Enzyme Supplementation Research Articles

Coenzyme Q10: A Ubiquitous Supplemental Enzyme Contributing to the Health

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is an endogenous molecule that is ubiquitously found throughout the cellular composition of the human organism. The aforementioned substance plays a crucial function in the production of energy and serves as a potent antioxidant, safeguarding cells against harm induced by free radicals. As individuals progress in age, there is a tendency for the amounts of CoQ10 in their bodies to diminish, resulting in a range of health consequences. Research has indicated that the addition of CoQ10 through supplementation can yield a multitude of advantageous outcomes. Research has demonstrated that it can enhance energy production in cardiac cells and mitigate oxidative stress, so contributing to the improvement of heart health. Furthermore, CoQ10 has demonstrated potential in the management of several illnesses such as hypertension, migraines, and fibromyalgia, attributed to its capacity to enhance mitochondrial activity and alleviate inflammation. Moreover, existing research indicates that the utilization of this particular coenzyme may potentially enhance fertility through the improvement of sperm quality, as well as contribute to the maintenance of good skin by facilitating collagen synthesis. Notwithstanding these possible advantages, it is essential to get guidance from a healthcare practitioner prior to commencing any supplementation protocol due to the potential variability of individual requirements.

The Comparative Effects of Supplementing Protease Combined with Carbohydrase Enzymes on the Performance and Egg n-3 Deposition of Laying Hens Fed with Corn-Flaxseed or Wheat-Flaxseed Diets.

Flaxseed contains huge quantities of anti-nutritional factors (ANFs), which reduce the performance of livestock. Three different protease and multi-carbohydrase enzymes were included in wheat-flaxseed diets (WFD) and corn-flaxseed diets (CFD) to compare their effects on performance, egg n-3 deposition, and fatty acid transporter genes in laying hens. A total of 540, twenty-week-old, Nongda-3 laying hens (DW brown × Hy-line white) were randomly assigned to six dietary groups, including 10% WFD or 10% CFD plus (i) supplemental enzyme A (alkaline protease 40,000 and neutral protease 10,000 (U/g)), (ii) enzyme B (alkaline protease 40,000, neutral protease 10,000, and cellulase 4000 (U/g)), or iii) enzyme C (neutral protease 10,000, xylanase 35,000, β-mannanase 1500, β-glucanase 2000, cellulose 500, amylase 100, and pectinase 10,000 (U/g)). An interaction (p < 0.05) was found for egg mass, hen day of egg production, and feed conversion ratio on the 9-10th week of the experiment. The WFD with enzyme B was associated with the highest egg weight in the 9-10th week. The deposition of total n-3 was superior with WFD (468.22 mg/egg) compared to CFD (397.90 mg/egg), while addition of enzyme C (464.90 mg/egg) resulted in the deposition of more total n-3 compared to enzymes A and B (411.89 and 422.42 mg/egg). The WFD and enzyme C significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and reduced the n-6:n-3 ratio in egg yolk compared to the CFD. The hepatic mRNA expression of liver fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) (p = 0.006), fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS-1) (p < 0.001), elongase-2 (ELOV-2) (p < 0.001), fatty acid transport protein-1 (FATP1) (p < 0.001), and the intestinal mRNA expression of FATP and FABP genes were increased with WFD compared to CFD. In conclusion, WFD with enzyme C is favorable for optimal performance, results in the deposition of more n-3 and DHA, and increases the expression of fatty acid transporter genes, which helps in n-3 transport.

Efficacy of digestive enzyme supplementation in functional dyspepsia: A monocentric, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial

Functional dyspepsia is a form of dyspepsia lacking in clear causes following clinical assessment. Dyspepsia is characterized by episodic or persistent abdominal pain or discomfort of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Its onset has been linked with a deficiency or dysfunction of digestive enzymes. Thus, consumption of digestive multi-enzymatic preparations may be effectively used for the reduction of symptoms. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of the supplementation of a normal diet with a multi-enzyme blend obtained from fungal fermentation, in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, clinical trial. Enrolled subjects (n = 120, male: 63, female: 57), aged 18–59 years, were randomized (allocation ratio 1:1) to receive either 2 capsules per day of the food supplement (containing 200 mg of the multi-enzyme blend/capsule) or placebo, for 2 months. The primary outcome of the study (i.e., improvements in quality of life) was evaluated by the Nepean Dyspepsia Index-SF (NDI-SF) questionnaire, while the secondary outcomes (i.e., severity of pain and the quality of sleep) were assessed through the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The results showed an improvement in NDI-SF1, NDI-SF2–5, VAS, and PSQI scores in subjects treated with the multi-enzyme blend, indicating an improvement in quality of life and of sleep, and a decreased severity of pain, following the supplementation with digestive enzymes, without side effects. In conclusion, treatment with digestive enzymes was found to be effective in the reduction of functional dyspepsia symptoms and in the improvement of sleep quality, and is well-tolerated.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs and cats.

