Epidemiological Profile Of Patients Research Articles

A13793 Epidemiological Profile of Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis Twice per Week in Top National Referral General Hospital in Jakarta 2017

A13793 Epidemiological Profile of Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis Twice per Week in Top National Referral General Hospital in Jakarta 2017

Clinical and Epidemiological Study of Vitiligo Patients at a Dermatology Service in Northern Brazil

Background: Vitiligo is an acquired hypomelanosis that affects between 0.5% and 4% of the world population, characterized by distinct acromic macules of various shapes and sizes, and may appear in any region of the skin. Worldwide, there are few publications on vitiligo that address epidemiological characteristics. Thus, the objective was to describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with this condition at the State University of Pará’s Dermatology Clinic, in the city of Belém, Northern of Brazil.
 Methods and Findings: A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed, in which 180 medical records of patients treated at the State University of Pará’s Dermatology Clinic, from July 2000 to July 2014, were analyzed using a protocol consisting of variables related to the disease. The information obtained was organized in a database and submitted to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. The study was approved by the ethics and research committee under the number 923.213. A predominance of the female gender (72.2%), of the adult age group (55%) was observed; without relation to family history (46.7%); without progression (58.3%); with a predominant clinical form of vitiligo of the generalized type (67.2%), being the common generalized one with the highest prevalence (57%). The most affected sites were head and neck (27.5%), and upper limbs (25.3%).
 Conclusions: This study revealed the characteristics of the vitiligo patient residing in the Amazon region, and patients were found to have a generalized clinical form, most of the patients achieved improvement of the lesions with the proposed treatment, and only a minority presented progression of the disease. It is concluded that vitiligo is a disease with great therapeutic difficulty, and it is emphasized the importance of an early diagnosis, since in the early stages is easier to resolve the disease.

Dialogue between primary and secondary health care providers in a Brazilian hypertensive population.

To describe clinical and epidemiological profiles of patients with hypertension referred to a secondary care unit and to assess the adequacy of the referral criteria. This descriptive transversal study analysed 943 hypertensive patients referred to a secondary healthcare unit from September 2010 to August 2012. Clinical and sociodemographic data as well as data regarding the liaison between secondary and primary care services were collected. Patients' mean age was 59±13.1 years, and 61.3% were female. Sedentary lifestyle, alcohol consumption, and smoking were observed in 80.3%, 31.1%, and 18.1% of the patients, respectively. Uncontrolled blood pressure was observed in 72.5% of the sample, and 80.1% of individuals were overweight or obese. There was a high prevalence of dyslipidaemia (73.1%), cardiovascular disease (97.5%), and reduced glomerular filtration rate (49.9%). Thirty-eight percent of patients did not meet the referral criteria, of whom approximately 25% were not hypertensive. Even in a universal-access healthcare system, poor control of hypertension and high prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular diseases were observed. Inadequate referrals and the presence of clinical complications suggest low efficiency of the assistance provided in primary care and reinforce the need for sharing care with the secondary level.

Epidemiological profile of patients undergoing surgical treatment of ankle fractures in a tertiary hospital

Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological profile of ankle fractures treated surgically in a tertiary hospital.Methods: A retrospective epidemiological study was performed. The medical records of patients with ankle fractures who underwent surgery between January and December 2017 were reviewed. The parameters assessed included age, gender, injured side, exposure (open vs closed), Arbeitsgemeinschaft für steosynthesefragen (AO) fracture classification, trauma mechanism, time to definitive treatment, and early postoperative complications. Results: The male gender was predominant (64.6%). Twenty-two fractures (50%) resulted from traffic accidents, 16 (36.4%) of which involved a motorcycle. The mean age of these patients was 28.25 years. The AO 44-B ankle fracture was the most common injury (70.4%). Eight (18.2%) wereopen fractures. The mean time to definitive treatment was 5.9 days. Early postoperative complications occurred in two patients (4.5%). Conclusion: Ankle fractures treated in a tertiary hospital affect young victims of high-energy accidents, mainly involving motorcycles. Level of Evidence IV; Therapeutic Studies; Case Series.

