Eocene-Oligocene Transition Research Articles

Rodent faunas, their paleogeographic pattern, and responses to climate changes from the early Eocene to the early Oligocene in Asia

Rodents are an important component in Paleogene terrestrial ecosystems. Their evolution and faunal turnover have likely been influenced and triggered by global climate change. Here, we compiled rodent faunas from the early Eocene to the early Oligocene in Asia to discuss rodent faunal turnover and its correlation with paleogeographic and paleoclimate changes. Successive rodent faunas from the early Eocene to the early Oligocene are recorded in East Asia, and rodent faunal turnover is obviously affected by paleoclimatic changes. During the Ulangochuian (after the middle Eocene climatic optimum), when temperatures declined slowly, the East Asian rodent fauna showed a clear decline in generic diversity and a transformation from ctenodactyloid-dominant to cricetid–dipodid-dominant faunas. During the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) and global cooling, the East Asian rodent fauna exhibited a considerably high generic diversity of cricetids, dipodids, and ctenodactylids. The low temperatures during the Ulangochuian and Ergilian in East Asia served as a habituation ground for the cricetids and dipodids, which became preadapted for the EOT, successfully helping rodents become dominant faunas after EOT. The rodent faunas in South Asia formed a relatively unique group in much of the Eocene and early Oligocene; sometimes, they were closer to European or African than to Asian rodents. The greatly different paleoenvironment probably caused striking differences between the rodent faunas in South Asia and East Asia.

A new aetiocetid (Cetacea, Mysticeti, Aetiocetidae) from the late Oligocene of Mexico

The aetiocetids are a well-known extinct taxon of Oligocene toothed mysticetes in the North Pacific. They display a high degree of diversity contrasting with that of other tooth-bearing mysticetes such as mammalodontids, llanocetids and Coronodon spp. The disparate developmental patterns (heterochrony) and origin of the first kelp forests in the North Pacific during the Eocene–Oligocene transition might explain such diversity. Aetiocetidae have been the focus of debate regarding the origin of baleen and filter-feeding in Mysticeti. The current interpretation of aetiocetid feeding strategies is based on the presence of teeth, unfused mandibular symphysis and lateral palatal foramina. However, our understating of their feeding apparatus function is limited, leaving associated structures like the zygomatic arch unnoticed. The present study describes a new fossil of a small-sized mysticete (∼3 m long), Kaaucetus thesaurus gen. et sp. nov., which belongs to Aetiocetidae. The protruded squamosal prominence and distinctive zygomatic process present in this new fossil highlight disparity in feeding morphology amongst aetiocetids. Moreover, the zygomatic arch complex and masticatory muscle system reconstruction are crucial to interpreting the likely capability of mastication (shearing motion) in aetiocetids and other toothed mysticetes. Lastly, the record of several aetiocetid genera in Mexico extends the geographical range of the group into the subtropical region. https://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:26167623-8F9C-4C03-8CA2-911D93519031

The first fossil Hybocephalini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae) from the middle Eocene of Europe and its evolutionary and biogeographic implications

The extant tropical tribe Hybocephalini is a morphologically highly derived group of the subfamily Pselaphinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), which is characterized most notably by the modified squamous setae that cover various parts of the body. Ten genera and 69 extant species have been found in the Afrotropical and Oriental regions, with one species found in northern Australia. Prior to this study the evolutionary history of the tribe has been remained elusive due to the dearth of known fossils. Here, we describe the first fossil representative of Hybocephalini,Europharinodes schaufussiYin & Caigen. et sp. nov., based on an adult male preserved in Baltic amber (ca45.0–38.0 Ma). Using X-ray microtomography, the anatomy including the endoskeletal structures of the head, the full pattern of foveation, and the aedeagus of the beetle were reconstructed.Europharinodesshares most derived traits that are congruent with extant members of Hybocephalini, but it also possesses plesiomorphic and autapomorphic characters unknown in living relatives. In order to constrain the phylogenetic placement ofEuropharinodes, we created an updated morphological character matrix to explore relationships among this genus and related groups. A monophyletic Hybocephalini was recovered by maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses, withEuropharinodesbeing well-resolved as sister to all modern relatives in the likelihood tree. The fossil thus sheds new light on the morphological evolution of Hybocephalini and suggests a broader palaeodistribution of the tribe during the middle Eocene. The disjunct distribution of an Eocene Baltic amber species and an extant Afrotropical-Oriental distribution of the tribe is probably relictual, and was shaped by global cooling during the Eocene–Oligocene transition.

