Epic Mahabharata Research Articles

KARAKTER PANCA PANDAWA DALAM EPOS MAHABARATA SEBAGAI PEDOMAN MENJADI PENYULUH AGAMA HINDU YANG BERKARAKTER

The existence of different views or beliefs will be difficult to avoid friction or conflict. Conflict of belief is a dynamic that occurs in people's lives in Indonesia. Religious instructors are very risky and important jobs in improving the quality of religious life in accordance with their beliefs and beliefs as well as increasing religious harmony in their respective fostered areas so that no more problems arise due to differences in views based on religion. An instructor must have a good character like the character of the Panca Pandavas in the Mahabharata epic, this character can be guided by Hindu religious instructors in carrying out their duties and functions. The epic Mahabharata is one of the stories contained in Itihasa about the journey of the Kuru people with the core story being in the conflict between the Panca Pandavas and the Kauravas. The Panca Pandavas themselves are children born from the incarnation of the gods with almost perfect characteristics. It is this trait that must be imitated by Hindu religious educators in order to become instructors who have characters such as wise characters, firm in their views, honest, brave, loyal, gentle, polite, patient, confident, obedient, steadfast, smart and thorough.

Digitalization of Texts: An Analysis with Reference to the Indian Epic Mahabharata

Digitalization plays a very important role in the revitalization of cultural heritage and keeps our societies connected across generations. India’s rich tangible and intangible culture consisting of its profound history, timeless folklores, and mythologies have carved a special niche for India across the world. The Mahabharata is one of two Indian epics that depicts the story of a dynastic conflict between two sets of relatives for control of the Bharata kingdom in central India. To preserve the manuscript of the Mahabharata in a way that it could be made available for posterity, the introduction of digital technologies and digitization seemed viable, giving an opportunity to preserve, transcend originals, disseminate the information to a much larger audience, allowing the prevailing information to be rewritten, reconstructed, decoded and expanded, and voiced. This paper is an attempt for the qualitative investigation of the various tools of digitalization and their impact with reference to the epic Mahabharata.

THE EXISTENCE OF TEJAKULA WAYANG WONG DANCE DRAMA, A CULTURAL HERITAGE FOR PRESERVATION, DELAMINATION, AND TOURISM ATTRACTION


 
 
 
 The various extent of publications by Tejakula Wayang Wong (literally Human Wayang) indicates the conservation efforts of art observers who jointly maintain this tremendous cultural heritage conforming to their respective capacities.Pengempon residents perform this art performance as sincere and earnest offerings to the Almighty for the abundance of His Blessings. In Bali, there are types of Wayang Wong, e.g., Wayang Wong Parwa and Wayang Wong Ramayana. The Wayang Wong Parwato the play from the epic Mahabharata, while Wayang Wong Ramayana took the play from the epic Ramayana. The emergence of the Wayang Wong dance-drama in Bali is estimated when Balinese artistic life experienced its peak of glory during the reign of Dalem Watu Renggong. It is estimated that artists such as I Dewa Batan from Bunutin Village (Bangli) brought the Parwa dance around the XVII- XVIII centuries, and I Gusti Ngurah Made Jelantik from Blahbatuh Village (Gianyar) brought the Gambuh Dance.These two artists create Wayang Wong's performance art in Tejakula Village.
 How can this Wayang Wong drama dance still exist and even become a tourism attraction? What are the residents doing to maintain this cultural heritage?These questions become the trigger to find out the answers through interviews, watching live performances, and literature studies to find references as supporting data for this article.
 Community participation in the owners is the main determining factor for the sustainability of this Wayang Wong dance drama. The district and provincial governments' customs, attention, and motivationtrigger the growth of new awareness for the millennial generation to love their own culture.People's dedication is very high and no doubt because their offerings are not measured financially, but the satisfaction for being able to pray and their own pride because their family witnesses it, children, wives, grandchildren and even very possibly by their own parents. Wayang Wong is regarded as intangible cultural heritage is the correct and precise act to appreciate and motivate its sustainability.
 
