Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay ELISA Research Articles

Francisella tularensis: a zoonotic pathogen among wild rodents and arthropods - a possible threat in future

Francisella tularensis is a Gram-negative coccobacillus and an aerobic bacterium. It causes a zoonotic disease called tularemia in humans. Four subspecies have been found in F. tularensis as F. tularensis subsp. Tularensis (Type A strains), F. tularensis subsp. Holarctica (Type B strains), F. tularensis subsp. mediasiatica, and F. tularensis subsp. Novicida. Rearing rabbits and different kinds of rodents as pets are becoming popular in Sri Lanka, veterinarians need to be knowledgeable on emerging pathogens such as F. tularensis, to diagnose the disease within a short time. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to update veterinarians on possible emerging infections to improve the health of pets and to minimize possible zoonotic infections. The clinical outcome caused by Francisella is a debilitating febrile disease in humans. Francisella has been isolated from hundreds of animal species in the world. Being a diverse host range, associated ecological factors relating transmission of Francisella in the environment is largely unknown. F. tularensis type A was reported to be common in North America while occasionally found in Europe. Type B was found commonly in the Northern hemisphere and in Australia. Tularemia is a sporadic disease, and a small infectious dose is required for an infection in humans. The clinical signs and symptoms of tularaemia depend on the route of infection. Six types of clinical forms were identified as ulceroglandular, glandular, oropharyngeal, oculoglandular, pneumonic and typhoidal in humans. Diagnosis of tularemia in humans is based on epidemiology, clinical findings and laboratory confirmation. Microagglutination test, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay ELISA are widely used as diagnostic tests. Several conventional and qPCR have been optimized to detect the organism in clinical samples. Antimicrobials such as aminoglycosides, tetracycline, quinolones, and chloramphenicol were used to minimize clinical complications. Utilization of treated water, usage of gloves on handling wild rabbits and rodents, thorough cooking of bush meat, usage of insect repellents, protection of stored food from rodents, wearing masks, ticks-free clothes, keeping away from weeds, cleaning pets from external parasites have been identified as the main preventive strategies against tularaemia in human. No commercial vaccine is found in the market yet against F. tularensis. This can be an emerging and threatening disease in the future with ongoing changes in arthropod parasites in the ecosystem followed by climatic changes in the world.

Diagnostic and prognostic value of indicators of markers of bone metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with UV functionalised dental implants

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus affects many organ systems, including bone tissue.In diabetic patients, the activity of osteoblasts is suppressed and the activity of osteoclasts in the bone matrix increases, bone formation decreases, which can disrupt the process of osseointegration and ultimately lead to disintegration and failed implants. Based on the foregoing, with diabetes, it is very important to study bone metabolism to predict and dynamically control dental implants. ObjectivesTo assess the indicators of bone metabolism markers Osteocalcin and β-Cross-Laps in blood serum in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with intraosseous dental implants. MethodsThe study included 86 patients, diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus in period 2018 - 2023 with partially or complete edentulous.Implant surgery was performed after periodontal therapy using 367 UV functionalized dental implants in patients 1 group. Patients 2 group was performed implant surgery using 54 dental implants that were not UV functionalization.Final dental prosthetics was performed 4–5 months. UV functionalization of the implant surface was carried out using a UV Activator YWJ-QSY001 (Foshan, Wenjian Medikal Enstriman) for 20 s. The content biochemical markers of bone Osteocalcin and β-Cross-Laps serum was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA (ELISA, IFA Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) before and after dental implantation according to the manufacturers’ protocols. Outcomes assessed included; implant survival, men MBL, PPD, BOP, RFA, prosthetic success. ResultsThere were no clinical examinations of serious biological or prosthetic complications. There is a correlation between different concentrations of Osteocalcin or β-Cross- Laps and the success rate of implants. Implants were shown to be unsuccessful low concentrations of Osteocalcin and high concentrations β-Cross- Laps in serum compared with average mean biochemical markers of bone in 2 group patients. In patients of the 2nd group, the indicators of biochemical bone markers were within the normal range; no correlation was found between osseointegration failers and the complication of peri-implatitis.Short implants success rate was 96,7 %, standart implants success rate was after 97,5 after 5 years. ConclusionImplant therapy can be successfully used in diabetic patients with UV photofunctionalized implants, blood glucose levels should be constantly maintained at a normal level. Monitoring of bone metabolism markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus may have prognostic value for implants and will encourage the practitioner to apply corrective drug therapy in case of violation of markers.