The Eocene-Oligocene climate transition in the Alpine foreland basin: Paleoenvironmental change recorded in submarine fans

The Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) was a period of considerable environmental change, signifying the transition from Paleocene greenhouse to Oligocene icehouse conditions. Preservation of the sedimentary signal of such an environmental change is most likely in net-depositional environments, such as submarine fans, which are the terminal parts of sedimentary systems. Here, using sedimentary and stable isotope data from the Alpine foreland basin, we assess whether this major climatic transition influenced the stratigraphic evolution of submarine fans. Results indicate that fine-grained deposition in deep-water environments corresponds to positive δ13C excursions and eustatic highstands, while coarse-grained deposition corresponds to negative δ13C excursions and eustatic lowstands during the earliest Oligocene. While alternative explanations cannot be ruled out on the basis of this dataset alone, our results suggest that eustatic fluctuations across the EOT and into the early Oligocene influenced sediment supply to deep-water environments.

N-C27 Predominance and 13C enrichment by bicarbonate assimilation of race A of Botryococcus braunii in Chinese Maoming oilshales

In Maoming oilshales, the presence of races B and L of Botryococcus braunii (B. braunii) was confirmed by the detection of botryococcanes and C40 lycopanes and their derivatives. However, there were no specific biomarkers for race A of B. braunii. The contribution of race A of B. braunii has been implied by the distribution of non-specific n-alkanes with an odd carbon-number preference and a predominance of n-C27. However, confirmation of its contribution to oilshales has been lacking until now. We found that n-C27 is a dominant n-alkane in most Maoming samples which exhibits a positive δ13C excursion (approximately 2–3‰) compared to other homologues. In addition, the extremely heavy δ13C values of botryococcanes (−6.0‰ to −8.5‰) are rationalized to reflect bicarbonate assimilation in race B of B. braunii. The positive excursion of the δ13C values of n-C27 extracted from the same samples could be attributed to bicarbonate assimilation by race A in a similar manner. Bicarbonate assimilation by race A would also explain the isotopic enrichment of n-C14 ~ n-C33 alkanes in the range of −20.1‰ to −26.1‰. They are close to the values of some higher plant sources (C4 plant) and largely different than that of the reported algal n-alkanes (<−30.6‰). The bicarbonate consumption mechanism utilized by both races A and B of B. braunii in Maoming oilshales was triggered by the sharp decrease in pCO2 during the Late Eocene period, recorded globally at the Eocene-Oligocene transition. The presence of race A of B. braunii in most of Maoming sediments indicates that it was wide spread and populated in Maoming Basin over a long period of time, serving as the main biological source material of oilshales on a large scale.

Paleoecological and paleohydrological changes during the Eocene/Oligocene transition in the Qaidam Basin, NE Tibetan Plateau

The Eocene/Oligocene transition (EOT) at ∼34 Ma has been considered the most prominent climatic cooling event in the Cenozoic Era. However, few organic biomarker studies have attempted to reconstruct relevant terrestrial ecological and hydrological responses to an age characterized by drastic temperature changes. This research aims to reconstruct the paleoecological and paleohydrological evolution of the Qaidam Basin (QB) on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NE TP) between 40.2 and 29.9 Ma, based on analyses of n-alkane chain length distributions as well as compound-specific hydrogen isotopic compositions (δ2Halk). Research showed the presence of a sequence of pronounced ecological and hydrological variations at 35.0–33.1 Ma, including: 1) a significantly decreased input of bacteria, algae and aquatic plants, allied with a markedly increased input of terrestrial plants, reflected in a significant increase in carbon preference index (CPI) and the average chain length (ACL) ratio, as well as an abrupt decline in the relative ratio of mid- to long-chain length homologue (Paq) values and the ratio of low- to high- molecular-weight n-alkanes (L/H); and 2) drier climatic conditions, reflected in an 18.1‰ increase in δ2H31 values, as well as more positive hydrogen isotopic precipitation values (δ2Hp). These features demonstrate significant paleoecological and paleohydrological changes in the QB in response to the drier and cooler climate during the EOT.