 
 

Stroke Interventions by Non-Neurointerventionists: Learning from Indian Epic Mahabharata

Stroke Interventions by Non-Neurointerventionists: Learning from Indian Epic Mahabharata

The Grand Lemurrian Siva Sakthi Maha Mudra

The substratum of the Vedas and the Upanishads is that Lord Shiva is static and his counterpart Paarvathi who is also called Sakthi is His consort. It is generally believed that Lord Shiva is Adi Yogi. In the Indian Santana Dharma which also called Truth the yogic practices are inseparable and also indispensable. That is the marvelous beauty of yogic techniques. That’s why in the great Indian epic Mahabharata Lord Krishna tells Arjuna that He created this Universe with His Yoga Maya. All the Indian traditional spiritual knowledge were transmitted and taught to the Seers by Lord Shiva. The yogic asanas help the performers to sit properly for meditation. Prayer is outward appeal to Gods and Goddesses whereas the meditation is PURELY inner travelling. Prayer requires a deity but meditation does not need any Gods. The proper meditation leads the practitioner to Nirvikalpa Samadhi. In the Indian spiritual systems there are hearing, studying, watching and learning. Reading and learning are not at all similar or identical. The main thing is that even learning is not sufficient to attain spiritual peace, bliss and enlightenment. Some meditations are difficult to perform. In this work, the author unlocks the mysteries and instant benefits of the Grand Lemurriaan Siva Sakthi Maha Mudra which was kept very secret by the Sages till this day

Portrayal of Indian History and Politics in Shashi Tharoor’s The Great Indian Novel

Shashi Tharoor’s award winning work The Great Indian Novel showcases an allegorical representation of recent history and politics modelled on the ancient epic Mahabharata. . He has taken the epic as a blueprint and filled it with a contemporary cast for his witty sent-up of pre and post-independence India. The history of India’s struggle against colonial rule and her postcolonial tryst with democracy is presented in an epic vein. Tharoor’s strategy, bases on both the modern problematization of history and politics; and Indian traditions is both culturally appropriate and subversive in terms of internal affairs as well as imperial history and its modern legacies.

Re-inventing Karna of the Mahabharata with a Renewed Perspective- A Review of Literature

Purpose: A casual look at the phenomena around us gives us a certain image, a certain perspective. When we have an insight into the same through a prism of investigation a new image, a new perspective emerges. The epic Mahabharata is so full of players who mesmerise the casual and serious readers alike. The plot is thick with kings, ministers, commanders, courtesans, mentors, soldiers, etc. Birth, lineage, warfare techniques have a role to play in deciding one's status in that setting. A character in Mahabharata that has been wronged vehemently from the social perspective and of relative deprivation is Karna. Design / Methodology/Approach: The Review of Literature is carried out with the secondary data gathered from educational websites and written publications. The research will be conducted using Research Journals, Doctoral Theses, and websites. This qualitative research is carried out by examining and interpreting existing knowledge on the subject utilising the keywords “Adroitness, Deprivation, Karna, Kunti, Values” found in online articles, peer-reviewed journals, publications, and a range of related portals. Findings/Result: Karna had asked his mother to officially identify him as her son even in his final moments. During his funeral, the Pandavas learned the heinous truth about their kinship. Krishna tells Kunti that Karna was a hero who died as a hero. Despite the fact that the world is full of greed, power, and betrayal, only Karna has chosen the path of righteousness. The only way to kill Karna was to take away all of his righteousness. Karna received legitimacy during his death, something he had desired his entire life. He'd finally earned his rightful place. Originality/Value: This paper makes a sincere study of Karna a major character in The Mahabharata, the of whom is not available anywhere else in the world in any literature as Ramdhari Singh Dinakar opines. He exemplified the finest attributes of courage, honesty, friendship, benefaction, austerity, oblation, and emancipation of the oppressed. When pushed to their limits, all of these characteristics combined and manifested in Karna. Karna cultivated all his attributes by acquiring balanced knowledge in meditation, weaponry, and scriptures. Karna sprouted in secret, like a forest flower. Paper Type: Exploratory research paper.

Did the Cosmic impact described in the Hindu Epic Mahabharata cause the Piora Oscillation?

Did the Cosmic impact described in the Hindu Epic Mahabharata cause the Piora Oscillation?

