Dye Eosin Research Articles

Studies on dyeing and value-addition of ornamental grassLagurus ovatus

Lagurus ovatus (hare tail grass) is a winter season grass which is utilized in dry flower industry in preparation of various types of value-added products like flower arrangements, hangers, wall pictures etc. Different dyes like Fabric dyes, indicator dyes, food dyes and bio-colours were used for colouring this grass. Findings revealed that among four different categories of dyes fabric dyes i.e. Yellow, Dark green, Violet, Magenta Pink and indicator dyes Brilliant Green, Eosin Yellow and Crystal Violet were the excellent in performance for dyeing of Lagurus ovatus in terms of colour intensity and colour absorption. These dyes scored maximum for quality parameters even after ten months of storage. Quality parameters in case of food dyes were medium to high at the time of dyeing but the colours faded very fast and retention was not good after ten months. Out of the bio-colours; dyeing with turmeric and lilium pollen were quite satisfactory, whereas other colours like henna powder, gulmehndi (wild henna), coffee, butea, punica, beet root were very poor in performance.

Synthesis of Silver-Graphene Oxide nanocomposite for removal of anionic dye by adsorption

Silver-graphene oxide nanocomposite (AgGO) was prepared by a facile hydrothermal method using sodium borohydride as reducing agent. The spherical shaped silver nanoparticles were distributed randomly on the surface of the graphene oxide nanosheets. The synthesized AgGO nanocomposite and GO aqueous solution were employed as the adsorbents for the removal of the anionic dye eosin yellow. The efficiency of the eosin yellow adsorption on AgGO nanocomposite and GO were investigated under various experimental parameters such as pH of the solution, concentration of the dye and temperature. In order to study the nature of the adsorption process, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models were studied. The adsorption of eosin yellow onto the GO nanosheet and AgGO nanocomposite follow Langmuir isotherm model. The adsorption capacity of eosin yellow onto the AgGO nanocomposite is greater than GO nanosheets. The thermodynamic parameter such as isosteric heat of adsorption was also evaluated. The remarkable adsorption capacity of eosin yellow onto AgGO was explained using hydrogen bonding and π-π electron-donor-acceptor interactions.

Polyelectrolyte-Assisted Immobilization of Oil-Based Nanocapsules on Cotton Fabric

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)-encapsulated n-octadecane nanocapsules (PDDA-Oc-cap) were easily immobilized on cationized cotton at ambient temperature using poly(4-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSS) as a binder. The cationized cotton was first treated with 1–50 mM of PSS and then soaked in the PDDA-Oc-cap emulsion in order to obtain stepwise PSS/PDDA-Oc-cap coating layers on the cationized cotton (Cat-cot/PSS/PDDA-Oc-cap). The negative molecules of PSS binder spontaneously attached to the cationized cotton and then acted as negative sites for further immobilization of positively charged PDDA-Oc-cap via electrostatic interaction. Uniform globular particles of PDDA-Oc-cap were observed on the surfaces of Cat-cot/PSS/PDDA-Oc-cap samples in the field-emission scanning electron microscopy images. The positive zeta potential was obtained in the Cat-cot/PSS/PDDA-Oc-cap samples due to the deposition of the positively charged PDDA-Oc-cap on cotton fabric. In addition, the Cat-cot/PSS/PDDA-Oc-cap samples preferentially adsorbed anionic dye eosin B over cationic dye methylene blue. Higher PSS concentrations used in the treatment resulted in higher quantities of PDDA-Oc-cap immobilized on the fabrics, resulting in the concomitant increase of eosin B adsorption. These results suggested that the PSS-assisted immobilization was an efficient alternative method for textile finishing.

In Ukrainian

Adsorption of anionic dyes Eosin Yellow and Reactive Blue 4 by amine containing ormosils has been studied. The probing of the material surfaces with the H + ions has been used to characterize quantitatively protolytic equilibria of immobilized amines. The Langmuir adsorption model is too simplified and does not provide the correct description of the dye adsorption. The adequate description of adsorption equilibria as well as the reasonable presentation of chemistry involved in the adsorption processes was achieved within the framework of the model of polydentate binding. This model takes into account both the real ion exchange mechanism of the dye binding and the positive cooperativity effects influencing the adsorption equilibria. The effective sorption capacities of the studied materials in respect to the studied dyes reach 100 μmol·g -1 . The high values of the constants of adsorption equilibria evidence that amine containing ormosils are efficient adsorbents for removing anionic dyes. The weakly acidic medium provides high degrees of the dye adsorption, while the regeneration of the adsorbents should be performed with the use of weakly alkaline solutions. The amine containing ormosils remain full sorption capacities after at least five adsorption-desorption cycles.