The evolutionary ecology of the endemic European Eocene Plagiolophus (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)

The climatic cooling that began in the late middle Eocene and culminated in the Eocene-Oligocene transition meant major changes in Palaeotheriidae (Perissodactyla, Mammalia) biodiversity in Europe and could have caused the appearance of new dietary strategies. This work is the first to study the spatiotemporal response of one palaeotheriid genus ( Plagiolophus ) to the Eocene environmental and ecological changes using three dietary proxies: hypsodonty, mesowear and dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA). DMTA is applied for the first time to palaeotheriids. The high diversity and wide chrono-spatial distribution of Plagiolophus make it possible to evaluate spatiotemporal environmental variations, including palaeodiet. We study five Plagiolophus samples from late middle Eocene to early Oligocene from western Iberia to central Europe in order to (1) infer lifetime palaeodiet; (2) infer short-term palaeodiet; and (3) test temporal and spatial trends. All samples present an exclusion of abrasive foodstuff given low hypsodonty index; dominance of browsing given the low mesowear score; and browsing of tough foliage and exclusion of hard items in their diet given DMTA information. These factors point to Plagiolophus as a highly selective feeder that fed on plants with the same features irrespective of chronology or location: tough foliage (leaves from monocots or dicots) avoiding lignified or hard materials, without seasonal variations. • Palaeotheriid dietary strategies changes related with climatic cooling are hypothesized. • Dental hypsodonty, mesowear and microwear are analysed in the Palaeogene Plagiolophus . • Lifetime and short-term palaeodiet and a spatiotemporal trend are studied. • First time Dental Microwear Textural Analysis is applied to palaeotheriids. • Plagiolophus was a highly selective browser-like feeder despite chronology or location.

The chondrichthyan fossil record of the Florida Platform (Eocene–Pleistocene)

AbstractAs of September 2019, the Florida Museum of Natural History (FLMNH) had a curated collection of 117,449 chondrichthyan specimens from Florida, spanning the Eocene through the Pleistocene. Herein, I evaluate the completeness of the chondrichthyan fossil record from Florida based on the FLMNH collection, while analyzing patterns in taxonomic and ecomorphological diversity. At least 70 chondrichthyan taxa were recognized, representing 10 orders, 26 families, and 42 genera; of which, 20 taxa represent first occurrences from Florida. A sample of 107,698 specimens was organized into 12 time bins to analyze taxonomic and ecomorphological diversity, with an expectation that diversity patterns would correspond with global climate events (e.g., the Eocene–Oligocene transition and the middle Miocene climatic optimum). However, diversity patterns were obscured by pervasive sampling bias, attributable to variable collection methods, research prioritizations, and regional lithologic controls. Sampling is particularly poor for smaller specimens and older geologic units (e.g., the Paleogene). Despite incomplete sampling of the Florida chondrichthyan fossil record, there was an apparent turnover along the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains from a lamniform- to carcharhiniform-dominated chondrichthyan fauna that occurred during the Eocene. This turnover corresponded with the extinction of many lamniform taxa with grasping-dominated dentition types (e.g., Brachycarcharias, Jaekelotodus, and Macrorhizodus). Selachian taxa that survived the late Eocene extinctions were predominantly represented by cutting-dominant dentition types. As cutting aids in the dismemberment of prey, this may reflect a macroevolutionary trend toward active predation and scavenging on larger prey, such as marine mammals, teleost fish, and other sharks.