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is a malabsorptive syndrome caused by insufficient secretion of digestive enzymes from pancreatic acini. The most common causes of EPI in dogs and cats are pancreatic acinar atrophy and chronic pancreatitis. EPI is diagnosed by measurement of species-specific immunoassays for serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity, the concentration of which directly reflects the mass of functioning pancreatic acinar tissue. EPI is treated by pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, nutritional management (low-residue diets with moderate fat content), and supplementation of cobalamin. Some dogs and cats have persistent clinical signs despite these treatments. Growing evidence suggests that these clinical signs may be due to enteric microbiota dysbiosis or the presence of concurrent diseases such as chronic enteropathies. Management of these abnormalities may improve outcome in dogs and cats with EPI. The long-term prognosis for dogs and cats with EPI is generally good if high-quality medical therapy is provided. Future studies are needed to further understand the causes of persistent dysbiosis in animals with EPI following initiation of pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy and assess the efficacy of treatments to ameliorate these abnormalities.

Determining the Effect of Pancreatic-like Enzymes (PLEMs) Added to the Feed of Pregnant Sows on Fetal Size of Piglets to Minimize IUGR Syndrome Caused by Fetal Malnutrition.

The present study aimed to develop a feeding strategy for pregnant sows that involved the prenatal administration of a mixture of pancreatic-like fungal enzymes, such as lipase, amylase, and protease, at (1) 1-115 days of gestation (group D1) and (2) 80-115 days of gestation (group D2) and to carry out a comparison with groups of sows that were not receiving such supplementation (negative control (NC) and positive control (PC)). It was found that the administration of the enzyme supplement resulted in a significant shortening of gestation (p ≤ 0.01). The pancreatic enzymes administered to sows had a significant effect on the number of liveborn piglets and weaned piglets, which was higher compared with the control groups that did not receive supplementation: D1-12.1 ± 1.1 and 11.12 ± 1.1 and D2-12.8 ± 1.3 and 11.75 ± 0.07 vs. the control groups KN-10.7 ± 1.0 and 9.62 ± 0.95 and KP-10.9 ± 1.2 and 10.15 ± 1.0 (p < 0.006), respectively. Significant changes in piglet growth were observed after weaning up to 70 days of age. During this period, the most favorable growth parameters were observed in groups D2 (420 ± 91 g) and PC (407 ± 103 g), in which piglets obtained a mixture of pancreatic enzymes (lipase, amylase, and protease) at 3 weeks of age, and significantly higher weight gain and feed intake were observed compared with groups NC (378 ± 114 g) and D1 (381 ± 96 g) (p ≤ 0.007). In contrast, insulin levels were significantly lower in groups D1 and D2, with values of 6.8 IU/mL and 6.7 IU/mL, respectively, compared with groups NC (14.6 IU/mL) and PC (16.6 IU/mL) (p ≤ 0.01). Piglets in group D2 had a significantly better feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.604 ± 0.10 compared with the other dietary groups: KN-1.986 ± 0.14; KP-1.704 ± 0.11; and D1-1.932 ± 0.15 (p ≤ 0.03). Histological imaging confirmed a significantly thicker intestinal epithelium and intestinal mesenteron in animals from groups D2 and PC (p ≤ 0.03). Animals from the groups KP, D1, and D2 receiving enzymes showed a highly significant increase in the surface area of pancreatic follicles and pancreatic surface area compared with the group without KN supplementation (p < 0.01). Furthermore, significantly higher activity of the brush border enzyme lactase was observed in groups D1, D2, and PC, with values of 32.90 ± 3.99, 30.00 ± 6.83, and 29.60 ± 29.60, respectively, compared with group NC, with a value of 21.80 ± 3.27 (p ≤ 0.01).

339 An Evaluation of the Effects of Feeding an Exogenous Fibrolytic Enzyme Product on the Growth Performance and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Bison Calves Fed in a Commercial Feed Yard

Abstract While exogenous enzyme supplementation has been tested in ruminants as early as the 1960’s, industry adoption of such technologies has been slow. With high feed costs, technologies such as feed enzyme could potentially help producers to lower the production cost by improving feed efficiency. A 69-day growing experiment was conducted at a commercial feed yard in Western NE using bison calves [n = 228; initial body weight (BW) = 269 kg, SD = 41 kg] to determine the effects of supplementation of an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme from T. reesei on calf dry matter intake (DMI), growth performance and nutrient apparent digestibility. A completely randomized design was utilized with two treatments, control (CON) or enzyme (CX), and four pens, with calves assigned randomly to pen and pen assigned to TRT (48 to 66 calves per pen). Individual calf BW were obtained on day 0, day 35, and day 69. The DMI was measured daily by pen, with feed offered adjusted daily and fecal samples were composited and analyzed on pen-basis. Data were analyzed using JMP statistical software, with initial BW included as a covariate in the analyses. Average daily gain and DMI in calves fed the CX treatment was 7% greater (0.895 vs. 0.830 kg/d; P = 0.02), and 11% less (7.83 vs. 8.75 kg/d; P = 0.02) than in calves fed the CON treatment, respectively, resulting a 18% numeric improvement in feed efficiency for calves fed the CX treatment compared with calves fed the CON treatment. Apparent starch digestibility tended to improve (P = 0.07) by 15% in calves fed the CX treatment compared with calves fed the CON treatment, while apparent neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (as a percent of NDF) was numerically improved by 9% in calves fed the CX treatment compared with calves fed the CON treatment. Although the mode of action warrants further investigation, these data suggest that feeding an exogenous fibrolytic enzyme product may be beneficial for growing bison calves, likely in part because of greater apparent nutrient digestibility.

