EP Composites Research Articles

SiO2/MOFs-based synergistic flame retardants provide enhanced fire safety for epoxy resins

To improve the inherent flammability of epoxy resin (EP), a new synergistic flame retardant (SiO2/PANI/ZIF-67) with silica, polyaniline (PANI) and zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) was synthesized successfully via an electrostatic interaction and chemical bonding technique. With the addition of 6% SiO2/PANI/ZIF-67, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of as-obtained EP composite reaches up to 28.0%. The total heat release (THR), total smoke production (TSP) and total CO production (TCOP) of the composite are significantly decreased to 44.06%, 45.05% and 44.05% respectively. The synergistic role of SiO2, PANI and ZIF-67 induces formation of a dense SiO2-C layer, which greatly reduces emission of smoke gas and heat, and subsequently increases the fire safety of EP. Furthermore, the presence of organic-inorganic hybrid ZIF-67 on surface of flame retardant leads to its strong interface adhesion and well dispersibility in EP matrix. This work provides a simple route for designing and preparation of SiO2/MOFs-based synergistic flame retardants, which is of great significance to improve fire safety of epoxy resins.

Synergistic Flame Retardant Effect between Ionic Liquid Functionalized Imogolite Nanotubes and Ammonium Polyphosphate in Epoxy Resin

Ionic liquid functionalized imogolite nanotubes (INTs-PF6-ILs) were introduced into the epoxy resin (EP)/ammonium polyphosphate (APP) system to investigate the flame retardant performance and thermal properties using the limiting oxygen index (LOI) test, the UL-94 test, and the cone calorimeter test (CCT). The results suggested that a synergistic effect exists between INTs-PF6-ILs and APP on the char formation and anti-dripping behavior of EP composites. For the EP/APP, an UL-94 V-1 rating was obtained for the loading of 4 wt% APP. However, the composites containing 3.7 wt% APP and 0.3 wt% INTs-PF6-ILs could pass the UL-94 V-0 rating without dripping behavior. In addition, compared with the EP/APP composite, the fire performance index (FPI) value and fire spread index (FSI) value of EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites were remarkably reduced by 11.4% and 21.1%, respectively. Moreover, the char formed by EP/APP composites was intumescent, but of poor quality. In contrast, the char for EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs was strong and compact. Therefore, it can resist the erosion due to heat and gas formation and protect the inside of the matrix. This was the main reason for the good flame retardant property of EP/APP/INTs-PF6-ILs composites.

Rationally assembled nano-microarchitecture of MoS2 nanoflower tightly anchored on polypyrrole microtube towards constructing fire-safe EP composite

As for organic flame retardants, the high dosages (up to 20 wt%) are usually required to achieve favorable flame retardancy, which often causes serious aggregation in epoxy resin (EP). Thus, the applications of flame retarded EP composites are restricted by the jeopardized mechanical property. Therefore, a nano-microarchitecture of MoS2 nanoflowers in-situ grown on polypyrrole microtube (P-Mo) is rationally constructed as flame retardant for EP. The peak heat release rate and total heat release are significantly reduced by 47.4% and 22.2%, when adding 3.0 wt% P-Mo, demonstrating the hindered heat release. Besides, the peak smoke production rate and peak CO yield show reductions of 46.8% and 62.9% separately, which proves the hindered toxicants emission. Thermogravimetric analysis/infrared spectrometry results also show the attenuated releases of toxic CO and NO. These results jointly demonstrate that using P-Mo can efficiently suppress the fire hazard of EP, ascribed to the physical barrier, chemical catalyzing and charring promotion actions. Surprisingly, the storage modulus value is enhanced by 20.9%, when only using 1.0 wt% P-Mo.

