning process (a 'postcode lottery'). Our findings suggest that without targeted interventions, technology inequities may continue to persist amongst CYP from the most and least deprived areas and from white and ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom. Additionally, our findings suggest that closing the technology gap will require large-scale governmental and health policies aimed at fostering socioeconomic, ethnic and cultural equality alongside targeted measures to improve technology accessibility.

Health, Disability, and Economic Inactivity Following a Diagnosis of a Severe Mental Illness: Cohort Study of Electronic Health Records Linked at the Individual-Level, to Census from England.

The association of social and clinical indicators with employment, disability, and health outcomes among individuals with severe mental illnesses (SMI) remains unclear. Existing evidence primarily comes from smaller cohort studies limited by shorter follow-up and high attrition, or registry-based research, which lacks information on important social determinants. We utilized a novel data linkage consisting of clinical records of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia-spectrum or bipolar disorders from the South London and Maudsley Mental Health Trust, linked at the individual-level to the 2011 UK Census, a rich source for sociodemographic information. Using logistic regression, we estimated adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals to determine associations between socioeconomic and clinical indicators and economic inactivity, self-rated health, and disability outcomes. The sample comprised 8249 people with SMI diagnoses. Economic inactivity (77.3%), disability (68.3%) and poor health (61.1%) were highly prevalent. Longer duration of illness and comorbid substance misuse were associated with economic inactivity, poorer self-rated health, and disability, with associations noted between living alone and all outcomes (aORs and 95% CI: Economic inactivity: 1.72, 1.45-2.03; disability: 1.48, 1.31-1.68; poor health: 1.32, 1.18-1.49). Relative to the White British group, Black African, South Asian, and Other Black groups were more likely to be economically inactive. Black Caribbean and other groups were less likely to report poorer self-rated health or disability. Our findings highlight considerable disability, poorer health, and economic inactivity experienced by people with SMI. Addressing comorbid substance misuse and social isolation could play a role in improving outcomes.

Incidence of long-term conditions in the Latin American community of London: A validation and retrospective cohort study of 890,922 primary care records, 2005-2022.

Minoritised populations in the United Kingdom frequently identify in multiple ethnic groupings and therefore little is known of their health needs. There were 136,062 Latin American people recorded in the 2021 UK Census across six different ethnic groups. Characterise the incidence of long-term conditions (LTCs) and multiple LTCs (mLTCs) amongst the Latin American community of London. Compare the incidence of LTCs in the Latin American population to other ethnic groups. Retrospective cohort study using pseudonymised primary care data from 890,922 individuals in an urban, superdiverse area of London from 2005-2022. Latin American individuals were identified using country of birth, language and ethnicity codes, and validated against Census findings. Multivariable competing risks regression models estimated the effect of being Latin American, compared to the White British ethnic group, on incidence of 32 LTCs and risk factors relevant to urban populations. 28,617 Latin American people were identified in this cohort, 3.2% of total. In multivariable analysis, compared to the White British ethnic group, being Latin American was associated with twice the rate of HIV/AIDS (hazard ratio (HR) 2.00; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.65-2.43), 60% increased rate of diabetes (HR 1.61; 95%CI 1.47-1.77) and almost twice the rate of systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis (HRs 2.28; 95% CI 1.18-4.38 and 1.69; 95% CI 1.32-2.17 respectively). Using commonly-recorded primary care codes accurately and reliably identifies markedly higher risks of HIV/AIDS, diabetes and joint disease among London's Latin American population. These data can be used to target inclusive and equitable health interventions.

Accountable care organization changes in equity of ambulatory care quality by patient race and ethnicity, 2019-2022.

There is limited information about accountable care organization (ACO) variation in equity of ambulatory care quality. We examine whether equity of care changed for racial and ethnic minority patients from 2019 to 2022 and the extent to which equity of care performance varied for 11 ACOs in Massachusetts over time. We analyzed ACO-level changes in equity of care for 8 ambulatory care quality measures for Asian, Black, and Hispanic patients, measured as the percentage point difference between each group and the majority non-Hispanic White patient group. Cervical cancer screening (3.54 percentage point change, P < 0.001), colorectal cancer screening (3.54 percentage point change, P < 0.001), and eye exams for adults with diabetes (3.56 percentage point change, P = 0.008) had the largest performance declines. Equity of ambulatory care quality did not significantly change over time. The one exception was for breast cancer screening, where equity declined for Asian patients (3.52 percentage point change, P = 0.04). Although equity of care generally did not significantly change over time across ACOs, high variation in equity of care performance between ACOs highlights opportunities to identify and share the strategies that enable physician practices and healthcare systems to advance equity of care for racial and ethnic minority patients.