PSII-30 Effect of Dietary Alpha-Amylase Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of Crossbred Dairy Beef Bulls Fed Pellet Or Mash High-Concentrate Diets

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary alpha-amylase supplementation on growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed either pellet or mash high-concentrate diets. Two parallel studies were conducted in two barns. In the first barn, 138 bulls (170 ± 2.3 kg of BW, and 148 ± 0.7 days of age) were grouped in 8 pens of 16 to 19 animals/pen and fed pelleted concentrate (PELLET study); and in the second barn, 148 (180 ± 1.6 kg of BW, and 150 ± 0.7 days of age) were grouped in 8 pens of 17 to 19 animals/pen and fed mash concentrate (MASH study). All bulls were fed concentrate (Table 1), straw, and water ad libitum. In each study, pens were assigned to one of 2 treatments: 1) CTR, no amylase supplementation; 2) RUM, RumiStar600 CT concentrate inclusion [630 mg/kg DM, based on 600 kilo novo units (KNU) of alpha-amylase activity]. After 196 days, divided in seven 28-days periods, where daily concentrate intake per pen, and BW per animal every 28 days was recorded animals were transported to slaughterhouse at different days within a month. Also, on days 0, 42, 84 and 168 concentrate samples were collected for enzyme activity and nutrient content analyses. Carcass quality was recorded at the slaughterhouse, bulls of PELLET study were slaughtered on average at 236 days of study and bulls of MASH study were slaughtered on average at 226 days of study. Data of each study were analyzed using a mixed model. In PELLET study, growth performance and carcass quality were not affected by treatments; however, conformation grade (SEUROP) was improved (P = 0.03) in RUM bulls compared with CTR bulls (score R: 18 vs. 5 %; score O: 54 vs. 56 %; score P: 28 vs. 39 %; RUM vs. CTR, respectively). Moreover, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was numerically (P = 0.11) improved in RUM fed bulls compared with CTR fed bulls (4.65 vs. 4.99 kg DM/kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively;). In the MASH study, only an interaction between treatment by time in BW (P = 0.04) was observed; RUM bulls tended to be heavier than CTR bulls in the period 7 (476 vs. 470 ± 3.2 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P = 0.10). In conclusion, in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets with alpha-amylase supplementation (600 KNU of alpha-amylase activity/kg DM of concentrate) for at least 196 days improved FCR and carcass conformation grade when concentrate presentation form was pellet.

Chitosan-based oral hydrogel formulations of β-galactosidase to improve enzyme supplementation therapy for lactose intolerance

β-Galactosidase supplementation plays an important role in the life of people with lactose intolerance. However, these formulations are rendered ineffective by the low pH and pepsin in the stomach and pancreatic proteases in the intestine. Therefore, it is necessary to develop oral transport systems for carrying this enzyme in the active form up to the intestine, where the lactose digestion occurs. In this research, a new hydrogel was developed that could potentially be used for enzyme supplement therapy. In this regard, the chitosan-based β-Gal formulations described in the manuscript are an alternative long-acting preparation to the so far available preparations that allow for enzyme protection and mucosal targeting. These hydrogels were prepared from chitosan and polyethylene glycol and contained a covalently immobilized β-galactosidase from Aspergillus oryzae. The β-galactosidase in the hydrogel was protected from degradation in a gastric medium at a pH of 2.5 and retained 75 % of its original activity under subsequent intestinal conditions. In the case of a simulated gastric fluid with a pH of 1.5, a copolymer containing methacrylic acid functional groups was sufficient to protect the hybrid hydrogel from the extremely acidic pH. In addition, the surface of the hydrogel was chemically modified with thiol and amidine groups, which increased the binding to intestinal mucin by 20 % compared with the unmodified hydrogel. These results represent a promising approach for oral transport as a reservoir for β-galactosidase in the small intestine to reduce the symptoms of hypolactasia.

PSII-29 Effect of Dietary Alpha-Amylase Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance, Eating Pattern and Carcass Quality in Crossbred Dairy Beef Bulls Fed High-Concentrate Diets.`