Modelling evidence for late Eocene Antarctic glaciations

It is generally believed that a large scale Antarctic ice sheet formed at the Eocene-Oligocene transition (34.44-33.65 Ma). However, oxygen isotope excursions during the late Eocene (38-34 Ma) and geomorphic evidence of glacial erosion suggest that there were ephemeral continental scale glaciations before the Oi-1 event. Here, we investigate the Antarctic ice sheet evolution over a multi-million year timescale during the late Eocene up to the early Oligocene with the most recent estimates of carbon dioxide evolution over this time period and different bedrock elevation reconstructions. A novel ice sheet-climate modelling approach is applied where the Antarctic ice sheet model VUB-AISMPALEO is coupled to the emulated climate from HadSM3 using the coupler CLISEMv1.0. Our modelling results show that short-lived continental scale Antarctic glaciation might have occurred during the late Eocene when austral summer insolation reached a minimum in a narrow range of carbon dioxide concentrations. The Antarctic ice sheet first reached the coast in Prydz Bay and later in the Weddell Sea region, supporting the glaciomarine sediments dated prior to the EOT.

A new perspective on Late Eocene and Oligocene vegetation and paleoclimates of South-eastern Australia

We present a composite terrestrial pollen record of latest Eocene through Oligocene (35.5–23 Ma) vegetation and climate change from the Gippsland Basin of south-eastern Australia. Climates were overwhelmingly mesothermic through this time period, with mean annual temperature (MAT) varying between 13 and 18 °C, with an average of 16 °C. We provide evidence to support a cooling trend through the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT), but also identify three subsequent warming cycles through the Oligocene, leading to more seasonal climates at the termination of the Epoch. One of the warming episodes in the Early Oligocene appears to have also occurred at two other southern hemisphere sites at the Drake Passage as well as off eastern Tasmania, based on recent research. Similarities with sea surface temperature records from modern high southern latitudes which also record similar cycles of warming and cooling, are presented and discussed. Annual precipitation varied between 1200 and 1700 mm/yr, with an average of 1470 mm/yr through the sequence. Notwithstanding the extinction of Nothofagus sg. Brassospora from Australia and some now microthermic humid restricted Podocarpaceae conifer taxa, the rainforest vegetation of lowland south-eastern Australia is reconstructed to have been similar to present day Australian Evergreen Notophyll Vine Forests existing under the sub-tropical Köppen-Geiger climate class Cfa (humid subtropical) for most of the sequence. Short periods of cooler climates, such as occurred through the EOT when MAT was ~ 13 °C, may have supported vegetation similar to modern day Evergreen Microphyll Fern Forest. Of potentially greater significance, however, was a warm period in the Early to early Late Oligocene (32–26 Ma) when MAT was 17–18 °C, accompanied by small but important increases in Araucariaceae pollen. At this time, Araucarian Notophyll/Microphyll Vine Forest likely occurred regionally.

Enhanced aridification across the Eocene/Oligocene transition evidenced by geochemical record in the Tajik Basin, Central Asia

The Tajik Basin is an intermontane depression between the mountain ranges of Tian Shan, Pamir, and Hindukush, which is located in the northwestern part of the India-Asia collision zone. Due to the westward retreat of the Neotethys Sea, the paleoenvironment of the Tajik Basin has underwent change from a shallow-sea to a continental semiarid land during the Cenozoic era. This implies that the long-term climatic record in the Tajik Basin can potentially reflect the environmental effects of the changed land-sea distributions controlled by plate collision and global eustatic sea-level changes. In this paper, we present new results of stable oxygen and carbon isotopes of carbonates and chemical weathering indices of bulk samples from the Eocene-Oligocene terrestrial strata (ca. 39–30 Ma) in the center of the Tajik Basin. The temporal variations of oxygen and carbon isotopes of carbonates indicate an isotopic shift across the Eocene-Oligocene transition (~34 Ma), characterized by a relatively positive shift due to the isotopic enrichment in authigenic carbonates in an enhanced aridification episode in the Tajik Basin. This shift was also mirrored by the weakened chemical weathering indicated by the ratios of major oxides across the Eocene-Oligocene transition. Such a regional climatic shift was generally coincident with a remarkable global scale sea-level drop. We suggest that the isolated Paratethys Sea, which was mainly driven by global cooling due to the initial formation of the Antarctica Ice-sheet, together with the decreased seawater evaporation due to lower sea surface temperature, reduced water vapor transport by westerlies to the downwind region, and thus intensified the aridification in the Tajik Basin began at ~34 Ma. • Reconstructed paleoclimatic record between ~39 and 30 Ma in Central Tajik Basin. • Stable isotopes and chemical weathering indices reveal enhanced aridity at ~34 Ma. • Regression of the Paratethys played a major role in reducing moisture transport.

