Dye Eosin Research Articles

Modulating Electronic Structure of MoS2 nanosheets by Sulfide‐Enrichment‐Induced Vacancies for Enhanced Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production

Enhancing photocatalytic activity by changing the electronic structure of the catalyst is an effective strategy. 2H‐MoS2 has semiconductor properties, and its unsaturated side S atom is the main active site for its photocatalytic activity. However, due to the weak S‐H bond energy, its hydrogen adsorption capacity is weak. In this work, the electronic structure of MoS2 is adjusted by S‐rich treatment, resulting in the formation of Mo vacancy (MoS2‐VMo). The level of Mo vacancies was assessed using UV‐visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV‐vis DRS). As these vacancies can capture certain photogenerated electrons, thereby reducing the recombination of electron‐hole pairs. Through DFT calculation, it is found that the anti‐bonding orbital electron filling of MoS2‐VMo is weakened, the bond energy of S‐Mo bond is weakened, and the bond energy between S‐H bond is enhanced, which is more conducive to proton adsorption. The photocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution of MoS2‐3, which underwent the optimal S‐rich treatment, achieved a remarkable rate of 2404.6 μmol g‐1 h‐1 in dye eosin Y (EY) sensitization system, significantly surpassing that of MoS2 lacking the S‐enriched treatment. This study introduces a novel concept for enhancing the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution performance of metal sulfides via defect engineering.

Development of Germ Cell Isolation and Optimal Cryopreservation Method for Lissachatina fulica (L. fulica)

This study aims to develop an optimized method for cryopreserving the germ cells of Lissachatina fulica (L. fulica) using vitrification, as an alternative approach for conserving endangered snail species. First, we isolated several key reproductive organs, including the sperm oviduct, albumen gland, hermaphrodite gland (ovotestis), and hermaphrodite duct from L. fulica. When the ovotestis was finely chopped, numerous sperm with long tails and distinct heads were observed. The staining of sperm nuclei was confirmed using Hoechst 33342 dye. Since the hermaphrodite gland, referred to as the ovotestis, contains both male and female germ cells, we performed tissue staining on the ovotestis using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dye. H&E staining of the ovotestis revealed numerous oval-shaped acini containing sperm and early germ cells. Spermatocytes and spermatids were observed within distinct boundaries, with mature sperm appearing following spermatogenesis. To preserve the species of the L. fulica, we introduced vitrification technology to cryopreserve its reproductive organs. The non-vitrification group showed an average cell viability of 96.6%, while the vitrification group had 86.8% after thawing. This study presents a reliable cryopreservation protocol for L. fulica, with potential applications for other endangered snails, supporting conservation efforts to preserve genetic resources and biodiversity.

In Silico Toxicological Assessment and Efficacy of Activated Carbon Derived from Low-Quality Face Tissues for Eosin Dye Adsorption

Eosin dye is an efficient qualitative and quantitative chemical through various scientific and biological uses but it was demonstrated as a lethal substance to animal or human lung, liver, eye, kidney, Central Nerve System (CNS) and parts of gastrointestinal system. In many published studies, it removed via clay/carbon composite, lemon peel, or fly ash adsorption beside oxidation, filtration, photocatalysis, ion exchange, sonochemistry, nanotechnology, and others. Here, is another attempt to prepare an activated carbon from carbon-based material (low quality face tissue) where its capacity was determined by toxic anionic dye (Eosin B) – spectroscopic investigation. In this attempt, Eosin B showed an excellent removal and adsorption capacity starting from first 5 mL eluted from this prepared adsorbent. Removal of Eosin is important to human and environment where present In Silico study confirmed that Eosin B was safe to embryo or foetus health (during pregnancy) , Cardio- topic including: Arrhythmia, Cardiac Failure, Heart Block, hERG Toxicity, Hypertension, and Myocardial Infarction, toxic to avian with high Rat Acute Toxicity (LD50) lowest probability of lung, prostate, and renal cell lines even with its water solubility in aqua environment, Yes response towards P-glycoprotein substrate or multidrug resistance (MDR1) function in cancer pharmacotherapy. Also, Eosin B had BBB or CNS permeability as well as fish (Minnow) toxicity. It is safe for Renal OCT2 substrate, besides hERG I & II inhibitors, Hepatotoxicity, and skin sensitization, Cytochromes P450 under testing. Therefore, Eosin B is structurally toxic to human and environment in short – or long – term period.