Cover Image, Volume 140, Issue 15

This cover by Miaotian Long describes a facile strategy to construct microencapsulated urea ammonium polyphosphate (PPy-UAPP) with a polypyrrole shell. The good compatibility between epoxy matrix and PPy-UAPP endows the resulting EP composites with a satisfactory balance between fire safety and mechanical properties. This work may open a new route for developing a super flame retardant and corresponding high-performance flame-retarded resins. DOI: 10.1002/app.53675

Design of P-decorated POSS towards flame-retardant, mechanically-strong, tough and transparent epoxy resins

Epoxy resins (EPs) are known for their durability, strength, and adhesive properties, which make them a versatile and popular material for use in a variety of applications, including chemical anticorrosion, small electronic devices, etc. However, EP is highly flammable due to its chemical nature. In this study, phosphorus-containing organic–inorganic hybrid flame retardant (APOP) was synthesized by introducing 9, 10-dihydro-9-oxa-10‑phosphaphenathrene (DOPO) into cage-like octaminopropyl silsesquioxane (OA-POSS) via Schiff base reaction. The improved flame retardancy of EP was achieved by combining the physical barrier of inorganic Si-O-Si with the flame-retardant capability of phosphaphenanthrene. EP composites containing 3 wt% APOP passed the V-1 rating with a value of LOI of 30.1% and showed an apparent reduction in smoke release. Additionally, the combination of the inorganic structure and the flexible aliphatic segment in the hybrid flame retardant provides EP with molecular reinforcement, while the abundance of amino groups facilitates a good interface compatibility and outstanding transparency. Accordingly, EP containing 3 wt% APOP increased in tensile strength, impact strength, and flexural strength by 66.0 %, 78.6 %, and 32.3 %, respectively. The EP/APOP composites had a bending angle lower than 90°, and their successful transition to a tough material highlights the potential of this innovative combination of the inorganic structure and the flexible aliphatic segment. In addition, the relevant flame-retardant mechanism revealed that the APOP promoted the formation of a hybrid char layer containing P/N/Si for EP and produced phosphorus-containing fragments during combustion, showing flame-retardant effects in both condensed and vapor phases. This research offers innovative solutions for reconciling flame retardancy & mechanical performances and strength & toughness for polymers.

Phase change material microcapsules with DOPO/Cu modified halloysite nanotubes for thermal controlling of buildings: Thermophysical properties, flame retardant performance and thermal comfort levels

Although the microencapsulated phase change material (MPCM) with organic core-shell structure is an effective means to encapsulate phase change material (PCM), it has the defects of low thermal conductivity and flammability. Herein, the flame retardant halloysite nanotubes (c-HNTs) doped by 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and Cu nanoparticles were successfully inserted in the MPCM to form a highway to heat transfer. The related examination and surface morphology showed that the DOPO structure anchored by Cu nanoparticles was grafted on the surface of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and the c-HNTs were successfully embedded in MPCM. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved that c-MPCM has the best thermal stability when compared to other samples, which is caused by the presence of c-HNTs. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test indicated that MPCM delays the heat transfer to the capric acid while the HNTs improve this situation as thermal conduction channels. Then, the MPCM samples were added to the epoxy resin (EP). In the cone calorimetry test, we found that the heat and smoke release rate of EP composite is obviously reduced. Finally, the temperature control ability test of MPCM demonstrated that the EP composite with c-HNTs has the minimum temperature fluctuation. These properties will greatly stimulate the application of c-MPCM in insulation materials.

Dual char-forming strategy driven MXene-based fire-proofing epoxy resin coupled with good toughness

It is challenging that the functionalized MXene-based nanofillers are designed to modify the inherent flammability and poor toughness of epoxy polymeric materials and further to facilitate the application of EP composites. Herein, silicon-reinforced Ti3C2Tx MXene-based nanoarchitectures (MXene@SiO2) are synthesized by simple self-growth method, and its enhancement effects on epoxy resin (EP) are investigated. The as-prepared nanoarchitectures realize homogeneous dispersion in EP matrix, indicating well performance-enhancing potential. The incorporation of MXene@SiO2 achieves improved thermal stability for EP composites with higher T-5% and lower Rmax values. Moreover, EP/2 wt% MXene@SiO2 composites obtain a 30.2% and 34.0% reduction in peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) compared to those of pure EP, respectively, also achieving a 52.5% fall in smoke factor (SF) values and increased yield and stability of chars. The dual char-forming effects of MXene@SiO2 nanoarchitectures, including the catalytic charring of MXene and the migration of SiO2 to induce charring, are accounted for the results, as well as lamellar barrier effects. Additionally, EP/MXene@SiO2 composites achieve an enhanced storage modulus of 51.5%, along with improved tensile strength and elongation at break, compared to those of pure EP.