Time Course of Cell Sheet Adhesion to Porcine Heart Tissue after Transplantation.

Multilayered cell sheets have been produced from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for investigating their adhesion properties onto native porcine heart tissue. Once MSCs reached confluence after a 7-day culture on a temperature-responsive culture dish, a MSCs monolayer spontaneously detached itself from the dish, when the culture temperature was reduced from 37 to 20°C. The basal extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins of the single cell sheet are preserved, because this technique requires no proteolytic enzymes for harvesting cell sheet, which become a basic building block for assembling a multilayer cell sheet. The thickness of multilayered cell sheets made from three MSC sheets was found to be approximately 60 μm. For investigating the adhesion properties of the basal and apical sides, the multilayered cell sheets were transplanted onto the surface of the heart’s left ventricle. Multilayered cell sheets were histological investigated at 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes after transplantation by hematoxylin eosin (HE) and azan dyes to determine required time for the adhesion of the multilayered sheets following cell-sheet transplantation. The results showed that only the basal side of multilayered cell sheets significantly enhanced the sheets adhesion onto the surface of heart 30 minutes after transplantation. This study concluded that (1) cell sheets had to be transplanted with its basal side onto the surface of heart tissue and (2) at least 30 minutes were necessary for obtaining the histological adhesion of the sheets to the heart tissue. This study provided clinical evidence and parameters for the successful application of MSC sheets to the myocardium and allowed cell sheet technology to be adapted clinical cell-therapy for myocardial diseases.

Visible-Light-Mediated Generation of Nitrogen-Centered Radicals: Metal-Free Hydroimination and Iminohydroxylation Cyclization Reactions.

The formation and use of iminyl radicals in novel and divergent hydroimination and iminohydroxylation cyclization reactions has been accomplished through the design of a new class of reactive O-aryl oximes. Owing to their low reduction potentials, the inexpensive organic dye eosin Y could be used as the photocatalyst of the organocatalytic hydroimination reaction. Furthermore, reaction conditions for a unique iminohydroxylation were identified; visible-light-mediated electron transfer from novel electron donor–acceptor complexes of the oximes and Et3N was proposed as a key step of this process.

Visible‐Light‐Mediated Generation of Nitrogen‐Centered Radicals: Metal‐Free Hydroimination and Iminohydroxylation Cyclization Reactions

AbstractThe formation and use of iminyl radicals in novel and divergent hydroimination and iminohydroxylation cyclization reactions has been accomplished through the design of a new class of reactive O‐aryl oximes. Owing to their low reduction potentials, the inexpensive organic dye eosin Y could be used as the photocatalyst of the organocatalytic hydroimination reaction. Furthermore, reaction conditions for a unique iminohydroxylation were identified; visible‐light‐mediated electron transfer from novel electron donor–acceptor complexes of the oximes and Et3N was proposed as a key step of this process.

The early history of the eosinophil.

In 1879 Paul Ehrlich published his technique for staining blood films and his method for differential blood cell counting using coal tar dyes and mentions the eosinophil for the first time. Eosin is a bright red synthetic dye produced by the action of bromine on fluorescein and stains basic proteins due to its acidic nature. It was discovered in 1874 by Heinrich Caro, Director of the German chemical company Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik. Ehrlich introduced the term 'eosinophil' to describe cells with granules (which he called alpha-granules) having an affinity for eosin and other acid dyes. He also observed black-staining, indulinophilic, beta-granules in bone marrow-derived eosinophils, which were probably immature crystalloid granules in eosinophil myelocytes. Ehrlich described the features of the alpha-granule and the cell's distribution in various species and tissues. He speculated correctly that the alpha-granule contents were secretory products and described several causes of eosinophilia including asthma, various skin diseases, helminths and reactions to medications. However, the cell was almost certainly observed by others before Ehrlich. In 1846 Thomas Wharton Jones (1808-1891) described 'granule blood cells' in the lamprey, frog, fowl, horse, elephant and man. He 'borrowed' the term granule cell from Julius Vogel (1814-1880) who had observed similar cells in inflammatory exudates. Vogel in turn was aware of the work of the Gottlieb (Théophile) Gluge (1812-1898) who used the term 'compound inflammatory globules' to describe cells in pus and serum. Almost 20years before Ehrlich developed his staining methods, Max Johann Sigismund Schultze (1825-1874) performed functional experiments on coarse granular cells using a warm stage microscopic technique and showed they had amoeboid movement and phagocytic abilities. Although these early investigators recognised distinct granular cells Ehrlich's use of stains was a landmark contribution, which heralded modern studies on eosinophils and other blood leucocytes.