Automated Western Blot Analysis of Ototoxin-Induced Prestin Burst in the Blood after Cyclodextrin Exposure.

Ototoxin cyclodextrin (CDX) will induce a burst in serum prestin when quantified with automated Western blot analysis. In the clinical realm, we primarily rely on audiological measures for diagnosis and surveillance of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) and have limited therapeutic options. We have proposed a blood-based biomarker approach to overcome this challenge by measuring the outer hair cell's (OHC) electromotile protein, prestin, in the blood. Previously, we demonstrated a burst in serum prestin after cisplatin exposure using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assayELISA. Guinea pigs were treated with either 3,000 or 4,000 mg/kg CDX, and serum samples were obtained through 3 days after exposure. Serum prestin levels were quantified using automated blot analysis, western and hair cell counts were obtained. Both 3,000 and 4,000 mg/kg resulted in robust OHC loss, although more variability was seen at the lower dose. Automated Western blot analysis demonstrated that the prestin profile after CDX exposure is different than baseline. Specifically, a new ~134- kDa band accounted for the prestin burst after ototoxin ablation of OHCs at both doses. We reproduced the prestin burst seen after cisplatin administration using CDX. Automated Western blot western analysis revealed that a ~a ~ 134- kDa species of prestin is responsible for the burst. We suggest that the induced band may be a prestin dimer, which could serve as a biomarker for early detection of ototoxicity in the clinical setting. These results add further promise to the potential of serum prestin to serve as an ototoxicity biomarker when using therapeutics with ototoxic properties.

Relationship Between the Expression of LC3 (Microtubule-Associated Protein 1A/1B-Light Chain 3) in Nasal Mucosa and Serum IL-5 and IL-4 Concentrations in Allergic Rhinitis Mice.

To investigate the expression and correlation of autophagy-related microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta LC3 and interleukin-5 IL-5 in allergic rhinitis AR. Fifty-six 7-week-old BALC/C mice were randomly divided into experimental group (n = 56) and control group (n = 8). The experimental group used Dermatophagoides farinae (Der f) for AR modeling, and control group used PBS solution. As the experimental group sampled at 6 time points, and 8 mice were sacrificed each time, while the control group was sacrificed 24 hours after the last dose. The contents of serum IL-4, IL-5, and dust mite specific IgE HDM-sIgE in mice were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA, and the morphological changes of nasal mucosa were detected by a hematoxylin-eosin H&E staining. The expression of LC3 in mouse nasal mucosa was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to assess the relationship between LC3 and IL-5 levels. In AR mice modelled with dust mites, the serum levels of IL-4 and HDM-sIgE increased gradually, and the serum IL-5 concentration had a peak at the early intraperitoneal administration stage similar to that at the end of modelling. The LC3 level in nasal mucosa of AR mice modelled with dust mites increased gradually in the early stages, but stabilized in the later stages. The expression of LC3 level in nasal mucosa was a positively correlated ration between serum IL-5 level in AR mice. In the early stage of AR mice, the level of nasal mucosal autophagy and serum IL-5 levels were significantly increased and correlated, suggesting that nasal mucosal autophagy played a promoting role in the early stage of AR.

A primary study on rat fetal development and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels under the control of electromagnetic fields.