Multi-functional solvent-free SiO2 nanofluid simultaneously improve major properties and fluidity of epoxy resin: A new strategy beyond nanofillers

High flowability and good wettability are the key advantages of liquid thermoset resin applied in high performance fiber reinforced composites. However, the adverse effects of powder flame retardants on processing stability of epoxy resin limits its application in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) process. A novel solvent-free SiO2 nanofluid (SiO2NPES-P) was synthesized by ion exchange method, and the simultaneously improved flowability and higher glass transition temperature (Tg) of EP/SiO2NPES-P composites was obtained. The results showed that the nanofluid played a role as an accelerator of EP polymerization, which not only leaded to the decrease of curing temperature, but also improved the monodispersion of SiO2 nanoparticles and the compatibility between EP and nanofiller. This successful design results in EP composites with better thermal stability, Tg and mechanical properties than pure EP, which was hardly obtained by adding traditional nanofiller or liquid flame retardants. Moreover, EP/SiO2NPES-P composites possessed better flame retardancy and smoke and heat suppression effects. With 5 wt% SiO2NPES-P addition, LOI was increased to 28.5% from 22.0%, the peak heat release rate and total smoke product were reduced by 33.8% and 52.4%. The transparency of the EP was well preserved, indicating the successful avoidance of nanoparticle agglomeration. This work provides a new idea for low carbon manufacturing of flame-retardant EP composites.

Fabrication of NiO and TiO2 supported nano calcium carbonate and its effect on the flame retardancy and thermal stability of epoxy resin composites

Nano calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was successfully treated by tetrabutyl titanate sol together with nickel hydroxide, followed by calcination to form a new kind of flame retardant (Ni-TiO2@CaCO3). After study of the Ni-TiO2@CaCO3 structure, it was then introduced into epoxy resin (EP) to improve the flame retardancy and thermal stability. The results shown that NiO and TiO2 were supported on the surface of the CaCO3, and 5 wt% CaCO3 could enhance the flame retardancy and Ni-TiO2@CaCO3 further increased the flame retardancy of the EP composites. In the cone calorimeter test (CCT), the values of the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and smoke production rate (pSPR) were reduced to 769 kW/m2 and 0.32 m2/s by CaCO3 from 1101 kW/m2 and 0.39 m2/s of the raw EP respectively. Moreover, pHRR and pSPR values were further decreased to 511 kW/m2 and 0.25 m2/s by Ni-TiO2@CaCO3 respectively. Although the degradation temperature values were lower than that of the control EP, the temperature values at 5 and 50% mass loss for Ni-TiO2@CaCO3/EP composites were improved compared to the EP. In addition, the char residues value of the Ni-TiO2@CaCO3/ EP composite (23.5%) was obviously improved compared to that of the EP (13.0%) and CaCO3/ EP composite (16.4%). In addition, the flame retardancy mechanism of the Ni-TiO2@CaCO3/ EP composite was thoroughly analyzed by TGA-FTIR, FITR and Raman methods. This work provides a promising evaluation strategy for utilizing CaCO3 and its derivatives for possible treatment of EP to enhance its flame retardancy and thermal stability.

Phenylenediamine‐phenyl phosphonic acid salts toward good flame retardancy and smoke suppression epoxy resin

AbstractAn environmentally friendly flame retardant named PO‐PA was designed to enhance the flame retardancy of epoxy resin (EP). Following the principles of efficiency and simplicity, PO‐PA was synthesized through a one‐pot reaction between phenyl phosphonic acid and p‐phenylenediamine. The chemical structure of PO‐PA was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), elemental analysis (EA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). EP containing 10 wt% PO‐PA (EP/10%PO‐PA) passed the UL94 V‐0 rating without dripping. In the cone calorimeter test, the total heat release and total smoke production of EP/10%PO‐PA decreased by 44% and 65%, respectively. TG‐FTIR and Py‐GC/MS were used to investigate the pyrolysis gases of the EP composites and PO‐PA, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), FTIR, EA and XPS were utilized to study the char residues. It was proved that PO‐PA notably promoted the formation of smooth protective char layer in the condensed phase and effectively inhibited the oxidation chain reactions through releasing the phosphorus‐containing radicals in gas phase, which was not mentioned in the similar research based on phenyl phosphonic acid.