Vigilância das síndromes neurológicas notificadas no HFSE em um contexto de epidemia de Zika, chikungunya e dengue

Justificativa e Objetivos: a ocorrência de manifestações neurológicas no contexto da circulação dos vírus da dengue(DENV), Zika(ZIKV) e chikungunya(CHIKV) no Brasil é um desafio para a vigilância epidemiológica. Objetivo: descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes notificados no HFSE com síndromes neurológicas potencialmente associadas ao DENV, CHIKV e ZIKV, em 2015 e 2016. 
 Métodos: estudo observacional, com análise de bases secundárias e coleta de dados em prontuários e fichas de investigação epidemiológica do HFSE. Incluídos todos os casos notificados em 2015 e 2016, que atendessem aos critérios: a) síndrome neurológica de origem indeterminada e registro de infecção viral prévia até 60 dias antes do início do quadro neurológico, confirmados laboratorialmente ou não; b) síndrome neurológica sem registro de infecção viral prévia até 60 dias antes do início do quadro neurológico, com confirmação laboratorial para DENV, CHIKV e ZIKV em líquor, soro ou urina. Variáveis analisadas: sexo, idade, raça/cor, escolaridade, município de residência, sinais e sintomas, diagnóstico sindrômico e etiológico do quadro neurológico, local/tempo de internação e evolução. 
 Resultados: 72 casos notificados: 61,1% homens, idade mediana 37 anos, quadro neurológico com síndrome de Guillain-Barré(SGB) 34,7% e meningoencefalite 31,9%. Foram classificados como associados a arboviroses 39 casos (54,1%), dos quais 14 pelo critério laboratorial (3 ZIKV, 6 CHIKV, 4 DENV, 1 DENV+ CHIKV) e 25 por critério clínico-epidemiológico. Nos laboratorialmente confirmados o percentual de meningoencefalite (57,1%) ultrapassou SGB (35,7%). 
 Conclusão: o diagnóstico diferencial entre as arboviroses nesse contexto é um desafio para a vigilância epidemiológica, destacando-se o predomínio da SGB e das meningoencefalites.
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: infecção por arbovírus; manifestações neurológicas; Epidemiologia.

Abstract 012: Capture-Recapture Using Multiple Data Sources: Estimating the Prevalence of Congenital Heart Disease

Introduction: Improvements in the treatment of congenital heart disease (CHD) have resulted in the majority of infants born with CHD surviving into adulthood; completely modifying the epidemiologic profile of patients with CHD. Although the prevalence of CHD at birth has been robustly estimated, the prevalence of CHD in adolescents and adults in the U.S. is uncertain due to a lack of systematically collected population-based data. The unique disjointed healthcare system in the U.S. makes population-based surveillance of conditions like CHD difficult. Hypothesis: Use of capture-recapture methodology in a state-wide CHD surveillance system will result in a higher estimated prevalence of CHD in adolescents and adults by adjusting for incomplete case ascertainment. Methods: Adolescents and adults age 11 to 64 years with a CHD lesion listed as a diagnostic code on an encounter occurring between January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2013 were captured by the Colorado CHD surveillance system. Five primary data sources, representing electronic medical records (EMR) from participating healthcare systems and claims data from the All Payer Claims database, were used for case ascertainment. These sources provide inpatient, outpatient and emergency care across the state of Colorado. Once CHD cases were identified in one of the above data sources, a probabilistic record linkage algorithm was used for de-duplication of cases within and across data sources. Crude prevalence estimates were generated and then capture-recapture methods were employed to estimate the number of adolescents and adults with CHD in Colorado that were not captured in the surveillance system. Data were analyzed using a log-linear model incorporating severity of CHD as a variable of potential heterogeneous catchability. Results: The five primary data sources identified 24,907 CHD cases that met our case definition corresponding to 19,849 unique individuals during our 3-year surveillance period. The observed overall crude prevalence rate of CHD in adolescents and adults was 5.19 per 1000 population (95% CI 5.07 - 5.31 per 1000 population). Using capture-recapture methodology, the estimated prevalence of CHD in adolescents and adults corrected for incomplete case ascertainment was 5.68 per 1000 population (95% CI 5.59 - 5.77 per 1000 population), so an estimated 3,641 CHD cases were not identified in the five primary case finding data sources. Conclusion: Our study provides novel insight into strategies for EMR-based surveillance at the population-level by demonstrating the utility of capture-recapture methodology to estimate, and then correct for, cases missed in standard surveillance techniques.

EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPINAL TRAUMA SURGICALLY TREATED AT THE UNICAMP HOSPITAL DAS CLÍNICAS

ABSTRACT Objective: To report the epidemiological profile of patients operated for treatment of spinal trauma in the UNICAMP Hospital das Clínicas. Methods: Patients older than 14 years with spinal trauma operated in the service from 2012 to 2017 with complete radiological and clinical data were evaluated. Results: A total of 143 patients were included, 120 men and 23 women, with a mean age of 37.8 years. Falls from height (32%), motorcycle (26%) and car accidents (24%) were the most common trauma mechanisms. The most affected vertebral level was C6 (11%) and most patients (55%) had some neurological deficits. The overall postoperative complication rate was 23%. Conclusions: Spinal trauma has a high socioeconomic impact due to its high morbidity and mortality, and it is necessary to study its epidemiology for the development of public policies for prevention and treatment financing. Level of Evidence: III. Type of study: Retrospective study.

PROFILE OF SPINAL CORD TRAUMA VICTIMS TREATED AT A REFERENCE UNIT IN SÃO PAULO

ABSTRACT Introduction: Spinal cord trauma (SCT) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. It affects different age groups, especially young adults who are victims of high-energy trauma. The most effective way to reduce the incidence of spinal cord trauma and its consequences is through preventive campaigns and control and surveillance measures through public agencies. The objective of this study is to outline the epidemiological profile of patients with spinal cord trauma attended at a tertiary care center in the city of São Paulo. Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study performed at a reference center for the care of patients with spinal cord injury in the State of São Paulo. Data were collected from the medical records of patients with spinal cord trauma between 2012 and 2016. Results: Of the 515 patients with spinal trauma, 153 (29.7%) had spinal cord injury of which 131 (85.62%) were male, and 22 (14.37%) were female, in a ratio of approximately 6:1. The mean age was 39.45 years. The main cause of spinal cord trauma observed was the fall from heights, with 72 cases (47.05%), and 52.94% were classified as Frankel A. Conclusions: The results showed that the majority of the patients were young, economically active, with low educational level, exposed to accidents that could be largely avoided. Most of these patients also had severe disabling injuries, which usually bring considerable psychological sequelae and economic consequences to the individual and to society. Level of evidence: IV. Type of study: Case series.

The Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Mental Health Disorders in Opioid Agonist Treatment, Accessing Services in Primary Care across Ontario, Canada

The Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Mental Health Disorders in Opioid Agonist Treatment, Accessing Services in Primary Care across Ontario, Canada

Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides: a 20-case retrospective series.

Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides (hMF) is a rare subtype of mycosis fungoides. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical-epidemiological profile of our patient group and also to provide additional information about treatment responses and prognosis. This is a cross-sectional retrospective observational study, with exploratory analysis. The outcome variables were disease progression and related death. Twenty patients with hMF were selected from a group of 102 patients diagnosed with MF. There was no gender difference (10 females and 10 males). Mean age at diagnosis was 43.85years, and most patients had mixed or black skin color. The mean time between the onset of the lesions and the diagnosis was 66.75months. Patients were equally distributed in stages IA (50%) and IB (50%). Photochemotherapy (psoralen and ultraviolet A) was the predominant therapeutic modality. The mean follow-up time was 7.25years. In 10%, disease progression was observed. Death related to the disease occurred in one patient. The clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with hypopigmented MF found in our sample is in agreement with what is described in the literature, with the exception of the age at diagnosis, higher than expected. Diagnostic delay time, despite long, is also consistent with the medical literature; however, in this sample, we had two cases of disease progression, with death of one patient, despite the treatment, which is extremely important since hypopigmented MF is usually associated with good prognosis.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with early stage mycosis fungoides