Eocene to Oligocene vegetation and climate in the Tasmanian Gateway region were controlled by changes in ocean currents and &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;p&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;

Abstract. Considered one of the most significant climate reorganizations of the Cenozoic period, the Eocene–Oligocene Transition (EOT; ca. 34.44–33.65) is characterized by global cooling and the first major glacial advance on Antarctica. In the southern high latitudes, the EOT cooling is primarily recorded in the marine realm, and its extent and effect on the terrestrial climate and vegetation are poorly documented. Here, we present new, well-dated, continuous, high-resolution palynological (sporomorph) data and quantitative sporomorph-based climate estimates recovered from the East Tasman Plateau (ODP Site 1172) to reconstruct climate and vegetation dynamics from the late Eocene (37.97 Ma) to the early Oligocene (33.06 Ma). Our results indicate three major climate transitions and four vegetation communities occupying Tasmania under different precipitation and temperature regimes: (i) a warm-temperate Nothofagus–Podocarpaceae-dominated rainforest with paratropical elements from 37.97 to 37.52 Ma; (ii) a cool-temperate Nothofagus-dominated rainforest with secondary Podocarpaceae rapidly expanding and taking over regions previously occupied by the warmer taxa between 37.306 and 35.60 Ma; (iii) fluctuation between warm-temperate–paratropical taxa and cool temperate forest from 35.50 to 34.49 Ma, followed by a cool phase across the EOT (34.30–33.82 Ma); and (iv) a post-EOT (earliest Oligocene) recovery characterized by a warm-temperate forest association from 33.55 to 33.06 Ma. Coincident with changes in the stratification of water masses and sequestration of carbon from surface water in the Southern Ocean, our sporomorph-based temperature estimates between 37.52 and 35.60 Ma (phase ii) showed 2–3 ∘C terrestrial cooling. The unusual fluctuation between warm and cold temperate forest between 35.50 to 34.59 Ma is suggested to be linked to the initial deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway, allowing eastern Tasmania to come under the influence of warm water associated with the proto-Leeuwin Current (PLC). Further to the above, our terrestrial data show the mean annual temperature declining by about 2 ∘C across the EOT before recovering in the earliest Oligocene. This phenomenon is synchronous with regional and global cooling during the EOT and linked to declining pCO2. However, the earliest Oligocene climate rebound along eastern Tasmania is linked to a transient recovery of atmospheric pCO2 and sustained deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway, promoting PLC throughflow. The three main climate transitional events across the studied interval (late Eocene–earliest Oligocene) in the Tasmanian Gateway region suggest that changes in ocean circulation due to accelerated deepening of the Tasmanian Gateway may not have been solely responsible for the changes in terrestrial climate and vegetation dynamics; a series of regional and global events, including a change in the stratification of water masses, sequestration of carbon from surface waters, and changes in pCO2, may have also played vital roles.

Deep water inflow slowed offshore expansion of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet at the Eocene-Oligocene transition

The stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is threatened by the incursion of warm Circumpolar Deepwater which flows southwards via cross-shelf troughs towards the coast there melting ice shelves. However, the onset of this oceanic forcing on the development and evolution of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet remains poorly understood. Here, we use single- and multichannel seismic reflection profiles to investigate the architecture of a sediment body on the shelf of the Amundsen Sea Embayment. We estimate the formation age of this sediment body to be around the Eocene-Oligocene Transition and find that it possesses the geometry and depositional pattern of a plastered sediment drift. We suggest this indicates a southward inflow of deep water which probably supplied heat and, thus, prevented West Antarctic Ice Sheet advance beyond the coast at this time. We conclude that the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has likely experienced a strong oceanic influence on its dynamics since its initial formation.