A facile strategy to construct multifunctional microencapsulated urea ammonium polyphosphate for epoxy resins towards satisfied fire safety, thermal stability and compatibility

AbstractEnhancing the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP) concomitant with less mechanical performance degradation is still a challenge for traditional flame retardants. Hence, polypyrrole (PPy) was used as a film material to fabricate microencapsulated urea ammonium polyphosphate (UAPP) for simultaneously improving the fire safety, thermal stability and compatibility of epoxy composites. The obtained polypyrrole‐coated urea ammonium polyphosphate (PPy‐UAPP) at a load of 10 wt% endows the EP with a UL94 V‐0 rating and a limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 32.3%, while 10 wt% ammonium polyphosphate (APP) only endows EP with a LOI of 28.5%. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and peak smoke production rate (PSPR) of EP containing 10 wt% PPy‐UAPP are decreased by 12.3% and 21.4% compared to EP containing 10 wt% APP. The decreased fire hazard of EP/PPy‐UAPP is attributed to the reduction of hazardous gases including CO2 and CO and the generation of more incombustible gases including H2O and NH3 to reduce the combustion intensity. Meanwhile, the good compatibility between EP matrix and PPy‐UAPP endows the resulting EP composites with a superior balance between fire safety and mechanical properties.

MoS2 supported on acid activated kaolinite used in the kaolinite-epoxy resin composites for suppressing smoke toxicity and degradation

By growing molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) on the surface of acidified kaolinite (A-Kaol) to obtain MoS2@A-Kaol compounds, which effectively suppressed the toxic smoke and soot, enhanced thermal stability and ageing resistance of the epoxy resin (EP). In the cone calorimetry test, the total smoke production (TSP) reached 3917.6 m2; while the TSP value decreased to 2575.5 m2 after adding 3 wt% MoS2@A-Kaol; MoS2@A-Kaol slowed down the mass loss and promoted the char residue of EP composite increased to 11.3%. In TGA test, the temperature of 50% mass loss (T50%) was postponed from 388 °C to 414 °C and the residue increased to 8.7% after adding 3 wt% MoS2@A-Kaol, indicating the thermal degradation of the EP was postponed and its thermal stability was improved. The released smoke and soot were filtrated by a non-woven PP fabric, which documented MoS2@A-Kaol reduced the toxic aromatic volatiles. The tensile and impact strength of the EP was mostly kept by 3 wt% MoS2@A-Kaol after UV ageing for 72 h. Based on all the results, the smoke suppression and anti-ageing mechanism was disclosed. This work provided a feasible solution to improve the comprehensive properties of EP with low amount of filler.

Fabrication of a transparent, flame retardant, and antimicrobial epoxy resin by a novel phosphorus-containing Schiff base molecule

A flame retardant DPPVA was synthesized through a Schiff-base reaction of vanillin, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole, and diphenylphosphinyl chloride, which was used to improve the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and antibacterial activity of the cured epoxy resin (EP). The EP/4% DPPVA sample looked yellow, but it was still transparent, and it passed the V-0 rating with a limit oxygen index (LOI) of 34.5%. The presence of 4wt% DPPVA in EP decreased the peak heat release rate (pHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) by 32.5%, 25.2%, and 29.3%, respectively. Compared with that of the control EP, the char residue was increased to 14.9wt% from 9.6wt%. In TGA the max mass loss rate of the EP/4% DPPVA sample was reduced to 0.86%/ °C from 1.75%/ °C of the control sample, which means the pyrolysis of EP was slowed down by DPPVA. The EP/4% DPPVA sample exhibited effective repellence to E. coli and S. aureus. The addition of 4% DPPVA to EP decreased the impact strength to 8.5 kJ/m2 from 9.9 kJ/m2, which was acceptable for many industrial scenarios. This work provided a potential strategy with an easy process for manufacturing flame retardant, antibacterial and transparent EP composites.