Spent coffee to carbon: blending with manganese zinc ferrite as a plasmonic photocatalysis for degradation of organic dyes

ABSTRACT In this work, we introduce a new composite material consisting of Mn(1-x)ZnxFe2O4 (MZF) and wasted coffee grounds carbon (C). Crucially, the surface chemistry of the ‎composite, which lacks Zn2+ ions in octahedral locations, highlights its distinctive structural ‎characteristics. Before the integration of the carbon composite, the saturation magnetisation ‎of the sample was recorded as 53.073 emu/g. However, it decreased to 45.49 emu/g ‎after the composite was formed and the reaction processes occurred. UV-spectroscopy ‎enabled the measurement of band gap energies, which showed that the band gap energies for ‎ferrite were 2.93 eV and for the MZF/C composite were 2.12 eV. By utilising plasmonic ‎photocatalysis, the MZF/C composite has shown exceptional effectiveness as a high-temperature photocatalyst, specifically in the breakdown of methylene blue (MB) and Eosin (EO) dyes, ‎which are representative of basic and acidic dyes, respectively. The study demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic degradation kinetics under both visible light and sunlight, with sunlight showing superior performance. Over a 120-min period, the ferrite composite achieved a removal efficiency of 89% under sunlight, compared to 68% under artificial light. By utilising plasmonic photocatalysis principles, this work clarifies the structural and optical ‎properties of the MZF/C composite and emphasises its capacity to tackle environmental ‎issues through effective dye degradation mechanisms.‎

Evaluation of Turmeric extract for human spermatozoa morphology assessment in combination with haematoxylin

Introduction: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of utilising Turmeric extract as a sustainable alternative to synthetic Eosin dye in the commonly employed Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) staining method for analysing human spermatozoa morphology. While H and E staining yields high-quality results, the synthetic nature of Eosin raises concerns about its environmental impact. By exploring the use of Turmeric extract as a substitute, this research aims to provide a more eco-friendly solution without compromising the staining quality. Method: A solution of Turmeric extract, comprising 15 grams per 100 ml, is formulated using 70% alcohol. This alcoholic extract is substituted for Eosin in the process of H and E staining. In the experiments, two sets of semen smears are prepared. One set is subjected to H and E staining, while the other set undergoes staining with Haematoxylin and Turmeric (H and T). The quality of staining on each slide is assessed based on various parameters, including the background of the smear, as well as the distinct sections of the sperm, namely the head, neck, body, and tail. Result and conclusion: Turmeric confers a unique coloration to the stained spermatozoa, yielding a vivid and distinguishable visual effect that contrasts with the conventional pink staining achieved through the use of Eosin. In both staining techniques, the morphology of the spermatozoa is clearly observable and distinguishable, albeit with Eosin providing enhanced contrast and sharpness. The exceptional staining capacity of Turmeric paves the path for the exploration of natural alternatives to supplant synthetic dyes.