In previous researches, electromagnetic fields have been shown to adversely affect the behavior and biology of humans and animals; however, body growth and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels were not evaluated. The original investigation aimed to examine whether Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) exposure had adverse effects on spatial learning and motor function in rats and if physical activity could diminish the damaging effects of EMF exposure. In this study, we measured anthropometric measurements and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in pregnant rats' offspring to determine if Wi-Fi EMF also affected their growth. These data we report for the first time in this publication. Twenty Albino-Wistar pregnant rats were divided randomly into EMF and control (CON) groups, and after delivery, 12 male fetuses were randomly selected. For assessing the body growth change of offspring beginning at delivery, then at 21 postnatal days, and finally at 56 post-natal days, the crown-rump length of the body was assessed using a digital caliper. Examining BDNF factor levels, an Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA kit was taken. Bodyweight was recorded by digital scale. Outcomes of the anthropometric measurements demonstrated that EMF blocked body growth in rats exposed to EMF. The results of the BDNF test illustrated that the BDNF in the EMF liter group was remarkably decreased compared to the CON group. The results indicate that EMF exposure could affect BDNF levels and harm body growth in pregnant rats' offspring. The results suggest that EMF exposure could affect BDNF levels and impair body growth in pregnant rats' offspring.

Electrochemical immunosensor based on gold-thionine for detection of subarachnoid hemorrhage biomarker.

Introduction: In clinical work, the realization of an early diagnosis of Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is primarily based on conventional computed tomography (CT), MR angiography, transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound, and neurological assessments. However, the association between imaging manifestations and clinical findings is insufficiently perfect, particularly in SAH patients in acute phases with a lower amount of blood. The establishment of a direct, rapid and ultra-sensitive detection method based on electrochemical biosensors has emerged as a new competitive challenge in disease biomarkers research. Methods: In this study, a novel free-labeled electrochemical immunosensor for rapidly and sensitively detecting IL-6 in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) blood has been developed using Au nanospheres-thionine composites (AuNPs/THI) as the interface modified on the electrode. Then, we detected IL-6 in blood samples from SAH patients by (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) ELISA and electrochemical immunosensor. Results: Under the best conditions, the developed electrochemical immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range from 10-2 ng/mL to 102 ng/mL with a low detection limit of 1.85 pg/mL. Furthermore, when the immunosensor was employed in the analysis of IL-6 in 100% serum, the results obtained by electrochemical immunoassay were consistent with those obtained by ELISA without suffering from other significant biological interference. Discussion: The designed electrochemical immunosensor realizes the detection of IL-6 in actual serum samples with high accuracy and sensitivity, and could potentially become a promising technique for applications in the clinical diagnosis of SAH.

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Study of Oxidative Stress Marker 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Background and aim Renin-Angiotensin system has been implicated in pathological changes of organ damage through modulation of gene expression proliferation and inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to identify the role of angiotensin-converting enzyme ACE gene alleles with respect to treatment and effect in chronic kidney disease CKD patients. The objectives of the study were to determine the role of ACE gene allele in haemodialysis treatment of CKD and the effect of ACE gene on 8-hydroxy-2 -deoxyguanosine 8-OHdG level in CKD.Methods The patients available in the medicine department diagnosed with CKD for a period of 12-15 months were included in the study. The peripheral venous blood was used for DNA isolation as per the Quigen kit. The isolated DNA was amplified by polymerase chain reaction PCR using a primer for ACE gene as per the protocols defined previously. The PCR product was subjected to electrophoresis for detection of insertion and deletion. The venous blood was also subjected to 8-OHdG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA assay for oxidative damage analysis.Results The mean plusmn SD values of ACE gene alleles subject to the number of haemodialysis were found to be 185.82 plusmn 131.69 in DD allele 339.33 plusmn 261.59 in II allele and 183.33 plusmn 182.93 in DI allele. The mean plusmn SD values of ACE gene alleles subject to serum 8-OHdG level were found to be 39.02 plusmn 29.5 in DD allele 15.74 plusmn 11.76 in II allele and 25.39 plusmn 23.66 in DI allele respectively.Conclusion The number of hemodialysis and oxidative stress marker level differences were statistically insignificant plt0.05 in patients with different ACE gene alleles.