The inclusion of racialized women in the nursing workforce

PurposeThe study focuses on employment equity among Canadian women with a nursing education, examining differences across racialized groups.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis used data from the 2021 Canadian Census of Population on a large sample of women aged 25–64 years with a nursing education (n = 112,000). The analysis compared women from ten racialized population groups to those from the White population group on attainment of a nursing education, employment in the health sector, and having an occupation that matched their nursing education. These comparisons were made separately for women who were Canadian-born, Canadian-educated immigrants and foreign-educated immigrants and controlled for differences in educational and demographic characteristics.FindingsMost racialized women were under-represented in terms of having a nursing education, which was a barrier to their inclusion in the nursing workforce. Having a Canadian nursing education eliminated most disparities between racialized and White women in terms of employment outcomes. Foreign-educated immigrant women experienced a large penalty in levels of workforce integration, and this penalty was mostly larger for those from racialized population groups than the White population group. Large proportions of foreign-educated immigrant women with a nursing education had non-health occupations or health occupations that underutilized their skills.Originality/valueThis study provides a granular perspective on disparities between racialized and White women in levels of employment and utilization in the nursing workforce. The analyses illustrate the need for disaggregated data to reveal where the disparities lie and the context in which these disparities emerge.

Incidence of diabetes mellitus following hospitalisation for COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: A prospective observational study.

People hospitalised for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have elevated incidence of diabetes. However, it is unclear whether this is due to shared risk factors, confounding or stress hyperglycaemia in response to acute illness. We analysed a multicentre prospective cohort study (PHOSP-COVID) of people ≥18 years discharged from NHS hospitals across the United Kingdom following COVID-19. Individuals were included if they attended at least one research visit with a HbA1c measurement within 14 months of discharge and had no history of diabetes at baseline. The primary outcome was new onset diabetes (any type), as defined by a first glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement ≥6.5% (≥48 mmol/mol). Follow-up was censored at the last HbA1c measurement. Age-standardised incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, length of hospital stay, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, deprivation, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia/hypercholesterolaemia, intensive therapy unit admission, invasive mechanical ventilation, corticosteroid use and C-reactive protein score) were calculated using Poisson regression. Incidence rates were compared with the control groups of published clinical trials in the United Kingdom by applying the same inclusion and exclusion criteria, where possible. Incidence of diabetes was 91.4 per 1000 person-years and was higher in South Asian (incidence rate ratios [IRR] = 3.60; 1.77, 7.32; p < 0.001) and Black ethnic groups (IRR = 2.36; 1.07, 5.21; p = 0.03) compared with White ethnic groups. When restricted to similar characteristics, the incidence rates were similar to those in UK clinical trials data. Diabetes incidence following hospitalisation for COVID-19 is high, but it remains uncertain whether it is disproportionately higher than pre-pandemic levels.

Kalanchoe tomentosa (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae), a variable, shrubby, and completely tomentose species from Madagascar, with reference to its horticultural derivatives

The Malagasy Kalanchoe tomentosa (Crassulaceae subfam. Cotyledonoideae) is a variable, tomentose, and shrubby species from which numerous morphological variants have been selected as cultivars. Other variants are distributed under monikers presented as cultivar names, but it is likely that at least some of these have not been established as such under the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP or Cultivated Plant Code). The monikers therefore variously serve as common names only, or as trade designations, which are not regulated by the ICNCP. Only a few of the established cultivar names, notably K. ×edwardii ‘Fang’ and K. ×edwardii ‘Roseleaf’, were derived from hybrid material of which K. tomentosa, the species itself, therefore, is one parent. An overview is presented of as many as possible of the widely used, established and apparently not established, names usually presented as cultivar names that apply to material derived from K. tomentosa. A large selection of these is illustrated. Three Groups are established under K. tomentosa, based on the predominant colour of the tomentum that cover the ad- and abaxial leaf surfaces. The Groups are: (1) K. tomentosa Silvery White Group; (2) K. tomentosa Reddish Brown Group; and (3) K. tomentosa Greenish Golden Group. One new cultivar is described.

Familial and Individual Risk Factors, Sexual Assault, and Mental Health: A Comparison of Black, Hispanic, Asian, and White College Students.

Though sexual assault is prevalent among college campuses, there is a paucity of research on whether risk factors vary for different racial/ethnic groups. As such, this article examines familial and individual risk factors and three sexual assault types (coercive, physically forced, and incapacitated) with depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms to see whether such risks vary for Black/African American, White, Asian, and Hispanic groups of college students. Data were gathered in 2019 to 2020 from 783 undergraduate college women and men at a large public university in the Midwestern United States. Results revealed that in terms of family background, Black/African American, Asian, and Hispanic students reported more experiences of child physical abuse and lower levels of warmth and support compared to White students. White college students, however, reported more frequent heavy drinking compared to Asian and Hispanic students. For sexual assault, Asian students reporting experiencing incapacitated sexual assault more so than White students, whereas Black/African American students reported experiences of physically forced sexual assault more so than White students. For mental health, Hispanic students reported more PTSD symptoms compared to White students while Asian students reported more depressive symptoms compared to their White counterparts. It is noteworthy that early experiences of child physical abuse and lower warmth and support continued to significantly impact both PTSD symptoms and depressive symptoms. Our results demonstrate the importance of going beyond the typical dichotomy of White and non-White to gain a more nuanced understanding of how risk factors vary for different racial and ethnic groups, which has implications for intervention and prevention when understanding sexual assault and mental health outcomes.