Vegetation change across the Drake Passage region linked to late Eocene cooling and glacial disturbance after the Eocene–Oligocene transition

Abstract. The role and climatic impact of the opening of the Drake Passage and how it affected both marine and terrestrial environments across the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT ∼34 Ma) period remains poorly understood. Here we present new terrestrial palynomorph data compared with recently compiled lipid biomarker (n-alkane) data from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 113, Site 696, drilled on the margin of the South Orkney Microcontinent (SOM) in the Weddell Sea, to investigate changes in terrestrial environments and palaeoclimate across the late Eocene and early Oligocene (∼37.6–32.2 Ma). Early late Eocene floras and sporomorph-based climate estimates reveal Nothofagus-dominated forests growing under wet temperate conditions, with mean annual temperature (MAT) and precipitation (MAP) around 12 ∘C and 1802 mm respectively. A phase of latest Eocene terrestrial cooling at 35.5 Ma reveals a decrease in MAT by around 1.4 ∘C possibly linked to the opening of the Powell Basin. This is followed by an increase in reworked Mesozoic sporomorphs together with sedimentological evidence indicating ice expansion to coastal and shelf areas approximately 34.1 Myr ago. However, major changes to the terrestrial vegetation at Site 696 did not take place until the early Oligocene, where there is a distinct expansion of gymnosperms and cryptogams accompanied by a rapid increase in taxon diversity and a shift in terrestrial biomarkers reflecting a change from temperate forests to cool temperate forests following 33.5 Ma. This surprising expansion of gymnosperms and cryptogams is suggested to be linked to environmental disturbance caused by repeat glacial expansion and retreat, which facilitated the proliferation of conifers and ferns. The timing of glacial onset at Site 696 is linked to the global cooling at the EOT, yet the latest Eocene regional cooling cannot directly be linked to the observed vegetation changes. Therefore, our vegetation record provides further evidence that the opening of the Drake Passage and Antarctic glaciation were not contemporaneous, although stepwise cooling in response to the opening of ocean gateways surrounding the Antarctic continent may have occurred prior to the EOT.

Enhanced precipitation in the Gulf of Mexico during the Eocene–Oligocene transition driven by interhemispherical temperature asymmetry

Abstract Studies reveal that the sea-surface temperature (SST) of the Northern Hemisphere decreased at a smaller amplitude than that of the Southern Hemisphere during the Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT). This interhemispheric temperature asymmetry has been associated with intensified Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) that may have driven enhanced precipitation and weathering in low latitudes and the subsequent drawdown of atmospheric carbon dioxide. However, no quantitative constraints on paleo-precipitation have been reported in low latitudes to characterize the AMOC effect across the EOT. Here, we present the results of high-resolution (ca. 6 k.y. per sample) isotopic and biomarker records from the Gulf of Mexico. Reconstructed precipitation using leaf wax carbon isotopes shows an increase of 44% across the EOT (34.1–33.6 Ma), which is accompanied by a secular increase in SST of ~2 °C during the latest Eocene. We attribute the enhanced precipitation in the Gulf of Mexico to the northward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone that was driven by an enlarged polar-tropic temperature gradient in the Southern Hemisphere and an invigorated AMOC. Our findings link changes in meridional temperature gradient and large-scale oceanic circulation to the lowlatitude terrestrial hydroclimate and provide paleohydrological evidence that supports CO2-weathering feedback during the EOT “greenhouse” to “icehouse” transition.

Phylotranscriptomics Resolves the Phylogeny of Pooideae and Uncovers Factors for Their Adaptive Evolution.