Synthesis of Palladium Nanomaterials Using Plant Leaf Extract and their Enhanced Photocatalytic Activities against Organic Dyes

Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to carry out the green synthesis of palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) using the aqueous leaves extract of Eclipta alba. The appearance of a characteristic surface plasmon resonance peak at 410 nm confirmed the synthesis of Pd NPs. Method: The average particle sizes of 13 nm were observed by using the leaf concentrations of 10 mL with a certain amount of PdCl2 (0.001 M) at 25 ̊ C. The Pd NPs, as synthesized under the optimized conditions (10 mL extract + 60 ̊ C + 0.001 M PdCl2), were spherical in shape, small in size, and uniformly distributed, as depicted by HR-TEM images. Results: FTIR, XRD, DLS, and zeta potential further confirmed the formation of Pd NPs. The Pd NPs synthesized at optimized conditions exhibited strong catalytic activity in dye Eosin yellow, Rose Bengal, Tartrazine, and Ponceau S degradation by discoloration of dyes in 3 hrs. The removal of all dyes by the Pd NPs was optimized by varying specific operating parameters, such as initial dye concentration, solution pH, irradiation time, and temperature. Conclusion: This high activity of Pd NPs may be due to their small size, high dispersion, and surface- capping phytochemicals. result: Bio-fabrication of metallic Pd NPs using different plant extracts compared to other reducing agents is more scalable, rapid, and cost-effective for generating bulk nanoparticles. The phytochemical principles, such as phytoconstituents, reduce the PdCl2 to Pd NPs and are implicated in the capping and stability of the nanoparticles. Hence, the leaves of Eclipta alba have different polyols and are well known. Apart from this, hydroxyl groups in phenolic compounds may participate in the bio-reduction of PdCl2. Such compounds can chelate metal ions to form their quinones form, which is an intermediate palladium complex. Then, stabilization of the intermediate form and reduction of Pd2+ to Pd0 occurred due to free electrons or nascent hydrogen produced during the bio-reduction reaction. Finally, Pd-NPs were prepared due to the collision of neighboring Pd0 atoms. These significant conjugations exist in the keto-enol system within the quinone form of the compound.

EFFECT OF EXTREMELY LOW-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON PROMOTING MYOGENESIS IN THE EARLY PROCESS OF DENERVATED MUSCLEATROPHY

Objective: To investigate the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) on myogenesis during the early stage of denervated muscle atrophy in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods: a total of 36 female SD rats were fed in cages and divided into three groups: the normal control group, the muscle atrophy group and the 10[Formula: see text]Hz/1.5[Formula: see text]mT magnetic field group. The rats in the 10[Formula: see text]Hz/1.5[Formula: see text]mT magnetic field group received a magnetic field intervention for 2[Formula: see text]h per day. The posterior muscle groups of the lower limbs of rats were sampled on the first, second, third and fourth weeks for evaluating the underlying changes. The harvested tissues were stained with hematoxylin–eosin (HE) dye to observe the morphology of the muscle atrophy and to measure the muscle fiber cross-sectional area ratio. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the expression of Myf5 mRNA in each group. The myogenesis-related proteins in the harvested muscle tissue were detected by western blot assay. Results: (1) HE staining showed that with the extension of denervation time, the structural disorder of muscle fibers was aggravated, and in the second week of the denervated muscle atrophy, muscle fiber cross-sectional area tended to increase in the 10[Formula: see text]Hz/1.5[Formula: see text]mT magnetic field group. Overall muscle atrophy was inevitable. (2) Results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of Myf5 mRNA in the 10[Formula: see text]Hz/1.5[Formula: see text]mT magnetic field group was significantly high in the second week of denervation, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the muscle atrophy group (*[Formula: see text]). (3) Western blot analysis showed that the expression of MYF5 proteins in the 10[Formula: see text]Hz/1.5[Formula: see text]mT magnetic field group was significantly higher than that in the muscle atrophy group (**[Formula: see text]) in the second week of denervation. Further, the expression of MYOG protein in the 10[Formula: see text]Hz/1.5[Formula: see text]mT magnetic field group was significantly higher than that in the muscle atrophy group (****[Formula: see text]). Conclusions: 10[Formula: see text]Hz/1.5[Formula: see text]mT ELF-EMF can significantly promote myogenesis during early denervated muscle atrophy in SD rats.