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary alpha-amylase supplementation on growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets. Ninety-nine bulls (187 ± 2.6 kg of BW, and 146 ± 1.0 days of age) were grouped in 6 pens of 15 to 17 animals/pen and fed concentrate, straw, and water ad libitum. Pens were assigned to one of 2 treatments: 1) CTR (n = 51), no treatment; 2) RUM (n = 48), RumiStar600 CT concentrate inclusion (630 mg/kg DM, based on 600 kilo novo units (KNU) of alpha-amylase activity). After 168 days, using twelve 14-days periods to record daily concentrate intake per animal, daily water consumption per pen, and fortnightly BW per animal animals were transported to slaughterhouse within one month, the whole study lasted an average of 210 days. Also, on days 0, 42, 84 and 168 concentrate samples were collected for enzyme activity and nutrient content analyses. Carcass quality was recorded at the slaughterhouse. Data were analyzed using a mixed model. The BW was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01; interaction treatment by time) in RUM than in CTR treatment from period 1 to period 12. Concentrate intake tended (P = 0.10) to be greater in RUM than in CTR treatment in periods 1, 9 and 10. Bulls from RUM treatment had a greater (P &amp;lt; 0.01) ADG and a better feed conversion ratio than CTR bulls in periods 8, 10 and 12. Water consumption was similar between treatments, and no health problems related to treatments were recorded. Treatment did not affect carcass conformation. Preslaughter BW (539 vs. 523 ± 6.4 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P = 0.01) and hot carcass weight (306 vs. 295 ± 4.1 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P &amp;lt; 0.01) were greater in RUM than in CTR bulls. Also, fatness grade tended (P = 0.08) to be greater in RUM than in CTR treatment (score 1: 8 vs. 25 %; score 2: 77 vs. 63 %; score 3: 15 vs. 12 %; RUM vs. CTR, respectively). In conclusion, dietary alpha-amylase supplementation (600 KNU of alpha-amylase activity/kg DM of concentrate) for at least 168 days improved growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets.

Эффективность воздействия экструдированного зерна амаранта на продуктивность, качество яиц, антиоксидантный статус и липидный профиль холестерина крови и желтка яиц кур-несушек

Purpose. To establish the effect of extruded amaranth grain (Amaranthus hybridus chlorostachys) with the addition of a complex of enzymes on egg productivity, the quality of food eggs, including the presence of cholesterol in the yolk, and the level of antioxidant status of laying hens. Materials and Мethods. When performing the work, both conventional research methods and modern instrumental, zootechnical, biochemical, and chemical methods were used, which were carried out in certified laboratories. The resulting digital material was processed using the Microsoft Excel statistical package, the reliability of the data was checked using the Student's t-test. Results. Amaranth, as a valuable source of nutrients, has the potential to meet the nutritional requirements of poultry. According to the data obtained, feeding amaranth to laying hens, either alone or in combination with a multi-enzyme complex, can lead to the production of food eggs with a low cholesterol content without any negative impact on their quality. In parallel, the antioxidant status and the atherogenic index (LDL/HDL) of birds are improving. In addition, feeding amaranth with enzyme supplements led to an increase in the productivity of laying hens. Conclusion. In general, the results of our study show that feeding amaranth grain favorably affects the health parameters of laying hens by improving antioxidant status, as well as lowering cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides, while increasing blood HDL levels. It should be noted that the indicators of productivity and quality of eggs improve when a multi-enzyme complex is included in the diet containing amaranth grains at a dose of 250 g/t of feed. The high content of crude protein in amaranth grain and the presence in it of substances with antioxidant activity make it possible to use it as a feed agent in industrial poultry farming. It is known that egg yolk cholesterol determines the nutritional value of the product. Our studies have proven a positive trend in lowering cholesterol levels: when using 10% extruded amaranth grain in the compound feed – by 6.87%, and with the additional inclusion of an enzyme complex – by 9.86%.

59 Dietary Fiber Source and Stage of Gestation Impact Water Balance and Fecal Physicochemical Properties of Sows

Abstract Providing soluble fiber in sow diets is known to increase satiety, reduce incidences of constipation, and decrease the rate of assisted farrowings due to its physicochemical properties. However, fiber sources commonly used in U.S. sow diets have negligible solubility and water holding capacity, but carbohydrases may improve these characteristics. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the impact of soluble fiber from sugar beet pulp, insoluble fiber from corn DDGS, and carbohydrase supplementation on water balance and fecal physicochemical properties of sows at mid- and late-gestation. A total of 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments on d 28 of gestation (n = 8) with factors of fiber type [insoluble (IF; 355 g/d) or soluble fiber (SF; 98 g/d)] and enzyme supplementation (Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from d 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 NE-Mcal/d). Two 8-d periods of metabolism collections took place on d 50-59 (mid-) and 99-108 (late-) of gestation. Fresh fecal samples were taken from each sow on d 1 of each collection period and water balance was measured from d 4-7. Daily water allowance was set at 80 mL/kg of BW per day. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme supplementation, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Daily water allowance was used as a covariate where appropriate. No interactions were observed among the main effects (P &amp;gt; 0.63), and there was no effect of enzyme supplementation on water balance or fecal physicochemical properties measured (P &amp;gt; 0.13). Sows fed SF had an increase ratio of grams of water excreted per gram of fecal DM (1.73 vs 1.96 g/g; Fiber P = 0.002) and had 76.6% greater fecal water binding capacity than those fed IF (5.18 vs. 9.15; Fiber P = 0.044). Irrespective of diet, sows in late gestation excreted 14.9% more water per g of DM in their feces (Period P &amp;lt; 0.001) and had increased fecal water binding capacity (5.02 vs 9.67%: Period P = 0.035). In late gestation, urine output increased by 30.5% (1182 vs 1543 mL/d; Period P=0.028) and estimated fecal moisture output increased by 12.3% (367 vs 412 mL/d; Period P = 0.015). Urine specific gravity increased by 0.6% in late gestation (1.00 vs 1.01 g/ml; Period P = 0.047). Sows fed SF had 22.3% less urine output (P = 0.045) but 21.8% more estimated fecal moisture output (P = 0.048). With decreased urine output and increased fecal moisture, these data suggest that there is a repartitioning of water, with greater water retention in the gastrointestinal tract of sows fed SF and during late gestation.