Recreating Draupadi: A Study of Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Palace of Illusions

Mythological retellings have explored those issues of the epics which were submerged in the objective representation of the events. Redefining the existence of the epical characters, these revisionist writings have presented the events from the alternate perspectives. With an attempt to deconstruct the concept of ‘truth’, the contemporary mythological retellings have tried to demystify the dominant ideologies, and for this purpose they had brought into forefront the overlooked characters. In the grand narrative of the epics like the Ramayana and the Mahabharata the perspectives of the women characters were often overlooked; at the same time the objective representation of the events could not provide the necessary space to delve deep into their psyche. Therefore, ample numbers of the contemporary mythological retellings have highlighted the lives of the women characters of the epics, by presenting the events from their perspectives to explore those facets of the ‘truth’ which were overlooked in the source texts. This research article has attempted to reconstruct the identity of Draupadi of the Mahabharata by focusing on her character as depicted by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni in her The Palace of Illusions, a wonderful mythological fiction reinterpreting the events of the epic Mahabharata from Draupadi’s perspective. Adopting a feminist stance, this research article has explored Draupadi’s resistance to patriarchal domination, and in this way, here an attempt has been undertaken to reassert her individuality and to redetermine her role in the epic.

Epic To Pandemic: A Perspective On Gender Dichotomy And Conflict With Self (With Reference To Mahabharata And Modern Society)

From the Paleolithic era till the modern times of current Pandemic, human race has witnessed not only biological evolution but also sociocultural one. Gender has always been an important consideration in development of civilizations. Without much change, the world has been perceived only in binary oppositions which consign the social structure only in heteronormative ideal of having an adamant notion of a man or woman, their social practice, behavior and fixed identities. Contemporary Post-modernist Indian writers through their writings shamble the power hierarchy and reconsider these social practices, softening the gender distinctions. Based on these literary texts of gender dichotomy in terms of non-normative sexual identities from the epic Mahabharata presented in the book The Pregnant King, this paper is an attempt to reinterpret the gender transgression and psychological issues which testifies unawareness of a double marginality, a perspective on latent conflict between society and individuals, an inequality felt by the victims in terms of gender from Mahabharata India till today. These complex areas need to be dealt with more conscious interventions, somewhat deconstruction of queerness is required and the ideas that question fixed notions of heterosexual society indicate empirical enquiries. Today’s society seems more sensitive towards understanding the difficult emotions connected to objective sexuality and preferences - a person’s discomfort in accepting gender-based restrictions. Need of the hour is to ponder on the subtle yet significant questions like-What happens if one desires toexperience life regardless of his/her gender? Why there is a contradiction on the part of how societies are preaching and practicing value systems which welcome idea of rainbow structure and individual freedom. Though many cultures have moved towards a more egalitarian social system over past centuries but still patriarchy has a strong influence on modern civilization especially in context of India. For improving life satisfaction and promoting happiness, there is need of a more aware society where one has the ability to choose circumstances of one’s life.

Dynamics of an Invincible Troop Formation in Ancient Open Battlefields

One of the most enthralling ancient magical battle formation tactics is the Chakravyuh -- a multilayer dynamic defensive structure, which was used in the 18-days long Kurukshetra war as described in the great Indian epic Mahabharata and in many subsequent scriptures. Unfortunately, none of the existing literature address its inner details or the skills involved and, as such, its working still shrouds in mystery. What makes it nearly invincible even for an exceptionally skilled warrior? How a huge troop was controlled, organized, and restructured from the core of the Chakra? What are the governing rules for maintaining the structure even in the time of extreme hardship in the battlefield? In quest of the answers to such technical questions, while we made attempts to explore and decipher the inner details of Chakravyuh, we find some descriptions that differ geometrically from each other. Despite such variants of the structure, here we would like to bring into focus the common inner mechanism of such a multilayer organizational strategy that, in turn, confirms its inherent geometry. It reveals how, because of synchronize maneuvers, the direction of rotation of the Chakra about its axis is closely interwoven with the direction of movement of the infantrymen. The fact that relative spinning motion has adverse psychological impact in diminishing mental power, seems to be the foremost principle behind the design of its dynamics that slowly push on an invading warrior towards one of the dead-ends that are created by restructuring the Chakra out of nearly infinite possible ways.

MÀU SẮC HUYỀN THOẠI TRONG MIÊU TẢ NHÂN VẬT ANH HÙNG CỦA SỬ THI MAHABHARATA

Based on the comments of French philologist Georges Dumézil on correlation between gods and heroes in Mahabharata, the paper has analyzed and demonstrated the manifestations of this relationship through the epic Mahabharata. Fundamental features have been identified, including the motif of a mythic birth, the role of supernatural agents, the infinite hyperbole, and the depiction of mythical deaths. They are all helpful to create the mythological air to the hero in the epic Mahabharata.