Background:Mycosis fungoides is the most common form of primary cutaneous lymphoma, with an indolent, slowly progressive course and 88% five-year survival rate. The diagnosis is challenging, especially in the early stages, and usually relies on a good clinical-histopathological correlation. Objective:The aim was to establish the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides. Methods:This was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study with an exploratory analysis. Outcome variables were disease progression and mycosis fungoides-related death. Results:One hundred and two patients were included. The majority were white males, with a mean age of 55.6 years. Mean time from onset of lesions to diagnosis was 51.08 months. The majority of patients were classified as IB stage according to TNMB. Mean follow-up time was 7.85 years. Disease progression was seen in 29.4% of the patients. Death related to the disease occurred in 7.9% of patients. Plaque lesions, involvement of more than 10% of the body surface, altered lactate dehydrogenase and beta-2-microglobulin, and stage IB were significantly associated with disease progression, and altered lactate dehydrogenase and beta-2-microglobulin also correlated with higher frequency of deaths. Study limitations:Small sample and retrospective design. Conclusions:The clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with early-stage mycosis fungoides in our sample corroborates reports in the literature. Diagnostic delay in our series is also consistent with previous findings, but the rate of disease progression, despite treatment, was higher than reported in the literature.

CASE STUDY OF CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE UPPER LIMB IN REFERENCE AMBULATORY CARE FACILITY.

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe epidemiological profile of congenital anomalies of the upper limbs (CAULs) is of major relevance to monitoring and planning. A study of this profile may reveal if there is prevalence of some specific type of malformation in comparison to a more comprehensive epidemiological sample. The Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations (ECLAMC) has an extensive database, providing an excellent source of comparison. This study aims to evaluate the epidemiological profile of CAULs at the hand surgery department of the Hospital Federal da Lagoa (HFL) in Brazil, and compare it to the ECLAMC data.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent treatment at the pediatric outpatient hand surgery clinic. The sample universe consisted of 126 patients (4 of these patients presented with 2 simultaneous anomalies), totaling 130 malformations.ResultsThe results demonstrated that the comparable pathologies have significantly similar incidence rates. It is worth noting the polydactylies (pre- and post-axial), where the percentile of incidence in the ECLAMC was higher.ConclusionThis study showed that the epidemiological profile of patients who underwent treatment at this hospital was equivalent to that found in the ECLAMC database. Level of evidence III, Retrospective epidemiological study.

Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with cutaneous neoplasia treated in an oncological hospital in Maranhão, Brazil

Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with cutaneous neoplasia treated in an oncological hospital in Maranhão, Brazil

Clinical and epidemiological study in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: This is a quantitative study with cross-sectional and analytical design, which sample consisted of 425 patients treated in an unit of Specialized Care in Ophthalmology, located in the northern state of Minas Gerais, from 2004 to 2015. We collected the data using formularies that addressed demographic and clinical aspects, risk factors and the presence of undercurrent diseases. We conducted an ophthalmological examination to evaluate anatomical and functional changes. We used statistical analysis, and the results are presented by mean, standard deviation and percentiles 25, 50 and 75. Results: Females predominate (56.8%), the age group of 60 years or older (44%) and mixed skin (81.7%). A minority of participants present risk factors such as high myopia (6.3%) and diabetes mellitus (17.9%). Regarding the clinical examination, there is a prevalence of increased optic nerve excavation (≥ 0.8) and low thickness of the corneas (≤ 535 microns). Conclusion: Most people develop advanced glaucoma, with increased optic nerve excavation and changed visual fields. Other common risk factors are: family history of glaucoma, decreased thickness of the cornea and hypertension. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent vision loss. Primary care physicians should consider referring patients who have glaucoma risk factors, for an ophthalmologic examination.