TGF-1 mRNA, AFP-L3, and Annexin II in the Early and Late Detection of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: The Diagnostic Value

BACKGROUND: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is the recommended screening biomarker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), despite its drawbacks: AFP-negative HCC, poor specificity, and sensitivity. As a result, new HCC-sensitive and specific biomarkers are urgently needed. AIM: This study aimed to determine the diagnostic value of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 mRNA and Annexin II in the early detection and follow-up of HCC. PATIENT AND METHODS: This research involved 75 HCC patients (30 early and 45 late) and 75 liver cirrhosis (LC) patients (all patients have HCV), and 75 healthy individuals as controls. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction measured TGF-β1 mRNA. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA measured Annexin II, AFP-L3, and AFP. RESULTS: Annexin II was a biomarker with a significant difference between the LC and early HCC groups. TGF-β1 mRNA showed a significant difference when the LC group was compared to the control group and the late HCC group. CONCLUSION: Annexin II has better sensitivity and specificity for early HCC detection than AFP, and TGF-β1 mRNA can be used for the assessment of the degree of HCC, and TGF-1 signaling inhibitors may be a possible new treatment choice for HCC.

The Efficacy of Plant Enzymes Bromelain and Papain as a Tool for Reducing Gluten Immunogenicity from Wheat Bran

Gluten-free products made from naturally gluten-free raw materials have an inferior taste and can cause deficiencies in various nutrients, especially non-starch polysaccharides. To address this problem, scientists are searching for new strategies to eliminate harmful gluten from wheat, rye, and barley and to produce balanced products with good organoleptic properties. This study evaluated the possibility of hydrolysing gluten in wheat bran, a by-product obtained after the dry fractionation of wheat, using plant enzymes. The gluten content of wheat bran after treatment with papain, bromelain, and their combination under different hydrolysis conditions was investigated. The amount of gluten was determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA R5 and the reduction in immunogenic gliadins was analysed using high-performance reverse phase liquid chromatography. The results of the study showed that 4 h hydrolysis with bromelain and papain reduced the levels of gluten immunogenic compounds in bran from 58,650.00 to 2588.20–3544.50 mg/kg; however, they did not reach the gluten-free limit. A higher hydrolysis efficiency of 95.59% was observed after treatment with papain, while the combination of both enzymes and bromelain alone were less effective. The results presented in this article will be helpful to other researchers and manufacturers of wheat-based products when selecting methods to reduce gluten immunogenicity and contribute to the development of sustainable technologies.

Assessment of salivary immunoglobulin A, interleu-kin-6 and C-reactive protein in chronic kidney dis-ease patients on hemodialysis and on conservative treatment

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a gradual loss of kidney function with diabetes and hypertension as the leading cause. Chronic kidney disease is one of these systemic diseases that can affect salivary contents. Aims: This study aimed to assess salivary immunoglobulin A, interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment in comparison with control subjects. Materials and methods: Ninety subjects were included in this study divided into three groups: 30 patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis for at least 6 months ago; 30 patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment and 30 healthy control subjects. Secretory immunoglobulin A, interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in saliva samples were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA. Results: No significant difference in salivary immunoglobulin A level among study groups was seen. A significant increase in salivary interleukin-6 and C- reactive protein in both chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment compared to the control group. While, no significant salivary IL-6 and CRP differences were seen between both patient groups, on hemodialysis and conservative treatment. Conclusions: There was no significant difference among chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis, on conservative treatment and control healthy subjects regarding to salivary IgA while Salivary interleukin -6 and C- reactive protein was significantly higher in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis and those on conservative treatment compared to healthy subjects.

Prospective study of biomarkers predictive of radiation-induced bladder toxicity in patients treated with radiotherapy for localized prostate cancer: RABBIO (Radiotoxicity Bladder BIOmarkers).