Efficient removal of Eosin Yellow dye using solvothermal synthesised Ni/Al layered double hydroxide and layered double oxide: insights into adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics

ABSTRACT The accumulation of organic pollutants in the environment is swelling steadily and raising the alarm for their redressal. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) and layered double oxides (LDO) are gaining prominence for their potential to address this challenge. This work includes an eco-friendly facile solvothermal synthesis of Ni/Al LDH and their calcination to Ni/Al LDO. The prepared nanomaterials were characterised by XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, FT-IR, BET and TGA techniques, which confirm the highly porous structure of synthesised nanomaterials with a high specific area of 109.94 m2g−1 and 188.94 m2g−1 for Ni/Al LDH and Ni/Al LDO, respectively. A systematic study was conducted to explore the adsorptive potential of these materials towards the removal of organic dye Eosin Yellow (EY). The adsorptive efficiency was found to be 95% and 99% for Ni/Al LDH and Ni/Al LDO, respectively, under the optimised conditions of pH, adsorbent dose, contact time, dye concentration and temperature on adsorptive removal of EY dye, which was analysed by BBD-RSM (Box-Behnken Design Response surface methodology). The adsorption data fits best with the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. The thermodynamic study confirms the exothermic adsorptive process. The durability and reusability of the synthesised adsorbents were ascertained by their retention of the adsorptive efficiency even after five adsorption-desorption cycles which were as high as 91% and 85% for Ni/Al LDH and Ni/Al LDO, respectively. The mechanism of adsorption involves electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding between the surface of adsorbent and adsorbate as well as intercalation of dye molecules.

Exploring Reduced Graphene Oxide Sheets Stabilized by Cu(II) and Cu(I) Cations in Ethanol

In this study, ultrasound treatment was used to exfoliate commercially available graphite flakes into reduced graphene oxide (rGO) dispersed in ethanol. After centrifugation, solid copper chloride trihydrate was added, resulting in a green liquor containing Cu(II), Cu(I), and rGO. These liquors exhibited good and rapid photocatalytic activity in the degradation of eosin and bromophenol blue dyes (elimination in a few seconds) under visible-light irradiation. UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the presence of rGO and Cu species. The size and morphology of the rGO sheets were investigated by several methods (SAXS, wide-angle XRD, SEM, and TEM). Negative UV peaks indicated light emission, which was independently verified by fluorescence. Intense plasmon peaks, with absorbances greater than 10, were observed after adding copper chloride salt. These plasmons were eliminated by a high dilution before the described catalytic tests were performed.

Synthesis, analysis, and application of zinc oxide and bismuth-based nanocomposites (ZnO/BaBi2O6) as a photocatalyst for organic dyes degradation

In this study, a new binary heterostructure nanocomposite ZnO/BaBi2O6 was synthesized to improve the degradation rate of methyl orange, rhodamine B, and eosin dyes. ZnO and BaBi2O6 were prepared by simple, economical, and natural-friendly ultrasonic and hydrothermal methods. The reflux method was used to form a composite of these two nanoparticles. The ZnO/BaBi2O6 (30 %) sample showed the best performance among all the percentage combinations. The optimal sample was able to eliminate more than 95 % of the methyl orange dye concentration in 40 min. The constant rates of the ZnO/BaBi2O6 (30 %) sample for methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), and eosin were 88, 9.94, and 9.8 times more than pure ZnO, respectively. The prepared samples were analyzed by techniques: XRD, XPS, FESEM, EDX, FT-IR, BET, UV–vis, DRS, and PL. The band gap energy of the novel nanocomposite was calculated using the Tauc plot method. For ZnO and ZnO/BaBi2O6 (30 %), the band gap energy was 3.24 and 2.89 eV, respectively. Scavenger tests showed that h+ and O2− play the main role in dye degradation. The recycling test demonstrated that the resulting composite remained stable after five use runs. A possible photocatalytic reaction mechanism was proposed to understand the process.