Eotaxin-1 (CCL11).

The eosinophil was first named by the brilliant German scientist Paul Ehrlich in 1879, while he was experimenting with aniline dyes to stain blood cells and tissues. He also discovered neutrophils, basophils, and mast cells. The highly basic proteins in cytosolic granules of a small subpopulation of cells in human blood stained vivid pink with the acid dye eosin (from the Greek “eos” meaning dawn), hence “eosinophils.” He subsequently observed high numbers of these cells in the sputum of asthmatic patients and recognized the close relationship between eosinophilia and the severity of asthma. Pertinent to our story was his proposition that a “material which attracts eosinophils” exists. Further, he postulated that eosinophils and neutrophils possess different “chemotactic irritability” and that eosinophils only migrate to sites where a “specific stimulating substance” is present (1).

Behavior of borate complex anion on the stabilities and the hydrogen evolutions of ZnxCo3−xO4 decorated graphene

The electron oscillation of borate complex anions in the borate solution was a very interesting peculiar phenomenon in the study of Solution Chemistry up to now. By means of borate complex anions addition, reacting system inertion and the electrons addition, based on the peculiar contribution of borate complex anions with an electron oscillation characters, the stabilities and the hydrogen evolutions of ZnxCo3−xO4 decorated graphene were greatly improved. Here, the photocatalytic activity was dependent on the synergetic effects of borate complex anions and graphene. The structure–activity relationships between the borate complex anions and the ZnxCo3−xO4 decorated grapheme were investigated. The borate complex anions can not only contribute to the more efficiently capture electrons from excited Eosin dye but also beneficial to the more efficiently transfer electrons to the decorated catalysts. So the charge separation and the electrons transfer were more efficient in the condition of the borate complex anions addition as supported by fluorescence studies. The synergetic effects between boron and grapheme were due to the double-pathway of synergetic effects for electrons transfer.

Ionic Liquid Cross-Linked Multifunctional Cationic Polymer Nanobeads via Dispersion Polymerization: Applications in Anion Exchange, Templates for Palladium, and Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles

This report describes the design and synthesis of an ionic liquid by simple nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride and N-vinylimidazole. This ionic liquid is utilized as cross-linker for dispersion polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) stabilizer, which produces water-friendly cationic cross-linked poly(acrylamide) (CPAAm) beads. Morphology investigation reveals that these beads are nanosized and spherical and their size varies with the amount of cross-linker and PVME used. The ionic cross-linker imparts ionic nature in these beads, where anion is mobile and are eventually exchangeable. Consequently, anion exchange capacity is checked using an anionic dye Eosin B via UV–vis spectroscopy. Subsequently, the release of dye is monitored on addition of a pinch of sodium acetate. Analogous anion exchange with [PdCl4]2– results in the formation of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles (NPs) inside the cross-linked poly(acrylamide) beads due to in situ reduction by imidazolium cation present in CPAAm. The carbonization of the CPAAm nanobeads produces nitrogen-doped carbon nanoparticles of comparable morphology and sizes. The resultant carbon nanoparticles emit blue fluorescence under irradiation of UV light. Similarly, Pd NPs embedded carbon nanoparticles are easily prepared by carbonization of the Pd NPs loaded CPAAm nanobeads.

Accessory pancreatic duct patterns and their clinical implications.