Adaptation to cool climates has occurred several times in different angiosperm groups. Among them, Pooideae, the largest grass subfamily with ∼3,900 species including wheat and barley, have successfully occupied many temperate regions and play a prominent role in temperate ecosystems. To investigate possible factors contributing to Pooideae adaptive evolution to cooling climates, we performed phylogenetic reconstruction using five gene sets (with 1,234 nuclear genes and their subsets) from 157 transcriptomes/genomes representing all 15 tribes and 24 of 26 subtribes. Our phylogeny supports the monophyly of all tribes (except Diarrheneae) and all subtribes with at least two species, with strongly supported resolution of their relationships. Molecular dating suggests that Pooideae originated in the late Cretaceous, with subsequent divergences under cooling conditions first among many tribes from the early middle to late Eocene and again among genera in the middle Miocene and later periods. We identified a cluster of gene duplications (CGD5) shared by the core Pooideae (with 80% Pooideae species) near the Eocene–Oligocene transition, coinciding with the transition from closed to open habitat and an upshift of diversification rate. Molecular evolutionary analyses homologs of CBF for cold resistance uncovered tandem duplications during the core Pooideae history, dramatically increasing their copy number and possibly promoting adaptation to cold habitats. Moreover, duplication of AP1/FUL-like genes before the Pooideae origin might have facilitated the regulation of the vernalization pathway under cold environments. These and other results provide new insights into factors that likely have contributed to the successful adaptation of Pooideae members to temperate regions.

Palaeogeographic reconstructions of the Eocene-Oligocene Tarim Basin (NW China): Sedimentary response to late Eocene sea retreat

The Paleogene sedimentary successions of the Tarim Basin of western China document a major regression of the proto-Paratethys Sea, significantly changing the land-sea distribution and thereby the palaeoclimatic conditions in Central Asia. However, a comprehensive reconstruction of the palaeogeographic evolution of the basin is lacking because only few exposures are known from the central part of the basin that is mostly covered by the Taklamakan Desert. Here, we reconstruct the main palaeoenvironmental changes following Eocene sea retreat by determining the sedimentological facies of 69 wells that are internally correlated by using seismic profiles and externally to published sections of the exposed southwestern and northern margins of the Tarim Basin. Two major depocentres existed in the Southwest Foredeep and the Kuqa Depression, separated from each other by the Bachu Uplift that was most likely not a particularly high terrain during the Paleogene. We confirm that a major transition from marine to continental-lacustrine sedimentation took place during the Eocene-Oligocene transition in the central parts of the Tarim Basin. We provide new palaeogeographic maps with Eocene and Oligocene facies distributions in the Tarim Basin, which will facilitate a better understanding of the sedimentary response to Paleogene sea-level change and tectonic events of the neighboring mountain ranges. Our reconstruction confirms that both tectonic and eustatic forcing played an active role in controlling the late Paleogene transgression-regression in the Tarim Basin. Provenance and palaeocurrent analyses, combined with sediment distribution patterns, indicate gradual growth and continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau following India–Asia collision in the early Paleogene. The demise of the Tarim Sea at ~41 Ma correlates with palaeoclimatic and environmental changes observed in several basin of central Asia. After sea retreat, the Tarim region progressively transformed into a large and shallow lake system that potentially persisted up to the (early) Oligocene. • Sedimentary facies of 69 drill holes from the Tarim Basin of SW China are analysed. • Palaeogeographic reconstructions are based on Eocene-Oligocene facies distribution. • Facies patterns indicate late Eocene tectonic activity of the Pamir and West Kunlun. • Early Bartonian sea retreating from Tarim relates in time to inner Asian aridification. • During the early Oligocene a large lake persisted in the Tarim Basin.