148 Evaluation of Multicarbohydrase Supplementation in Soluble and Insoluble Fiber-Based sow Diets on Markers of Immune Function, Inflammation, and Oxidative Status at mid and Late Gestation

Abstract Carbohydrase supplementation in soluble and insoluble fiber-based diets can improve the health, gastrointestinal function, and livability of growing pigs. However, its efficacy in sow diets is incompletely understood. The experimental objective was to investigate the effects of soluble (20% sugar beet pulp) versus insoluble (20% reduce oil corn DDGS) dietary fiber with or without multicarbohydrase supplementation on systemic markers of gut barrier integrity, inflammation, and oxidative stress of sows at mid and late gestation. On d 28 of gestation, 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity and randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets (n = 8) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement. Factors included fiber type of either insoluble fiber (IF; 16.91 IDF%) or soluble fiber (SF; 5.26 SDF%) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme supplementation (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from d 28 to d 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.4 kg/d. On d 50 and d 99 of gestation, before an 8-d metabolism collection period, serum and plasma were collected via jugular venipuncture and analyzed for malondialdehyde, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP), and a 13-plex cytokine array. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model (PROC Mixed, SAS 9.4) with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme supplementation, and collection period and their interaction as fixed effects. Relative to mid gestation, serum malondialdehyde concentrations were greater in late gestation (5.53 vs. 7.52 μmol/mL; Period P = 0.015), and a similar effect was observed for plasma TAC (5.81 vs. 6.59 mmol/L; Period P = 0.008). Sows fed SF tended to have increased circulating Interleukin (IL)-10 (4.97 vs. 8.59 ng/mL; Fiber P = 0.096) and had increased serum IL-6 (0.65 vs. 1.40 ng/mL; Fiber P = 0.032). Multicarbohydrase supplementation decreased serum IL-4 (17.97 vs. 9.67 ng/mL; Enzyme P = 0.012). Irrespective of collection period, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-stimulating factor in sows fed IF but reduced it in those fed SF (220, 430, 550, 260 pg/mL for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+, respectively; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.042). Sows fed SF+ had increased serum IL-1 receptor antagonist (2.12, 2.20, 2.69, 4.18 ng/ml for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+, respectively; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.035), and IL-2 (1.53, 1.67, 1.64, 2.89 ng/mL for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.042). In the presence of IF, multicarbohydrases increased serum LBP, but not when supplemented with SF (9.68, 10.90, 10.02, 9.68 ng/mL for IF-, IF+, SF-, and SF+, respectively; Fiber×Enzyme P = 0.028). Circulating IL-8 (0.24 vs. 0.10 ng/mL) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (1.26 vs. 0.60 ng/ml) were reduced in sows fed multicarbohydrases (Enzyme P &amp;lt; 0.05). Collectively, supplementing multicarbohydrases may reduce systemic endotoxin and inflammatory pressures throughout gestation, but mechanisms are unique to dietary fiber type.

306 Nutrient Digestibility and Dietary Energy Values in Growing Pigs Fed a Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Soluble (Cddgs)-Based Diet with Multi-Enzyme Supplementation

Abstract Dietary enzyme supplementation may enhance the digestibility and utilization of non-starch components of the diet by pigs. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a multi-carbohydrase enzyme (ENZ) in growing pigs for apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA), apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy values in a corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS)-based diet. A total of 12 ileal-cannulated pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.7 kg ± 3.04] were housed in individual metabolic crates for 21 days (Period 1) and subsequently transferred to individual floor pens for additional 28 days (Period 2). These animals were assigned to 2 diets (n = 6) in a completely randomized design (CRD). The diets were formulated on corn, soybean meal and cDDGS (30%) without (CON) or with ENZ supplementation. The ENZ (Proprietary xylanase/cellulase product, Kerry Inc.) was included in the diets at 200 g/tonne. Feeds were formulated to 1.15% SID lysine and met or exceeded nutrient requirements for growing pigs (NRC, 2012). Pigs were fed diets at three times maintenance energy requirement based on BW, which was assessed at every 2 weeks intervals throughout the study, Titanium dioxide was added to the diets as an indigestible marker. In period 1, pigs had 14 d of adaptation, followed by 4 d fecal and urine using the total collection method and 2 d ileal digesta collection. In period 2, pigs had 23 days adaptation, followed by 2 d fecal collection and 2 d illeal digesta collection. The AID of AA and gross energy (GE) and ATTD of nutrients and GE were calculated by an index method. Data were analyzed as a CRD, using pig as the experimental unit and enzyme supplementation as the main effect. Overall, average daily gain and gain:feed ratio of pigs were 857 and 918 g/d and 0.52 and 0.54 for CON and ENZ, respectively (P &amp;gt; 0.05). In period 1, ENZ supplementation improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the ATTD of dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and GE by 4.4%, 26.8%, 2.8%, 11.3%, and 3.6%, respectively. Also, ENZ tended to improve (P &amp;lt; 0.10) the ATTD of crude protein (CP) by 7.4% and AID of threonine, CP, and GE by 6.6%, 7.6%, and 13.7%, respectively. In period 2, ENZ improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the ATTD of DM, ash, OM, CP, NDF, and GE by 5%, 30.1%, 3.4%, 4.1%, 19.6%, and 4.2%, respectively. similarly, EMZ improved (P &amp;lt; 0.05) the AID of threonine, CP, and GE by 4.2%, 6.0%, and 6.4%, respectively. In conclusion, multi-carbohydrase supplementation in a corn-SBM diet with 30% cDDGS increased the digestibility of nutrients and energy in growing pigs and may represent a useful strategy to optimize the utilization of such raw material.