Accessory pancreatic duct (APD) designed to reduce the pressure of major pancreatic duct by forming a secondary drainage channel. Few studies have mentioned the variant types of accessory ducts and their mode of formation, some of these have a clear clinical significance. Present study is aimed to evaluate the possible variations in the APD and its terminations. Forty formalin fixed adult human pancreas with duodenum in situ specimens were studied by injecting 1% aqueous eosin, followed by piece meal dissection of the head of the pancreas from posterior surface. Formation, tributaries, relations, and the termination of the accessory pancreatic duct were noted and photographed. Accessory ducts revealed 50% belonged to long type, 22.5% were of short and ansa pancreatica type each, and embryonic type of duct pattern was seen in 5% specimens. 75% of long type ducts showed positive patency with eosin dye, followed by ansa type (44.4%), and least patency was found in short type (22.2%). With regard to the patency of the accessory pancreatic ducts towards their termination, we found 52.5% of the accessory ducts and 5% of the embryonic type pancreatic ducts were patent and in 42.5% of the specimen the ducts were obliterated. In 85% of specimens the minor duodenal papillae was anterosuperior to the major papilla and superior to the major papillae in 10% of the cases, and in 5% minor papillae was absent. The average distance between the two papillae was 2.35 cm. The knowledge of the complex anatomical relations of the gland with its duct, duodenum and bile ducts are essential for the surgeons and sinologists to plan and perform both the diagnostic as well as therapeutic procedures effectively.

Metal‐Free‐Mediated Oxidation Aromatization of 1,4‐Dihydropyridines to Pyridines Using Visible Light and Air

AbstractA metal‐free and environmentally friendly aerobic aromatization photosensitized by organic dye eosin Y bis(tetrabutyl ammonium salt) (TBA‐eosinY) has been developed. With the aid of K2CO3, the aerobic catalytic system converts 1,4‐dihydropyridines to their corresponding pyridine derivatives efficiently under visible light irradiation (λ=450 nm) at room temperature.

Laser-induced fiber polymer axicon fabrication and application for spot scanning imaging on both reflection and transmission

We report herein a systematical study on the fabrication of fiber polymer axicons and their applications for optically scanning imaging on both reflection and transmission. The polymer axicon was integrated on the fiber extremity within several minutes by a photo-polymerization method. The photosensitive solution consists of three major components: a photosensitive dye eosin Y, an amine cosynergist methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) and a multifunctional monomer pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA). The laser wavelength is 532 nm. Numerical calculations have been performed on a variety of fiber polymer axicon structures in consideration of their spot size and focal position. Additionally, we present the imaging results for both micro/nanometric scaled samples with the optical resolution up to submicron using this fiber polymer axicon based scanning microscopy system.

Facile synthesis of SnO2 quantum dots and its photocatalytic activity in the degradation of eosin Y dye: A green approach

Abstract A facile and green synthesis of SnO 2 quantum dots (QDs) was developed by microwave heating method using an aminoacid, serine. The method resulted in the formation of SnO 2 QDs having an average diameter of ~4.0 nm. The synthesized SnO 2 QDs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The optical properties were investigated using UV-visible spectroscopy and a clear blue shift is observed in the band gap energy (~4.5 eV) of synthesized SnO 2 QDs. These SnO 2 QDs were employed as photocatalyst in the degradation of an organic dye eosin Y by solar irradiation for the first time.

Biological Parameters for Evaluating the Toxic Potency of Petroleum Ether Extract of Wattakaka volubilis in Wistar Female Rats.

Objectives:The present study investigated the toxic properties of petroleum ether extract of Wattakaka (W.) volubilis in Wistar female rats.Methods:An in vitro brine shrimp lethality bioassay was studied in A. Salina nauplii, and the lethality concentrations were assessed for petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis. A water soluble portion of the test extract was used in different concentrations from 100-1000 μg/mL of 1 mg/mL stock solution. A 24-hours incubation with a 1-mL aliquot in 50 mL of aerated sea water was considered to calculate the percentage rate of dead nauplii with test extract administration against a potassium-dichromate positive control. The acute and the sub-acute toxicities of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were evaluated orally by using gavage in female Wistar rats. Food and water intake, body weight, general behavioral changes and mortality of animals were noted. Toxicity or death was evaluated following the administration of petroleum ether extract for 28 consecutive days in the female rats. Serum biochemical parameters, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bilirubin, total cholesterol, triglyceride, total protein, glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium and α-amylase levels, were measured in the toxicity evaluations. Pathological changes in isolated organs, such as the liver, kidneys, and pancreas, were also examined using hematoxylin and eosin dye fixation after the end of the test extract’s administration.Results:The results of the brine-shrimp assay indicate that the evaluated concentrations of petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis were found to be non-toxic. In the acute and the sub-acute toxicity evaluations, no significant differences were observed between the control animals and the animals treated with extract of W. volubilis. No abnormal histological changes were observed in any of the animal groups treated with petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis.Conclusion:These results suggest that petroleum ether extract of W. volubilis has a non-toxic effect in Wistar female rats.