Vehicle Driving after Stroke: Who Does it Better? A Descriptive Study in a Group of Patients Treated at the Clinical Hospital at the University of Chile

Introduction: Vehicular driving is a complex and highly valued process and one of the activities that are most affected post-stroke, but little has been studied about our national epidemiological situation that links them. Objective: To create an epidemiological profile and estimate the prevalence of vehicular driving in a sample of patients with stroke who were drivers previously. Method: This is a descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study that enrolled adults in productive age at HCUCH, with a discharge diagnosis of stroke; during the first half of 2014. Their clinical records were analyzed and a telephone interview was applied a year after the event. Results: A sample of 24 patients was obtained. Sixty-six percent (n=16) returned to driving in an average time of 2.5 months after discharge. They had a shorter hospital length of stay (16 ± 24 days; p=0.0062), a better score on the mRS (p=0.0008) and less cognitive impairment (19%; p=0.016) than those who stopped driving. Conclusion: The sample did not allow for the creation of a specific clinical epidemiologic profile of patients with stroke who returned to driving that was differentiated from the profile of ones who had stopped driving, but we could observe a percentage of returning to driving similar to what has been described in international literature, especially between those who had more functionality, shorter hospital stays and less cognitive lesions, all characteristics of a better functional prognosis in CVD.

Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Congenital Glaucoma from a Brazilian Tertiary Eye Care Center

Epidemiological Profile of Patients with Congenital Glaucoma from a Brazilian Tertiary Eye Care Center

Clinical and epidemiological profile of patients with nasal manifestations of granulomatous disorders in a rural tertiary care centre

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Most of the times granulomatous disorders have obvious manifestations; however, sometimes they are difficult to diagnose. A literature review reveals that patients with granulomatous diseases may be frequently incorrectly diagnosed and treated.At present limited data is available on the clinical and epidemiological profile of such patients in rural India. As such rural setup lacks the expert services of rheumatologist and the patients are frequently inconsistent with diagnostic protocols despite best efforts of the clinicians.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a prospective study conducted in a tertiary care centre at Bhuj, Gujarat, India between January 2016 and May 2017. Patients included in the study had multi systemic complaints along with nasal manifestations such as recurrent epistaxis, saddling, synechia or swelling over nose. These patients were subjected to detailed history taking including demographic profile. They underwent detailed ENT examination, biopsies, radiological and serological tests and were discussed at multidisciplinary review meetings which involved physicians, otorhinolaryngologists, dermatologist, ophthalmologist, pathologist and radiologist. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 19 patients included in this study, 53% patients were females. 84% (16 patients) belonged to rural household and 68% (13 patients) belonged to lower socioeconomic status. 9 patients (47%) were diagnosed with tuberculosis while Wegener’s granulomatosis and leprosy accounted for 3 cases (16%) each. 2 patients each were diagnosed with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and fungal granulomas respectively. The average period between onset of symptoms and final diagnosis was 8 months. However, it took an average of 4.75 days after patient arrived at our centre to reach a final diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong>Early diagnosis of granulomatous disorders requires a multidisciplinary approach. The role of ENT surgeons is obvious as many granulomatous disorders have nasal manifestations. A multidisciplinary approach helps cut short the time between onset of disease and diagnosis, thus benefitting the patients by reducing the hospital stay and visits as most of these illnesses require outpatient treatment. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Most of the times granulomatous disorders have obvious manifestations; however, sometimes they are difficult to diagnose. A literature review reveals that patients with granulomatous diseases may be frequently incorrectly diagnosed and treated.At present limited data is available on the clinical and epidemiological profile of such patients in rural India. As such rural setup lacks the expert services of rheumatologist and the patients are frequently inconsistent with diagnostic protocols despite best efforts of the clinicians.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a prospective study conducted in a tertiary care centre at Bhuj, Gujarat, India between January 2016 and May 2017. Patients included in the study had multi systemic complaints along with nasal manifestations such as recurrent epistaxis, saddling, synechia or swelling over nose. These patients were subjected to detailed history taking including demographic profile. They underwent detailed ENT examination, biopsies, radiological and serological tests and were discussed at multidisciplinary review meetings which involved physicians, otorhinolaryngologists, dermatologist, ophthalmologist, pathologist and radiologist. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Of the 19 patients included in this study, 53% patients were females. 84% (16 patients) belonged to rural household and 68% (13 patients) belonged to lower socioeconomic status. 9 patients (47%) were diagnosed with tuberculosis while Wegener’s granulomatosis and leprosy accounted for 3 cases (16%) each. 2 patients each were diagnosed with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and fungal granulomas respectively. The average period between onset of symptoms and final diagnosis was 8 months. However, it took an average of 4.75 days after patient arrived at our centre to reach a final diagnosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Early diagnosis of granulomatous disorders requires a multidisciplinary approach. The role of ENT surgeons is obvious as many granulomatous disorders have nasal manifestations. A multidisciplinary approach helps cut short the time between onset of disease and diagnosis, thus benefitting the patients by reducing the hospital stay and visits as most of these illnesses require outpatient treatment. </p>