TPS12142 Background: Despite improvements in irradiation techniques, pelvic radiotherapy is responsible for acute and late adverse events in the bladder, defined as radiation cystitis (CysR). The early symptoms of bladder lesions secondary to pelvic irradiation are likely to occur during treatment or after radiotherapy in approximately 50% of irradiated patients. Acute radiation-related injuries are the first step of the fibrosis process. Fibrosis causes loss of bladder function and has a significant impact on the quality of life of the patients.The pathophysiology of CysR is not well understood, in particular because of the risks of complications caused by accessing the bladder tissue after irradiation, thereby limiting our ability to investigate this process and develop treatments. The main objective of our study is to assess the correlation of biologic biomarkers with the intensity of acute CysR and the quality of life of patients, evaluated with the digital telemonitoring platform Cureety. Methods: Patients with intermediate-risk localized prostate cancer and eligible for localized radiotherapy will be included. Inflammatory biomarkers will be analyzed on urine and blood samples before the initiation of radiotherapy, at week 4, 12 and 48 of irradiation, by quantitative methods such as the Multiplex Luminex assay, cytometry in flow and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA. We will also characterize the gut and urinary microbiota in stool and urine samples using 16S rRNA sequencing technology. This is in order to assess the impact of the fecal and urinary microbiota in acute CysR. Between sample collection visits, patients will answer various questionnaires relating to the symptoms of radiation cystitis (IPSS), adverse events and quality of life (FACT-P), using the digital telemonitoring platform Cureety. Upon receipt of the questionnaires, an artificial intelligence algorithm will process the information and classify the patients according to the severity of symptoms and adverse reactions reported in accordance with CTCAE / IPSS. This will ultimately allow us to correlate urinary, blood and fecal biomarker levels with the severity of acute CysR symptoms and the quality of life reported by the patients. Conclusion: This prospective study is the first to explore the overexpression of inflammatory proteins in fluid biopsies from patients with symptoms of acute CysR. In addition, the 1-year post-treatment follow-up will allow us to predict which patients are at risk for late CysR and to stratify these patients towards radioprotective treatment. The results of this study will allow us to develop strategies to limit radiation damage to the bladder and improve the quality of life of patients. Clinical trial information: 2021A0319635.

Plasma levels of obestatin and ghrelin and obestatin/ghrelin ratio in obese patients

Background: Obestatin and ghrelin are two gastric hormones that have a potential role in dietary intake regulation. Obestatin/ghrelin ratio has been proposed as activity markers in obesity. The study aimed to evaluate ghrelin, obestatin and the ghrelin/obestatin ratio in obese compared to control subjects and to determine their relationship with anthropometric and metabolic parameters. Methods: Fasting obestatin and ghrelin levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA in 28 obese and 24 healthy subjects. The fasting ghrelin/obestatin ratio was calculated. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were also assessed. Results: Obese patients had significantly lower obestatin and ghrelin blood levels compared with controls. The Ghrelin/Obestatin ratio was significantly lower in obese group 0.813±0.0417 ng/ml than in the control group 0.896±0.049 ng/ml, (p&lt;0.001). In obese patients, obestatin and ghrelin were significantly and negatively correlated with BMI and positively correlated with HDL-C. Conclusion: Circulating preprandial ghrelin to obestatin ratio is decreased obese subjects. We suggest that low preprandial ghrelin to obestatin ratio may be involved in the etiology and pathophysiology of obesity.

Detection of Ampelovirus and Nepovirus by Lab-on-a-Chip: A Promising Alternative to ELISA Test for Large Scale Health Screening of Grapevine.

The Ampelovirus Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) and the Nepovirus Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) are pathogens reported in many grapevine-growing areas all over the world, main causal agents of grapevine leafroll disease and grapevine fanleaf disease, respectively. Prevention of virus spread thanks to rapid diagnosis of infected plants is a key factor for control of both diseases. Although serological (e.g., enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-ELISA test) and molecular methods are available to reveal the presence of the viruses, they turn out to be quite expensive, time-consuming and laborious, especially for large-scale health screening. Here we report the optimization of a lab-on-a-chip (LOC) for GLRaV-3 and GFLV detection, based on an electrochemical transduction and a microfluidic multichamber design for measurements in quadruplicate and simultaneous detection of both targets. The LOC detect GLRaV-3 and GFLV at dilution factors more than 15 times higher than ELISA, providing a higher sensitivity in the detection of both viruses. Furthermore, the platform offers several advantages as easy-to-use, rapid-test, portability and low costs, favoring its potential application for large-scale monitoring programs. Compared to other grapevine virus biosensors, our sensing platform is the first one to provide a dose-dependent calibration curve combined with a microfluidic module for sample analysis and a portable electronics providing an operator-independent read-out scheme.