304 Investigating the Impact of Fiber Type and Multicarbohydrase Supplementation on Nutrient Digestibility and Energy Balance of Gestating Sows

Abstract Supplementing fiber-degrading enzymes in grow-finish pig diets has been shown to improve energy and nutrient digestibility. However, there is a paucity of research on their effectiveness in gestation diets. The experimental objective was to evaluate the efficacy of multicarbohydrase supplementation in the presence of soluble (20% sugar beet pulp) and insoluble (20% corn DDGS) dietary fiber sources on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients and energy balance of sows at mid- and late-gestation. A total of 36 confirmed gestating sows (186 ± 4.6 kg BW) were blocked by parity randomly assigned to 1 of 4 diets (n = 8) in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments on day 28 of gestation. Factors included fiber type of insoluble (IF; 16.91 IDF%) or soluble fiber (SF; 5.26 SDF%) and with (+) or without (-) enzyme supplementation (0.05%, Rovabio Advance P10; Adisseo, Antony, France). Diets were fed from day 28 to 109 of gestation at a feeding level of 2.1 kg (SID-Lys 11 g/d and 4.5 NE-Mcal/d). Diets contained 0.5% of TiO2. Two separate 9-d metabolism periods were conducted on days 50 to 59 (mid-) and 99 to 108 (late-) of gestation. During each period, days 1-3 served as an environmental adaptation period, days 4-7 total urine and feces were collected (96-h) and followed by a 48-h lactulose-mannitol study. Data were analyzed as repeated records using a linear mixed model with block as a random effect, and fiber type, enzyme, and period and their interactions as fixed effects. Multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the ATTD of GE, DM, and NDF by 2.8%, 3.4%, and 8.3%, respectively (Enzyme P &amp;lt; 0.05). There was a tendency for a Period × Fiber × Enzyme interaction for the ATTD of ADF, whereas multicarbohydrase supplementation with SF increased ADF digestibility in mid-gestation by 6.5%, but not in late gestation (P = 0.051). Compared with IF-, the ATTD of hemicellulose was 5.3% greater in sows fed IF+ but did not differ from SF- and SF+ (Fiber×Enzyme P=0.037). Furthermore, in late gestation sows fed IF had 11% greater ATTD of hemicellulose (Period×Fiber P = 0.035). Energy intake did not differ as dictated by design (P = 0.64). Sows fed multicarbohydrases excreted less energy in their urine (519 vs. 469 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.033) and in their feces (985 vs. 900 GE kcal/d; Enzyme P = 0.003). This resulted in an improvement in both DE (3,723 vs. 3,856 kcal/kg; Enzyme P &amp;lt; 0.01) and ME (3,484 vs. 3,583 kcal/kg; Enzyme P = 0.041), irrespective of fiber type. In late-gestation, sows fed SF tended to have decreased GE excretion compared with IF (Period×Fiber P = 0.091). Sows had a 3.5% greater ME in late-gestation (3,451 vs. 3,572 kcal/kg; Period P &amp;lt; 0.01). In conclusion, multicarbohydrase supplementation increased the energetic contribution of IF and SF in sow diets, and sows have increased fiber and energy digestibility in late gestation.

PSIV-19 Understanding Intestinal Health in Nursery Pigs Through Potential Non-Invasive Biomarkers