Synergies between phosphomolybdate and aluminum diethylphosphinate acting as temperature-response microparticles for promoting fire safety of epoxy resin

In this work, ammonium phosphomolybdate (AMP) and aluminum diethylphosphinate (ADP) acting as temperature-response microparticles, were incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) together to promote fire safety and dynamic mechanical performance of EP composites at the same time. Both ADP and AMP acted as chemical inertness fillers to enhance the EP matrix at the normal service temperature and processing temperature. When the temperature rose after heating or even burning, both ADP and AMP presented chemical functions. On one hand, AMP exhibited excellent catalytic charring activity and smoke suppression efficiency. On the other hand, the combination between AMP and ADP in the EP/AMP/ADP composites showed excellent synergistic effects in improving the flame retardancy of EP. Compared to the case of EP, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) of EP/AMP/ADP composites (1.2 wt% AMP and 3.6 wt% ADP) was decreased by 54%, the total heat release (THR) was reduced by 25%, and the total smoke production (TSP) was reduced by 25%. Meanwhile, the UL-94 V-0 rating was obtained, and the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of the composite was increased from 26.2 to 31.2%. The mechanism of flame retardancy was analyzed and discussed. In addition, compared with EP, EP/AMP/ADP composites showed a higher dynamic mechanical property without affecting the glass transition temperature.

The thermal behavior and flame retardant performance of phase change material microcapsules with halloysite nanotube

Phase change material (PCM) has the potential to be added in coatings for energy-saving while the drawback of low thermal conductivity, poor thermal stability and flammability restrict its application. In this study, a novel halloysite nanotube (HNT) doped PCM (H-PCM) microcapsule was successfully prepared and applied in epoxy resin (EP) coatings (H-PCM-EP) to achieve temperature control. Many characteristics of the prepared PCM microcapsule were examined such as surface morphology, phase transformation performance and combustion data. The results indicated that the H-PCM microcapsule with a clear core-shell structure were successfully prepared. In comparison with the pristine PCM microcapsule, the H-PCM microcapsule had better thermostability and thermal conductivity. While the melting process of capric acid in H-PCM microcapsule advanced from 31.62 °C to 31.04 °C when compared with PCM microcapsule, which was considered as the bridge-like function of HNT. Moreover, the flammability and temperature control ability of H-PCM-EP were also investigated. The data of the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke release showed that the addition of HNT in PCM microcapsule can significantly reduce the influence of PCM in EP composites on fire hazards. Notably, the results of the small room model test and infrared thermal imager suggested that the application of H-PCM-EP can regulate inner room temperature and maintain a comfortable temperature range with less fluctuation. These properties will promote the application of the H-PCM microcapsule in temperature control coatings.

Enhanced microwave absorbing performance of epoxy composites filled with solvent-free and liquid-like Fe3O4 organic hybrid material

Owing to the large surface energy and easy agglomeration, ferroferric oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticle usually is difficult to be widely application in microwave absorbing coatings. In this paper, a new synthesis process was used to prepare solvent-free fluid Fe3O4 (S-Fe3O4) by surface modification of solid Fe3O4 with a long chain of organic bimolecular layer, which showed excellent dispersion in resin materials. Moreover, S-Fe3O4 was compounded with CNT@Fe3O4 to prepare S-Fe3O4/CNT@Fe3O4/EP composites, which realized the multiple loss mechanism of electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption. The results showed that the minimum reflection loss of composite was −52.57 dB with a matching thickness of 3.3 mm; the maximum effective absorption bandwidth at 1.4 mm thickness was 5.2 GHz (12.08–17.28 GHz). This surface molecular engineering composite based on inorganic particles enhanced the attenuation ability of EMW by improving the dispersion of inorganic particles and providing multiple loss mechanisms, which was a novel medium regulation strategy to provide a new insight for nanoparticles in the field of EMW absorbing coatings.

Amino Phenyl Copper Phosphate-Bridged Reactive Phosphaphenanthrene to Intensify Fire Safety of Epoxy Resins.