Studying of Some Immunological Parameters in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease ( IBD ) in Al-Anbar Province

The serum levels of interlukine-17A and interlukine-17F were determined using ELISA technique for quantitative determination of IL-17A and IL-17F concentrations in serum. A comparison in Immunological parameters between the two groups (patients and control) showed that there was a significant difference in levels of IL-17 A and IL-17F with p-value (<0.05). The means were: IL-17 A (79.29 pgml),( 18.72 pgml ) and IL-17F(226.4 pgml ),( 29.09 pgml ) respectively. Also the serum levels of p ANCA and c ANCA were determined using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA technique for quantitative determination of pANCA and c ANCA concentrations in human serum. There was a significant difference in levels of perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (pANCA) and cytoplasmic antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies(c ANCA ) with p-value(<0.05), the means were: pANCA ( 60.93 ngml), (10.31ngml), and c ANCA (35.78 ngml), (8.341ngml) respectively.

THE ROLE OF NEUROHORMONAL FACTORS - GALECTIN-3 AND ALDOSTERONE IN THE FORMATION OF THE CLINICAL PROFILE OF THE PATIENT AND THE INFLUENCE ON THE STRUCTURAL REMODELING OF THE HEART AND VESSELS IN PATIENTS WITH HYPERTONIC DISEASE

The article is devoted to the study of the urgent problem of modern cardiology with regard to improving the prediction of the course of Essential arterial hypertension (AH), stage II, in patients of young and middle age based on the study of the role of age-related and neurohumoral factors - galectin-3 and aldosterone in the formation of the clinical profile and structural remodeling of the heart and vessels.&#x0D; The study was conducted according to the protocol of the current clinical and performed at the Department of Therapeutic Disciplines and Family Medicine of the Faculty of Postgraduate Education, Vinnytsya National Pirogov Memorial Medical University. The material was collected on the basis of the Khmelnytsky Regional Cardiovascular Center of the Khmelnytsky Regional Council in the period from January 2016 to April 2017.&#x0D; Patients with hypertension, who participated in the study, were divided into 4 groups depending on age: groups of young and middle age. The group of young patients included men and women (40 people), aged 18 to 44 years. The middle-aged groups included men and women (40 people), aged 45 to 60 years. The total number of the examined patients which we surveyed and were included in the study was 160 persons. The control group included 27 relatively healthy persons (male and female). The average age and the percentage of young and middle-aged patients did not differ significantly. Verification of the diagnosis of hypertension was carried out on the basis of the existing criteria and recommendations.&#x0D; In the course of study, all the patients have undergone laboratory tests (determination of the level of galectin-3 and aldosterone, glucose, creatinine, electrolytes (Na 2+, K +), total cholesterol, triglycerides, high, low and ultra-low density lipoprotein cholesterol), instrumental tests (electrocardiography (ECG ) in 12 leads, 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), echocardiographic (Echo CG) in M, B-, D modes, the structural state of the carotid arteries (CA) based on the assessment of the thickness of the intima-media (TIM) and statistical studies.&#x0D; Aldosterone level was determined by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA using reagents of IBL International GmbH (Canada). Aldosterone level of 40-160 pg/ml was considered as the reference values.&#x0D; The level of galectin-3 in serum was determined by the solid-phase enzyme linked immunosorbent assay using a set of reagents of Human Galectin-3 Platinum Elisa (Bender MedSystems GmbH, Austria).&#x0D; Scores reflect the prognostic value of indicators. The most valuable for predicting relatively high levels of galectin-3 are obesity, carotid artery Intima Media &gt; 0.91 mm and left atrial volume index &gt; 34 ml/m2 (echocardiography), while aldosterone is obesity, the presence of a non-dipper profile according to аverage blood pressure (24 hour blood pressure monitoring) &gt; 32 ml/m2 (еchocardiography) and nightly average heart rate &gt; 62 (24 hour blood pressure monitoring).&#x0D; When determining the IV level of galectin-3 and/or aldosterone, a more severe course of hypertension should be envisaged, and the patient should be referred to the group of high risk of complications from the heart and blood vessels and, possibly, an earlier indication of mineralocorticoids should be considered.