Single stage batch adsorber design for efficient Eosin yellow removal by polyaniline coated ligno-cellulose

Polyaniline-coated lignin-based adsorbent (PLC) was synthesized and used for uptake of reactive dye eosin yellow (EY) from aqueous solution. The adsorption capability of the adsorbent was found to be more effective than the unmodified adsorbent (LC). In particular, the adsorption capability of the PLC was effective over a wider pH range. This could be owing to its higher point of zero charge, which is more favorable for the uptake of the anionic dye. Adsorption isotherm models suggested a monolayer adsorption was predominant. The mean free energy of adsorption (EDR) was found to have values between 8 and 16kJmol−1 which suggests that an electrostatic mechanism of adsorption predominated over other underlying mechanisms. The adsorption process was also found to be spontaneous, with increasing negative free energy values observed at higher temperatures. Chemisorption process was supported by the changes in enthalpy above 40kJmol−1 and by the results of desorption studies. This new adsorbent was also reusable and regenerable over four successive adsorption–desorption cycles. The single stage adsorber design revealed that PLC can be applicable as an effective biosorbent for the treatment of industrial effluents containing EY dye.

Lithium dodecyl sulphate assisted synthesis of Ag nanoparticles and its exploitation as a catalyst for the removal of toxic dyes

We established for the first time the dual significance of lithium dodecyl sulphate (LDS) as a reducing agent as well as a stabilizing agent in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs). This is an eco-friendly and economical method which avoids the utilization of additional external reducing agent, external stabilizing agent, template and solvent. The size and morphology of the individual Ag NPs can be tuned by controlling the various reaction parameters, such as temperature, concentration and pH. The studies showed that with increase in concentration, not only the size but also the morphology of the Ag NPs changes (from particles to rod). The size of the Ag NPs increased with increase in temperature and pH. The prepared Ag NPs were characterised by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The probable mechanism for the formation of Ag NPs is presented. The formation of Ag NPs was also studied as a function of time. The synthesised Ag NPs were used for the catalytic reduction of methylene blue and eosin dyes in aqueous media and methylene blue in micellar media. They exhibited good catalytic reduction ability towards methylene blue and eosin dyes in aqueous and micellar media. The probable mechanism for the reduction of dyes is also presented in this article.

ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 6‐Substituted Phenanthridines by Metal‐Free, Visible‐Light Induced Aerobic Oxidative Cyclization of 2‐Isocyanobiphenyls with Hydrazines.

Irradiation of hydrazines with visible-light in the presence of organic dye eosin B generates various types of functional radicals, which are trapped by 2-isocyanobiphenyls to give 6-substituted phenanthridines.

Optimization and mechanism elucidation of the catalytic photo-degradation of the dyes Eosin Yellow (EY) and Naphthol blue black (NBB) by a polyaniline-coated titanium dioxide nanocomposite

A polyaniline-coated titanium oxide nanocomposite (PTO) was synthesized, characterized and used in the catalytic photo-degradation of the anionic dyes Eosin Yellow (EY) and Naphthol blue black (NBB). An emphasis was placed on the key parameters governing the degradation process. It was noted that the extent of degradation was higher at lower pH for both dyes. The rate of degradation of both dyes also increased with increasing catalyst dosage, Langmuir–Hinselwood models and other second-order kinetic models verified that heterogeneous photocatalysis occurred. The rate of degradation increased with increasing initial dye concentrations and only increased gradually with an increase in UV light intensity in the absence of the catalyst. The optimum operating conditions for the degradation was also predicted using response surface methodology (RSM) analysis as a statistical tool. This analysis revealed that the initial dye concentration, pH and dosage of the catalyst are all significant parameters in the degradation process. The combined effect of pH and initial concentration was antagonistic whilst the combined effect of initial concentration and catalyst dosage and the combined effect of catalyst dosage and pH were both synergistic. The optimum degradation percentages were found to be 99.85 and 99.74 for EY and NBB respectively. These optimum percentage degradations were observed at pH 3.0, initial dye concentration 15mgL−1 and a catalyst dosage of 1.0gL−1. LC–MS data was also used to identify the photodegradation products and to propose a mechanism of photodegradation.