THE HEROIC CHARACTER DECONSTRUCTION OF BHARATAYUDHA WAR IN MAHABHARATA EPIC

The Mahabharata is an epic story written by Vyasa. The story tells about the heroism of Pandavas which ended in their victory at the battle of Bharatayudha against the Kauravas. People believes that the Pandavas are heroes who become the core of the epic story. The interpretation of heroism of Pandavas are believed by people because they are the children of God. In addition the Pandavas are believed as the protagonist characters who are powerful than ordinary human, they are good and honest. Through decnstructin theory the writer reveals the other side of the Pandavas that is hidden behind their heroic action. By reading and looking for the minor texts in the story, the writer finds that the Pandavas are not as heroic as people think. There are many things that make them look as ordinary human that are far from heroic attitude. Whereas Kauravas who are considered as the cowards and they have a bad character, but they have the attitudes as a hero more than Pandavas. The writer finds the binary oppositions in the text to search for the faults of Pandavas and the of goodness Kauravas that will change the view of the two main characters in the story. By using the theory of deconstruction the writer can find other truths in the story of the epic Mahabharata.
 
 Keywords: deconstruction analysis, hero, heroism, Derrida, Mahabharata.
 

The Concept of Liberation in Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni’s The Palace of Illusions

The great Indian Epic Mahabharata celebrates the battle between Pandavas and Kauravas and signifies Draupadi as the fundamental cause of it. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni unwrapped this belief and made Draupadi a powerful woman with great determination and courage. The Epics all over the world has portrayed woman as pale shadows of men, and men as great warriors. This silence of women has triggered Divakaruni to retell the epic in female voice. Literature always tried to share the changes in society. Unveiling the perfect lady images to the woman, modern female writers made their own literature. This paper goes through the life of an epic woman who has strong cravings of liberation. Also tries to find out whether a female protagonist can undergo inclinations in the life of Male characters who always hold the seal of divine figure, who always live for the warfare.

The Essentials of Organizational Management: A Study on the Bhagavad Gita

The Indian sub-continent since the ancient times has been the epicentre of rich cultural heritage. The ethos of the ancient Indian texts holds true to the present day. Some of the well-known ancient Indian texts are the Upanishads, the Vedas and the epics: Ramayana and Mahabharata. The Bhagavad Gita is an intrinsic part of the great Indian epic Mahabharata. It was written by Sage Vyasa. The Bhagavad Gita gets decoded at the battleground of Kurukshetra. It is based on the conversation between Arjuna, the warrior prince and Krishna, his charioteer. Initially, Arjuna was reluctant to fight the battle and Krishna assumed the role of an ideal mentor to counsel Arjuna to fight for the right cause. Eventually Arjuna was transformed into a determined warrior and ready to take on his rivals. At the end of the battle, Arjuna along with his brothers accomplished victory over their opponents. The eternal philosophy embedded in the verses of the Bhagavad Gita has been adorned by renowned world leaders. Organizational management has evolved since the onset of the industrial revolution. The advent of globalization has led to reshaping the management scenario in every organization across the territories. Every business house is striving hard to enhance the organizational performance to ensure sustainable growth. At a time of globalization it is imperative for organizations to look for alternative paradigms to match up to the constantly evolving management practices. Since the last few decades the Bhagavad Gita has attracted the attention of the management researchers. The present study attempts to evaluate the diverse aspects of the organizational management as reflected in the Bhagavad Gita based on the systematic review of academic literature. The finding of the present study seems to suggest Bhagavad Gita is the store house of ideal solutions to deal with the various issues related to organizational management. More specifically, it emerges from past studies that the Bhagavad Gita is an effective management tool in the field of leadership and provides sustainable solutions to overcome challenges pertaining to the constantly evolving business environment. In the present day business context, organizational leaders and management practitioners may imbibe the ethos of the Bhagavad Gita for the long term survival of their organizations. Thus, it may be said that since the ancient times, the Indian worldview as noted down in the different texts has benefited the human race and will do so for the years to come.