To improve the compatibility between flame retardant and epoxy resin (EP) matrix, amino phenyl copper phosphate-9, 10-dihydro-9-oxygen-10-phospha-phenanthrene-10-oxide (CuPPA-DOPO) is synthesized through surface grafting, which is blended with EP matrix to prepare EP/CuPPA-DOPO composites. The amorphous structure of CuPPA-DOPO is characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images indicate that the agglomeration of hybrids is improved, resisting the intense intermolecular attractions on account of the acting force between CuPPA and DOPO. The results of thermal analysis show that CuPPA-DOPO can promote the premature decomposition of EP and increase the residual amount of EP composites. It is worth mentioning that EP/6 wt% CuPPA-DOPO composites reach UL-94 V-1 level and limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.6%. Meanwhile, their peak heat release rate (PHRR), peak smoke production release (PSPR) and CO2 production (CO2P) are decreased by 52.5%, 26.1% and 41.4%, respectively, compared with those of EP. The inhibition effect of CuPPA-DOPO on the combustion of EP may be due to the release of phosphorus and ammonia free radicals, as well as the catalytic charring ability of metal oxides and phosphorus phases.

Flame retardancy and wear resistance of epoxy composites modified by whisker-shaped nickel phyllosilicate and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate.

Whisker-shaped nickel phyllosilicate (NiPS) was synthesized using rod-like nickel-based metal-organic frameworks as the hard templates, and highly efficient flame retardant and wear resistant EP composites were prepared by synergizing with microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The research results indicated that at a total addition amount of 8 wt% and a mass ratio of 2 : 5 for NiPS to MFAPP, the limiting oxygen index of the EP composite was 28.2%, which achieved the V-0 rating in the UL-94 standard. Meanwhile, the peak of heat release rate and total heat release was reduced by 33.9% and 22%, respectively, compared with pure EP. The synergistic system of NiPS and MFAPP promoted the formation of high-quality char layer, preventing the diffusion of heat, oxygen, and combustible gases effectively during combustion of the EP composite. Dry friction test showed that the wear rate of the EP composite was 0.847 × 10-5 mm3 N-1 m-1, which was 87.9% lower than pure EP, indicating a significant improvement in wear resistance. This study provided a promising method for the preparation of high performance epoxy composites with excellent flame retardancy and wear resistance.

Multifunctional epoxy resin-based composites with excellent flexural strength and X-ray imaging capacity using micro/nano structured QF-Bi2SiO5 fillers.

Composites have been widely applied in various industries and are beneficial in attaining complicated functionalities. Particularly, for dental fiber posts or orthopedic implants, the composites should have excellent mechanical properties and good imaging effects for visualization in vivo. The traditional method to improve mechanical strength and visibility by adding reinforcing fillers and radiopacifiers is complicated and has poor distributions and long production times. Hence, fabricating an integrated reinforced filler with radiopacity is of considerable economic and social significance. After ball-milling and sintering quartz fiber (QF) and bismuth trioxide (Bi2O3), a multifunctional filler (QF-Bi2SiO5) is fabricated to impart excellent flexural strengths and high X-ray imaging qualities to the composites. A composite made of epoxy resin (EP) and QF-Bi2SiO5 has a high bending strength (126.87 ± 6.78 MPa) and bending modulus (3649.31 ± 343.87 MPa), which are attributed to the tight mechanical interlock between EP and micro/nano structures of QF-Bi2SiO5. The QF-Bi2SiO5/EP composite shows good X-ray imaging quality owing to the Bi2SiO5 crystal. Furthermore, the mechanical and imaging performances of various composites with commercial fillers were compared with that of the QF-Bi2SiO5/EP composite. No filler was found that can perform both functions as well as QF-Bi2SiO5. Hence, the fabricated composites containing micro/nano structured QF-Bi2SiO5 fillers have the potential to be used in a variety of fields requiring mechanical strength and X-ray imaging capability.

Siloxane-decorated MXene nanosheet-reinforced EP composites with outstanding flame retardancy and liquid-oxygen compatibility for ultra-low-temperature applications

A sketch of the liquid oxygen compatibility/incompatibility mechanism of the EP nanocomposites.