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PROFILE OF PATIENTS WITH TRAUMATIC SPINAL FRACTURE

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the epidemiological profile of patients with spinal fractures and the characteristics of the population at risk attended at a university hospital. Methods: The study population is composed of 202 patients diagnosed and treated for vertebral fracture due to trauma. The variables were correlated with each other and the correlations with p<0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: The ratio of incidence of trauma between the sexes was 3:1 for males. The mean age was 37 years and the age group with the highest incidence was between 20 and 39 years. Traffic accidents were the most frequent mechanism (51.2%) and secondly, falls (33.2%). There was a statistical correlation between trauma mechanisms to age group and region of the spine. The first lumbar vertebra (L1) fracture alone accounted for 21.5% of all cases studied associated with the fall mechanism. Spinal cord injury was recorded in 33.7% of the individuals in the sample. A total of 57.3% of the patients were submitted to surgical treatment and 41.7% to the conservative treatment. The mean hospitalization time was 15 days. Conclusions: Spinal fractures are important determinants of morbidity and mortality in the population with a major impact on economically active individuals, especially males. They are directly associated to traffic accidents in the young population and to falls in the higher age brackets. Primary prevention of trauma is the main mechanism for change in this scenario.

<b>Epidemiological profile of patients treated at a psychosocial care center ad III

This is a cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at identifying the epidemiological profile of the patients treated at a Psychosocial Care Center for Alcohol and other type III drugs.Data were collected in 2014 from the records of 519 users, using a previously prepared epidemiological form. Most of patients are men attheproductive age; with low schooling and low family income.Most make use of alcohol, have undergone previous treatments in psychiatric hospitals and attended the unit for treatment by influence of third parties, even when it is contemplated. The users of the service are people with serious social and health commitments and although they are increasing use of crack, which is the current concern of public policies, alcohol is still the drug of predilection and represents the gateway to other drugs

Epidemiological profile of patients with uveitis in Boko and Parakou, in northern Bénin.

To describe the epidemiology of uveitis in northern Bénin. This retrospective study carried out from records describing 10 years of uveitis care in 2 eye clinics in northern Bénin. The sample of 623eyes with uveitis in 489patients accounted for 1.0% of all consultations. A male predominance was observed with a sex-ratio of 1.5 (297m/192F). The patients' mean age was 35.7 ± 16.1years, and the age range most often affected was 20-39years. The uveitis was anterior in 32.3%, posterior in 29.0%, intermediate in 28.1% and total (panuveitis) in 10.6%. The cause was undetermined in 85.7% of cases and identified in 14.3%, including toxoplasmosis in 47cases (7.5%) and herpes zoster in 20 cases (3.2%). Outpatients accounted for all cases, and all received topical corticosteroids. Some complications were observed. Uveitis has a prevalence rate of 1% in northern Bénin. It caused blindness in 9.8% of affected eyes and impaired vision in 49.3%.