Abstract Mannans in feed ingredients can cause a feed-induced immune response (FIIR), resulting in intestinal inflammation. The addition of beta-mannanase can limit this anti-nutritional action, reducing the cost of activating the immune response. In the same way, non-invasive biomarkers are important tools that can provide early diagnosis of low-grade inflammation by mannans. The objective of this study was to assess potential non-invasive biomarkers in nursery pigs reared in different scenarios of low-grade inflammation. Female piglets (n = 396; 6.86 ± 0.9 kg; Large white × Landrace) weaned at 21 days of age were used for this trial. Treatments were organized in a factorial design with two diet types (simple or complex feed formulas containing 25 and 12% of soybean-meal, respectively) and two enzyme supplementation plans (control without supplementation or supplemented with beta-mannanase at 0.4 kg per feed of 1,000 kg Hemicell HT, Elanco Animal Health, São Paulo, Brazil). Fecal samples were collected from 10 pigs per treatment at the 21st experimental day. The fecal concentration of calprotectin, neopterin, free fatty acid, lactoferrin, and calcium binding proteins were determined using commercially available ELISA kits. Blood was sampled 6h after oral gavage of FITC-dextran at the 22nd experimental day to access intestinal permeability. The variables were subjected to the normality test (Shapiro-Wilk), analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Tukey's test. Differences among treatments were considered at 5 and 10% significance levels. Piglets receiving beta-mannanase had reduced fecal levels of calprotectin (-41%; P = 0.048), neopterin (-43%; P = 0.019), and free fatty acid (-34%; P = 0.050) in relation to the control group. A tendency was observed for the reduction of novel lactoferrin (-1%; P = 0.072) and calcium binding proteins (-35%; P = 0.095) when comparing control with supplemented animals. In addition, beta-mannanase supplementation decreased intestinal permeability (-10%; P = 0.053) compared with control treatment. However, there was no effects of diet type or diet by enzyme interactions (P &amp;gt; 0.10). The addition of beta-mannanase in the nursery phase reduced fecal biomarkers associated with gut health inflammation. However, there was no difference between diets indicating a simple diet may be used to reduce diet cost without compromising the intestinal health of the animals.

553 Effect of low- versus high-dose pancreatic enzyme supplement on BMI in people with cystic fibrosis

553 Effect of low- versus high-dose pancreatic enzyme supplement on BMI in people with cystic fibrosis

Enhanced ileum function in weaned piglets via Laminaria digitata and alginate lyase dietary inclusion: A combined proteomics and metabolomics analysis

Laminaria digitata, a brown seaweed with prebiotic properties, can potentially enhance the resilience of weaned piglets to nutritional distress. However, their cell wall polysaccharides elude digestion by monogastric animals' endogenous enzymes. In vitro studies suggest alginate lyase's ability to degrade such polysaccharides. This study aimed to assess the impact of a 10% dietary inclusion of L. digitata and alginate lyase supplementation on the ileum proteome and metabolome, adopting a hypothesis-generating approach. Findings indicated that control piglets escalated glucose usage as an enteric energy source, as evidenced by the increased abundance of PKLR and PCK2 proteins and decreased tissue glucose concentration. Additionally, the inclusion of seaweed fostered a rise in proteins linked to enhanced enterocyte structural integrity (ACTBL2, CRMP1, FLII, EML2 and MYLK), elevated peptidase activity (NAALADL1 and CAPNS1), and heightened anti-inflammatory activity (C3), underscoring improved intestinal function. In addition, seaweed-fed piglets showed a reduced abundance of proteins related to apoptosis (ERN2) and proteolysis (DPP4). Alginate lyase supplementation appeared to amplify the initial effects of seaweed-only feeding, by boosting the number of differential proteins within the same pathways. This amplification is potentially due to increased intracellular nutrient availability, making a compelling case for further exploration of this dietary approach. SignificancePig production used to rely heavily on antibiotics and zinc oxide to deal with post-weaning stress in a cost-effective way. Their negative repercussions on public health and the environment have motivated heavy restrictions, and a consequent search for alternative feed ingredients/supplements. One of such alternatives is Laminaria digitata, a brown seaweed whose prebiotic components that can help weaned piglets deal with nutritional stress, by improving their gut health and immune status. However, their recalcitrant cell walls have antinutritional properties, for which alginate lyase supplementation is a possible solution. By evaluating ileal metabolism as influenced by dietary seaweed and enzyme supplementation, we aim at discovering how the weaned piglet adapts to them and what are their effects on this important segment of the digestive system.

A-340 CFTR Modulator Therapy Increases Serum/Plasma Concentrations of Vitamin a in People with Cystic Fibrosis

Abstract Introduction Pancreatic insufficiency (PI) is common in people with Cystic Fibrosis (PwCF), contributing to malabsorption of fat and fat-soluble vitamins. Thus, PI PwCF are prescribed pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) and supplementation with fat-soluble vitamins. The circulating vitamin levels are monitored to guide dietary therapy. Currently, there are multiple cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulator therapies available that have shown significant improvements in pulmonary function, anthropometric parameters, and life expectancy in PwCF, but the effects on serum/plasma fat-soluble vitamin levels remain unknown. The goal of this study was to determine how modulator therapy affects serum/plasma vitamin A and E levels in individuals with CF. Methods The analysis included 1139 serum/plasma samples from 157 children and adolescents with CF: 74 males, 83 females, between the ages of 2–17 years. Most individuals were homozygous or compound heterozygous for the F508del variant (n = 81 and n = 72, respectively). 141 individuals (90%) were diagnosed with PI (fecal elastase &amp;lt;200 μg/g stool). 76 individuals (48%) received different CFTR modulator therapies for at least 1 month. Vitamin A (retinol and retinyl palmitate) and Vitamin E (α-tocopherol and γ-tocopherol) were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography assay. Data analyses were performed in Prism software (La Jolla, CA), and statistical significance was defined as P &amp;lt; 0.05. The study was approved by the IRB. Results Overall, vitamin deficiency was rarely observed in PwCF prescribed PERT and vitamin supplements; &amp;lt;3% of them had low concentrations of Vitamin A and/or E. The proportion of individuals with Vitamin A and/or E above the reference range was larger; 10.9% and 30.8% for Vitamin A and E, respectively, most likely reflecting supplementation. There was no correlation of plasma vitamin A or E results with sex, weight-for-age, height-for-age, or BMI-for-age. However, pancreatic status affected vitamin levels in individuals not taking modulators: samples from PI PwCF (n = 367) had significantly lower Vitamin A and E than those from PS PwCF (n = 71). In contrast, we have observed higher concentrations of Vitamin A retinol in individuals on modulators: 0.49 ± 0.13 mg/L on modulators vs 0.43 ± 0.12 mg/L without modulators. Pairwise analysis of samples from 76 individuals before and after modulator therapy confirmed this finding, showing an average 16% increase in serum/plasma retinol concentration (P &amp;lt; 0.0001). No changes in retinol were observed between different measurements in PwCF who were not taking modulators (n = 82). Vitamin E levels were not impacted by modulator therapy. Conclusions Advances in clinical care improved fat-soluble vitamin status in people with CF. However, even when supplemented and on PERT, PI PwCF not on modulators tend to have lower fat-soluble vitamin concentrations than PS PwCF. CFTR modulator therapy increases serum/plasma concentrations of vitamin A. Thus, individuals receiving modulators and vitamin supplementation should be monitored to avoid Vitamin A toxicity. This is especially true for PS PwCF who already have higher baseline vitamin levels.