Axially swept open-top light-sheet microscopy for densely labeled clinical specimens.

Open-top light-sheet (OTLS) microscopy offers rapid 3D imaging of large optically cleared specimens. This enables nondestructive 3D pathology, which provides key advantages over conventional slide-based histology including comprehensive sampling without tissue sectioning/destruction and visualization of diagnostically important 3D structures. With 3D pathology, clinical specimens are often labeled with small-molecule stains that broadly target nucleic acids and proteins, mimicking conventional hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) dyes. Tight optical sectioning helps to minimize out-of-focus fluorescence for high-contrast imaging in these densely labeled tissues but has been challenging to achieve in OTLS systems due to trade-offs between optical sectioning and field of view. Here we present an OTLS microscope with voice-coil-based axial sweeping to circumvent this trade-off, achieving 2 µm axial resolution over a 750 × 375 µm field of view. We implement our design in a non-orthogonal dual-objective (NODO) architecture, which enables a 10-mm working distance with minimal sensitivity to refractive index mismatches, for high-contrast 3D imaging of clinical specimens.

Visual Eosin Y-Based Photosensitization Sensing Systems for Ultrasensitive Detection of Diclofenac with Single-Atom Co─N2O2 Site-Immobilized g-C3N4 Nanosheets.

It is highly desired to develop a visual sensing system for ultrasensitive detection of colorless diclofenac (DCF), yet with a significant challenge. Herein, a novel dye-based photosensitization sensing system has been successfully developed for detecting DCF for the first time, in which the used dye eosin Y (DeY) can strongly absorb visible light and then be decolorized obviously by transferring photogenerated electrons to g-C3N4 nanosheets (CN), while the built single-atomic Co─N2O2 sites on CN by boron-oxygen connection can competitively adsorb DCF to impede the photosensitization decoloration of DeY. This system exhibits a broad detection range from 8ngL-1 to 2 mgL-1 with 535nm light, an exceptionally low detection limit (3.5ngL-1), and remarkable selectivity. Through the time-resolved, in situ technologies, and theoretical calculations, the decolorization of DeY is attributed to the disruption of DeY's conjugated structure caused by the triplet excited state electron transfer from DeY to CN, meanwhile, the adsorbed oxygen facilitates the charge transfer process. The preferential adsorption of DCF mainly depends on the strong interactions between the as-constructed single-atom Co and Cl in DCF. This study opens an innovative light-driven sensing system by combining dye and single-atom metal/nanomaterial for visually intuitive detection of environmental pollutants.

Utilization Of Kuku Pancar (Lawsonia Inermis Lin) Leaves as a Substitute For Eosin Dye in The Examination of Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) Eggs

Nail surfacing leaves (Lawsonia inermis lin) are natural materials commonly used as dyes, because of the content of chemical compounds in them such as lawsone, flavonoids, tannins and anthocyanins, therefore nail surfacing leaves can be used as an alternative dye to replace 2% Eosin in STH worm egg examination, because it has the same properties as 2% Eosin and can produce an orange yellow color after the extraction process. The research objective is to determine the results of nail surfacing leaves (Lawsonia inermis lin) can be used as an alternative substance to replace Eosin in the examination of STH (soil transmitted helminth) worm eggs. The methods of this research is using is experimental, where this study looks at the clarity of soil transmitted helminth (STH) worm eggs on preparations, using coloring from the results of soaking the leaves of the nail surf as a substitute for Eosin. The results of the research is that the coloring results obtained in each variation of immersion time are good. The conclusion of this research is that the staining of worm eggs using the results of immersion of nail surfacing leaves for 12 hours, 24 hours, 36 hours, and 48 hours can be used as an alternative dye in the examination of STH worm eggs.

Polarization enhancement mechanism from tissue staining in multispectral Mueller matrix microscopy.