A New Nanomaterial Based Biosensor for MUC1 Biomarker Detection in Early Diagnosis, Tumor Progression and Treatment of Cancer

Early detection of cancer disease is vital to the successful treatment, follow-up and survival of patients, therefore sensitive and specific methods are still required. Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a clinically approved biomarker for determining the cancer that is a type I transmembrane protein with a dense glycosylated extracellular domain extending from the cell surface to 200–500 nm. In this study, nanopolymers were designed with a lectin affinity-based recognition system for MUC1 detection as a bioactive layer on electrochemical biosensor electrode surfaces. They were synthesized using a mini emulsion polymerization method and derivatized with triethoxy-3-(2-imidazolin-1-yl) propylsilane (IMEO) and functionalized with Concanavalin a Type IV (Con A) lectin. Advanced characterization studies of nanopolymers were performed. The operating conditions of the sensor system have been optimized. Biosensor validation studies were performed. Real sample blood serum was analyzed and this new method compared with a commercially available medical diagnostic kit (Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay-ELISA). The new generation nanopolymeric material has been shown to be an affordable, sensitive, reliable and rapid device with 0.1–100 U/mL linear range and 20 min response time.

Synthesis and Antibody Binding Studies of Schistosome-Derived Oligo-α-(1-2)-l-Fucosides.

Schistosomiasis is caused by blood-dwelling parasitic trematodes of the genus Schistosoma and is classified by the WHO as the second most socioeconomically devastating parasitic disease, second only to malaria. Schistosoma expresses a complex array of glycans as part of glycoproteins and glycolipids that can be targeted by both the adaptive and the innate part of the immune system. Some of these glycans can be used for diagnostic purposes. A subgroup of schistosome glycans is decorated with unique α-(1-2)-fucosides and it has been shown that these often multi-fucosylated fragments are prime targets for antibodies generated during infection. Since these α-(1-2)-fucosides cannot be obtained in sufficient purity from biological sources, we set out to develop an effective route of synthesis towards α-(1-2)-oligofucosides of varying length. Here we describe the exploration of two different approaches, starting from either end of the fucose chains. The oligosaccharides have been attached to gold nanoparticles and used in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA and a microarray format to probe antibody binding. We show that binding to the oligofucosides of antibodies in sera of infected people depends on the length of the oligofucose chains, with the largest glycans showing most binding.

Relationship between high CRP and cytokines in Saudi old people with dental caries in alkharj Region, Saudi Arabia.

ObjectiveDental caries is one of the most common problems of the oral cavity which is frequently observed in older people. The aim of this study is to evaluate serum C-reactive proteins (CRP) levels and to identify the correlation between dental caries and CRP levels.MethodologyThe study included 12 aged patients with an average age of 65-years; the patients were diagnosed with dental caries and did not have clinical history of heart diseases, rheumatoid arthritis or any other infection. The control group consisted of 10 healthy donors with an average age of 60-years. The CRP level of positive samples was measured by using CRP Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-ELISA Kit.ResultsThe currents study showed that only 5 out of 12 patients were CRP positive.ConclusionsBecause of study limitations, it is early to conclude of close relationship between serum CRP and dental caries from the findings of this study; however, this study will give a clearer picture to understand the relationship between serum CRP, inflammatory cytokines and dental caries.

Incidence of Aflatoxins in Local and Imported Canned Beef Consumed in Sohag City, Upper Egypt

This study was designed to evaluate the existence of total aflatoxins in local and imported beef canned meat consumed in Sohag city markets. Fifty canned beef meat samples (25 local and 25 imported) were collected from different trade market locality in Sohag city, upper Egypt. The competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ELISA was applied for the determination of total aflatoxins (TAFs). All the tested samples were positive for TAFs with variable types and concentrations. The average concentration of TAF in local beef canned samples showed 60% were above the permitted limit, whereas the imported beef canned foods revealed 70% of samples exceeded the tolerance limit, according to EFSA CONTAM Panel 2018 was published on the ‘Effect on public health of a possible increase of the maximum level for ‘aflatoxin total’ from 4 to 10 µg/kg in processed products which intended for direct human consumption or use as an ingredient in foodstuffs’. These results raise concerns about the canned meat consumed in Egypt and the necessary for regular monitoring for TAFs contamination.