Asian Paleocene charophyte records demonstrate Eocene dispersals from Asia to Europe

AbstractA latest Paleocene charophyte flora collected from the South Gobi area in the Junggar Basin, western China, includes the geographically widespread taxa Peckichara torulosa var. varians (Dollfus and Fritel, 1919) Sanjuan, Vicente, and Eaton, 2020, Lychnothmanus vectensis (Groves, 1926) Soulié-Märsche, 1989, and Gyrogona lemani capitata Grambast and Grambast-Fessard, 1981. Lychnothmanus vectensis (as Lychnothmanus aff. L. vectensis) is known from the Cretaceous–Paleocene transition in eastern China and the latest Paleocene in western China, with likely additional records from the United States (Utah). The earliest European records of L. vectensis are from the late Eocene to early Oligocene in Spain, France, and England. Similarly, the oldest record of G. lemani capitata is from the latest Paleocene in the South Gobi area, with younger records from the middle Eocene of France. These latest Paleocene gyrogonite assemblages demonstrate the origin of these charophyte lineages in Asia. The dispersal of these charophytes from Asia to Europe in the middle to late Eocene appears to have occurred before the retreat of the Turgai Strait in both the Tarim area and the Siberian Basin by the end of the late Eocene and before the “Grande Coupure” in Europe and the Mongolian Remodelling in Asia during the Eocene–Oligocene transition. We hypothesize that waterbirds may have facilitated this intercontinental dispersal, and that idea is supported by the shared occurrence of avian groups in Central Asia and Europe in the middle and late Eocene.

The genome of the Paleogene relic tree Bretschneidera sinensis: insights into trade-offs in gene family evolution, demographic history, and adaptive SNPs.

Among relic species, genomic information may provide the key to inferring their long-term survival. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the genome of the Paleogene relic tree species, Bretschneidera sinensis, which is a rare endemic species within southeastern Asia. Specifically, we assembled a high-quality genome for B. sinensis using PacBio high-fidelity and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture reads and annotated it with long and short RNA sequencing reads. Using the genome, we then detected a trade-off between active and passive disease defences among the gene families. Gene families involved in salicylic acid and MAPK signalling pathways expanded as active defence mechanisms against disease, but families involved in terpene synthase activity as passive defences contracted. When inferring the long evolutionary history of B. sinensis, we detected population declines corresponding to historical climate change around the Eocene–Oligocene transition and to climatic fluctuations in the Quaternary. Additionally, based on this genome, we identified 388 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were likely under selection, and showed diverse functions in growth and stress responses. Among them, we further found 41 climate-associated SNPs. The genome of B. sinensis and the SNP dataset will be important resources for understanding extinction/diversification processes using comparative genomics in different lineages.

The Cenozoic history of palms: Global diversification, biogeography and the decline of megathermal forests

AbstractAimMegathermal rain forests and mangroves are much smaller in extent today than in the early Cenozoic, primarily owing to global cooling and drying trends since the Eocene–Oligocene transition (c. 34 Ma). The general reduction of these biomes is hypothesized to shape the diversity and biogeographical history of tropical plant clades. However, this has rarely been examined owing to a paucity of good fossil records of tropical taxa and the difficulty in assigning them to modern clades. Here, we evaluate the role that Cenozoic climate change might have played in shaping the diversity and biogeography of tropical plants through time.LocationGlobal.Time periodCenozoic, 66 Ma to present.Major taxa studiedFour palm clades (Calaminae, Eugeissoneae, Mauritiinae and Nypoideae) and their fossil pollen record.MethodsWe compiled fossil pollen occurrence records for each focal palm lineage to reconstruct their diversity and biogeographical distribution throughout the Cenozoic. We use climatic niche models to project the distribution of climatically suitable areas for each lineage in the past, using palaeoclimatic data for the Cenozoic.ResultsFor most palm lineages examined, global pollen taxonomic diversity declined throughout the Cenozoic. Geographical ranges for each focal lineage contracted globally and experienced regional‐scale extinctions (e.g., Afrotropics), particularly after the Miocene. However, climatic niche models trained on extant species of these focal lineages often predict the presence of climatically suitable habitat in areas where these lineages went extinct.Main conclusionsGlobally, the decline in megathermal rain forest and mangrove extent might have led to declines in diversity and range contractions in some megathermal plant taxa throughout the Cenozoic. Although global climatic trends are an important backdrop for the biogeography and diversity of tropical groups at global scales, their continental‐ or regional‐scale biogeographical trajectories might be more dependent on regional abiotic and biotic contexts.