Mueller matrix microscopy can provide comprehensive polarization-related optical and structural information of biomedical samples label-freely. Thus, it is regarded as an emerging powerful tool for pathological diagnosis. However, the staining dyes have different optical properties and staining mechanisms, which can put influence on Mueller matrix microscopic measurement. In this Letter, we quantitatively analyze the polarization enhancement mechanism from hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining in multispectral Mueller matrix microscopy. We examine the influence of hematoxylin and eosin dyes on Mueller matrix-derived polarization characteristics of fibrous tissue structures. Combined with Monte Carlo simulations, we explain how the dyes enhance diattenuation and linear retardance as the illumination wavelength changed. In addition, it is demonstrated that by choosing an appropriate incident wavelength, more visual Mueller matrix polarimetric information can be observed of the H&E stained tissue sample. The findings can lay the foundation for the future Mueller matrix-assisted digital pathology.

Tunable dye adsorbing materials from crab and shrimp waste shells for water remediation

Crab and shrimp shells are waste byproducts from shellfish farming and processing. In this study, we demonstrated that it is possible to obtain individual shell components either separately or in combinations. These diverse materials were composed of calcium carbonate and organic molecules inter- and intra-mineral, calcium carbonate and organic molecules intra-mineral, organic molecules such as chitin and proteins, only calcium carbonate, and only chitin. These substrates were tested for the adsorption of Methylene Blue and Eosin dyes. The goal is to demonstrate that the organic dye adsorption capacity can be modified by controlling the degree of deconstruction of the starting material. The best adsorption for the positively charged Methylene Blue was achieved on the chitin-calcium carbonate substrates, while the negatively charged Eosin adsorbed best on the chitin substrate. In conclusion, this research demonstrates that it is possible to obtain different materials by deconstructing the shells from crabs and shrimps at various levels reducing the generation of additional wastes. Moreover, these materials exhibit features that are related to the original material and possess new properties that can be also exploited in other fields like material sciences.

In2O3-ZnO nanoporous photocatalyst modified with CuOx cocatalyst for enhanced photocatalytic bacterial inactivation and dye degradation

In this study, CuOx surface passivated In2O3 loaded porous ZnO, (CuOx/In2O3(x%)-ZnO)), were synthesized utilizing a solvothermally produced organic–inorganic ZnS(en)0.5 hybrid material. The high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of the CuOx/In2O3(2.5%)-ZnO nanocomposite reveal a macrosheet-shaped morphology comprising nanosized grains. The photocatalytic behavior of all the synthesized CuOx/In2O3(x = 0,1,2.5, and 5%)-ZnO nanocomposites were examined against aqueous dye solutions of orange II, and bisphenol A, E. coli bacteria under one sun illumination. The CuOx/In2O3(2.5%)-ZnO nanocomposite exhibits enhanced photoactivity for cationic dyes (eosin Y) than that for anionic (orange II). The results indicate that cationic dyes undergo photocatalytic degradation, whereas the anionic dyes adsorb on the CuOx/In2O3(2.5%)-ZnO nanocomposite surface, reducing the removal of organic pollutants. The optimal nanocomposites, CuOx/In2O3(2.5%)-ZnO photocatalyst exhibit maximum photodegradation performance of 99%, 94%, 27% for orange II dye, eosin dye, BPA, and 98% for E. coli inactivation within 180 min, respectively. The CuOx/In2O3(2.5%)-ZnO nanocomposite was successfully demonstrated to be an effective photocatalyst and excellent antibacterial agent. Finally, the charge transfer mechanism during photocatalytic organic decomposition and bacterial inactivation was studied.

In vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effect of poly(amidoamine) nanoemulsion against Echinococcus granulosus

Hydatidosis causes a serious health hazard to humans and animals leading to significant economic and veterinary and public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects of synthesized poly(amidoamine), PAMAM, nanoemulsion. In this study, PAMAM was characterized through dynamic light scattering technique to investigate the particle size and zeta potential of nanoemulsified polymer. For the in vitro and ex vivo assays, we used eosin dye exclusion test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate the effects of the prepared and characterized PAMAM nanoemulsion against protoscoleces from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato G6 (GenBank: OQ443068.1) isolated from livers of naturally infected camels. Various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/mL) of PAMAM nanoemulsion at different exposure times (5, 10, 20 and 30 min) were tested against protoscolices. Our findings showed that PAMAM nanoemulsion had considerable concentration- and time-dependent protoscolicidal effect at both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Regarding in vitro assay, PAMAM nanoemulsion had a potent protoscolicidal effect when compared with the control group with a highest protoscolicidal activity observed at the concentration of 2 mg/mL at all exposure times, such that 100% of protoscolices were killed after 20 min of exposure. Also, the mortality of protoscolices was 100% after 30 min of exposure to 1 and 1.5 mg/mL of PAMAM nanoemulsion, in vitro. Concerning ex vivo assay PAMAM nanoemulsion recorded the highest mortality rates at the concentration of 2 mg/mL (55, 99.4 and 100% at 10, 20, 30 min, respectively). Ultrastructure examination of examined protoscolices after 20 min of exposure to PAMAM nanoemulsion showed a complete loss of rostellar hooks, disruption of suckers with disorganization of hooks with partial or complete loss of them, and damage of protoscolices tegument with loss of their integrity in the form of holes and contraction of the soma region were observed in 1.5 and 2 mg/mL of PAMAM, in vitro and ex vivo, showing more damage in the in vitro conditions. It can be concluded that PAMAM nanoemulsion is a promising protoscolicidal agent offering a high protoscolicidal effect at a short exposure time. Further in vivo studies and preclinical animal trials are required to evaluate its efficacy and clinical applications against hydatid cysts.

Revealing the Molecular Interaction of Surface Active Ionic Liquids [C8mim][Cl] and [C10mim][Cl] with Anionic Dye Eosin Yellow: A Comparative Study with Analogous Cationic Surfactants

Revealing the Molecular Interaction of Surface Active Ionic Liquids [C8mim][Cl] and [C10mim][Cl] with Anionic Dye Eosin Yellow: A Comparative Study with Analogous Cationic Surfactants

Abstract 6211: Clinical and prognostic assessment of the lncRNA ZFAS1-related gene signature in colorectal cancer

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer death with a rapidly rising incidence rate in younger adults. It is projected to be the leading cause of death in adults under 50 years old by 2030. Although progress over the last couple of decades has improved the clinical management of patients affected by CRC, there is a lack of accurate biomarkers to stratify CRC patients. Among several other biomolecules, lncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) are non-coding transcripts under 200 nucleotides that can regulate gene expression. Furthermore, lncRNAs are important players in oncogenesis and cancer progression and have the potential to be used as reliable biomarkers. Through this study, we explored the clinical relevance of lncRNAs in colorectal cancer. To analyze the distribution of lncRNAs, we utilized de-identified FFPE (formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded) blocks from Augusta University (n = 88). FFPE blocks were sectioned to extract tissue segments and were subsequently stained using H&E (hematoxylin and eosin dyes) to identify the tumor and adjacent normal regions. The quantification of the gene expression was performed using a medium-throughput NanoString platform. Further analyses were performed using clinicopathological features of the institutional cohort and an independent Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset. TCGA contains genomic data along with clinical and molecular characterization of over 11,000 samples of various lineages. In the institutional cohort, ZFAS1 showed higher gene expression in the low survival group for stage II and III colorectal cancer patients, while no significant difference was observed in stage I and IV patients. ZFAS1 expression did not significantly correlate with other clinicopathological parameters, including race, alcohol consumption, tobacco consumption, age, grade, and family history of cancer. In an orthogonal TCGA analysis, higher ZFAS1 expression was associated with genomic perturbations, including significantly altered tumor mutational burden (TMB), aneuploidy, fractional genome alteration, and microsatellite instability. Further, a 21-gene signature was developed for prognostication using gene co-expression network analysis. The gene signature was significantly associated with overall and disease-free survival in the TCGA-CRC cohort. Immune deconvolution analysis of the RNA sequencing data revealed that higher expression of the 21-gene signature was associated with increased infiltration of regulatory T cells while being inversely correlated with the overall level of T cells. In conclusion, our study identified the clinicopathological role of ZFAS1 lncRNA and its interaction genes with prognostic significance in colorectal cancer. Further investigation into the therapeutic relevance of the ZFAS1-related gene signature may prove invaluable in improving the clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer patients. Citation Format: Pankaj Kumar Ahluwalia, Tiffanie Leeman, Ashis Mondal, Ashutosh Vashisht, Harmanpreet Singh, Nivin Omar, Kimya Jones, Ravindra Kolhe. Clinical and prognostic assessment of the lncRNA ZFAS1-related gene signature in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6211.