REVITALIZATION OF DRUPADI’S FEMINISM IN THE NOVEL OF DRUPADI PEREMPUAN POLIANDRIS BY SENA GUMIRA AJIDARMA

Drupadi is one of the female characters who have important roles and positions in the epic Mahabharata or wayang purwa in Java. In the Indian version Drupadi married five Pandavas. However, in the Javanese version she was only married to Yudhisthira. This paper discuss Drupadi Perempuan Poliandris novel as one of the works which is the reception and transformation of Mahabharata version of India and Java, as a form of reception and transformation of Mahabharata version of India and Java, its existence is considered as a form of revitalization of the classic literary works, especially the character Drupadi using the perspective of feminist literary criticism. The results show that the Drupadi character depicted in the novel tends to return the identity of Drupadi in the Mahabharata of India as the wife of Pandawas after they won the competition held by King Drupada. This is in contrast to Drupadi in the Javanese wayang story depicting Drupadi as the wife Yudhisthira as the oldest Pandawa. In this novel Drupadi figure is also described as a woman who not only has perfect beauty, but also very critical of her destiny that must be lived.

Indian History, Myth and Panchaali in The Palace of Illusions

The Palace of Illusions, a rendition of the great epic Mahabharata subtitled as Panchaali's Mahabharata’, provides a powerful voice to Draupadi. She was a proud princess of King Drupad, obedient daughter in law of Kunti, graceful wife of Pandvas and a true Sakhi of Lord Krishna but she had no voice at all. Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, the Indian American novelist revealed her inner core heart which was unheard and unseen by the patriarchal society of the time. Hayden White argued that historical writing was influenced by literary writing in many ways, sharing the strong reliance on narrative for meaning, therefore eliminating the possibility of objective or truly scientific history (White Hayden, Winter 1973) "Interpretation in History" New Literary History.4:281-314.). This paper discusses whether the re-creation of Panchaali's narrative in The Palace of Illusion would provide a new meaning to her character , consequently bring a change in Indian society or influence Indian myth and Indian culture in future.

Amongst Letters I Am the Vowel A: Spivak, "Draupadi," and Anagogizing the Political

This essay conducts a comparative reading of Gayatri Spivak's discussion of the Hindu epic Mahabharata and Mahasweta Devi's story "Draupadi." While scholars have examined Devi's tribal protagonist Draupadi in conjunction with the high Hindu goddess Draupadi of the epic, I suggest that the former's viswarupadarshana (revelation of form) should be read in contrast to the role of the Mahabharata's Hindu God Krishna. This comparison shows the feminist and postcolonial import of Devi's story, as it demonstrates the continuity of caste-based tribal exploitation from antiquity to globalization. Along with this critique of tribal women's subalternity in the national imaginary, Devi's story stages a terrifying singularity that disrupts the sociopolitical logic of gender. Draupadi occupies the position of the subject of knowledge to invert the Indo-Aryan (mythology based) ontograph. By unraveling the "she" that must be perpetually murdered for (this kind of) historicity to take root, Draupadi pours (back) into an encounter between agent and subaltern the affectivity ideologically excised for an illusion to be seen as truth and, hence, as history.

Evolution of female characters of the sanskrit epic Mahabharata in cinematography

The article deals with the problem of the ancient Indian epic "Mahabharata" female characters and their evolution in cinematography. The issues, covered in the work, are more essential now than ever and demand thorough research. In the time of emancipation and the global gender "equality", the women's question is a vexed point. The object of study is the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata in Indian literature and cinema, namely the 1965 film and TV series of 1988 and 2013. The subject of the study is the epic images of women in Indian cinema. Using the comparative approach, the analysis of women's images of cinema and epic is presented; their transformation in modern cinema is examined. Watching these movies one can clearly follow the trend of changing attitudes and drawing attention to the urgent problems of Indian women: position in society, upbringing, education, freedom, family relationships, confirming the relevance of the chosen topic. Screen versions of Sanskrit epics combine tradition and innovation; moreover every new screen version makes the women's issue more acute due to the transformation of female characters.

Evolution of female characters of the sanskrit epic mahabharata in cinematography

The article deals with the problem of the ancient Indian epic female characters and their evolution in cinematography. The issues, covered in the work, are more essential now than ever and demand thorough research. In the time of emancipation and the global gender equality, the women's question is a vexed point. The object of study is the ancient Indian epic Mahabharata in Indian literature and cinema, namely the 1965 film and TV series of 1988 and 2013. The subject of the study is the epic images of women in Indian cinema. Using the comparative approach, the analysis of women's images of cinema and epic is presented; their transformation in modern cinema is examined. Watching these movies one can clearly follow the trend of changing attitudes and drawing attention to the urgent problems of Indian women: position in society, upbringing, education, freedom, family relationships, confirming the relevance of the chosen topic. Screen versions of Sanskrit epics combine tradition and innovation; moreover every new screen version makes the women's issue more acute due to the transformation of female characters.