Assessing the Prevalence of Age-related Enzyme Deficiency in Indian Population and the Efficacy of Supplementing with a Combination of Alpha- Amylase and Papain Enzyme in this Population

Background: Enzymes are crucial for proper bodily functions, but as individuals age or experience medical conditions,their levels decrease, leading to several health issues most common being the gastrointestinal (GI) problems like dyspepsia,constipation and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). The study assessed age-related enzyme deficiency in the Indian populationand investigated the effectiveness of a combined supplementation of alpha-amylase and papain enzymes. Methods: The studywas a retrospective study in July 2023 used a questionnaire-based survey to assess the prevalence of age-related enzymedeficiency in Indian population and the efficacy of supplementing with a combination of alpha-amylase and papain enzyme inthis population. The study used a validated questionnaire with 18 questions, and data was entered into a software database.Complete cases were analyzed, and missing data was excluded due to low occurrence. The final report was prepared aftercleaning the data. Result: The study included 134 doctors from various medical specializations. Results showed that themajority of doctors were GI specialists, with the highest frequency of patients with age-related enzyme deficits in the 40 to 60 years age groups (55.2%). The combination of alpha-amylase and papain was found to relieve proton pump inhibitor (PPI) overuse adverse effects. The safety profile was neutral (64.9%), with 30.6% stating it as safe and 2.2% as very safe. The combination was found to be neutral (48.5%), effective (45.5%) and very effective (3.7%), with age-related considerations being the main factor. Most doctors rated the combination as neutral (64.9%), with 29.1% giving a good rating and 5.2% giving a very good rating. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study sheds light on the prevalence of age-related enzyme deficiency in the Indian population and provides evidence for the potential efficacy of a combined alpha-amylase and papain enzyme supplement in addressing these deficiencies.

Bacillus-Derived Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Relieves Ocular-Surface Inflammation and Damage by Reducing Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Dry Eye.

We hypothesized that antioxidative enzymes supplementation could be a treatment option for dry eye. We investigated the efficacy of oral administration of Bacillus-derived superoxide dismutase (Bd-SOD) in a murine experimental dry eye (EDE). In part I, mice were randomly assigned to normal control, EDE, and mice groups that were treated with oral Bd-SOD after induction of EDE (EDE + Bd-SOD group; four mice in each group). Expression of SOD2, a major antioxidant enzyme with manganese as a cofactor, was assessed by immunofluorescence staining. In part II, mice were divided into seven groups (six mice in each group): normal control, EDE, vehicle-treated, topical 0.05% cyclosporin A (CsA)-treated, and oral Bd-SOD-treated (2.5, 5.0, and 10.0mg/kg Bd-SOD) groups. Tear volume, tear-film break-up time (TBUT), and corneal fluorescein-staining scores (CFS) were measured at zero, five, and 10days after treatment. Tendays after treatment, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate for reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent for malondialdehyde, and TUNEL assays for corneal apoptosis, flow cytometry inflammatory T cells, and histological assessment were performed. Compared to the normal control group in part I, the EDE group showed significantly decreased SOD2 expression by immunofluorescence staining. However, the EDE + Bd-SOD group recovered similar to the normal control group. In part II, ROS, malondialdehyde, and corneal apoptosis were decreased in CsA and all Bd-SOD-treated groups. Corneal and conjunctival inflammatory T cells decreased, and conjunctival goblet cell density increased in CsA-treated and Bd-SOD-treated groups. Compared to the CsA-treated group, the 2.5mg/kg Bd-SOD-treated group showed increased TBUT and decreased inflammatory T cells, and the 5.0mg/kg Bd-SOD-treated group showed decreased CFS and increased conjunctival goblet cells. Oral Bd-SOD administration might increase autogenous SOD2 expression in ocular surface tissue in EDE and could be developed as a complementary treatment for DE in the future.