Abstract 2309: 3D spatial quantification of lymphocyte infiltration and collagen features in the tumor microenvironment using a novel assay: 3D I/O Pro™

Abstract Background: The composition of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a major determinant of response to therapy in many solid tumors. To-date, characterization of the TME has been based on limited analysis of thin tissue sections. Here we demonstrate the utility of an end-to-end 3D spatial biology workflow, the 3D I/O Pro™, based on whole tissue imaging, to identify and quantify tumor cells, lymphocytes, and collagen features in human FFPE tissue samples. Methods: Five human colorectal cancer FFPE blocks were deparaffinized, stained with nuclear (TO-PRO-3) and general protein (eosin) dyes, and cleared using a modified iDISCO protocol. Entire samples were imaged at 2 µm/pixel resolution with a hybrid open-top light-sheet microscope, the 3Di™. Regions of interest (ROIs) with a volume of 0.5 mm3 were re-imaged at 0.33 µm/pixel. Cell nuclei and collagen were segmented and 3D spatial relationships between tumor cells, lymphocytes, and collagen fibers were quantified. Analyses were performed within select ROIs using 3Dai™ tools including U-Net, CytoMAP, CT-FIRE, CurveAlign, and custom Python scripts. Results: The ratio of stromal to tumor parenchymal lymphocytes (lymphocyte infiltration ratio) varied from 1.4 up to 9.1 in 3D volumes and 1 to 25 in 2D virtual sections taken throughout all 5 CRC samples. The ratio of the collagen fibers within 100 µm of the tumor border-oriented perpendicular to the tumor-stromal boundary compared to those oriented parallel to the tumor-stromal boundary was 0.37 in a proof-of-concept evaluation of a 2D virtual section with a lymphocyte infiltration ratio of 12. Qualitatively, areas with perpendicular collagen had more lymphocyte infiltration into the tumor parenchyma than areas with parallel collagen orientation. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the 3D I/O Pro™ pipeline can quantify lymphocyte density in tumor parenchyma and stroma and analyze collagen features, including orientation, within 3D ROIs in the TME. This workflow allows us to characterize tumors based on many complex spatial relationships and could have broad applicability in research and development of novel cancer therapies that target tumor fibrosis or other features of the TME. In the future, we plan to correlate features from the 3D TME with response to immunotherapy and use these features to refine histologic definitions of immune spatial phenotypes. Citation Format: Caleb Stoltzfus, Jasmine Wilson, Nathan Grant, Alexandra Alvarsson, Anna DeWitt, David Simmons, Brandy Olin, Bonnie Phillips, Laura A. Dillon, G. Travis Clifton, Nicholas P. Reder. 3D spatial quantification of lymphocyte infiltration and collagen features in the tumor microenvironment using a novel assay: 3D I/O Pro™ [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 2309.