Serum Levels Of Enzymes Research Articles

De Ritis Ratio and related Parameters among Breast Cancer Patients in a Southern Nigeria Population

De Ritis described the ratio between the serum levels of liver enzymes; aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT). The central role of the liver in metabolism makes it a necessity that it functions optimally during chemotherapeutic administration, hence the consideration of associated parameters in the management of breast cancer. This study was conducted in University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar. It included 40 cases of pathologically diagnosed breast cancer female patients who were accessing post-operative chemotherapy. Another 40 apparently healthy females drawn from the general population served as controls. Ethical approval and written informed consent were duly sought and obtained. The present study measured the levels of total and conjugated bilirubin as well as the enzyme activities for a spartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. Additionally, Unconjugated bilirubin derived from total and conjugated bilirubin as well as De Ritis ratio computed from aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were calculated. Standard colorimetric methods were used to determine the measured parameters, while derived parameters were calculated. The data obtained were analyzed in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) using students t-test at 95% confidence level with p-value of ≤ 0.05. Apart from alanine aminotransferase that of the chemotherapy courses showed some observable effect on both derived parameters; Unconjugated Bilirubin and De Ritis ratio. The later showed a stable pattern of increment after commen cement of post-operative chemotherapy. This study indicates that routine assessment of hepatic function and De Ritis ratio should be determined as part of breast cancer management.

The evaluation of liver dysfunction and oxidative stress due to urban environmental pollution in Mexican population related to Madin Dam, State of Mexico: a pilot study.

One of the most important causes of disease and premature death in the world is environmental pollution. The presence of pollutants in both water and air contributes to the deterioration of the health of human populations. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous and affected by air pollution worldwide; in addition, in recent years there has been a growing demand for water, so urban reservoirs such as the Madin dam are vital to meet the demand. However, this reservoir is highly polluted due to the urban settlements around it. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate oxidative stress in clinically healthy subjects by means of the degree of lipoperoxidation, as well as the modification of serum enzyme levels, such as alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase associated with air and drinking water pollutants from three zones of the Mexico City Metropolitan Area, two of them related to Madin Dam. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2019 and September 2021 in 142 healthy participants (age range 18–65 years). Healthy subjects were confirmed by their medical history. The results showed that chronic exposure to air (SO2) and water pollutants (Al and Fe) was significantly associated with elevated levels of lipoperoxidation. There was evidence that contamination from the Madín dam can generate oxidative stress and affect the health status of people who receive water from this reservoir or who consume fish that inhabit it.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11356-022-22724-3.

Quaternary amines exert anti-myocardial ischemia effects via regulation of energy metabolism and oxygen free radicals in myocardial cells in acute myocardial infarction rats

Purpose: To investigate the effect of quaternary amines on myocardial cells of a rat model of cardiac arrest, with respect to energy generation potential and oxygen free radicals.
 Methods: Forty-five Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were assigned to sham, model and quaternary amine groups (each with 15 rats). After their corresponding treatments, lectrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring of the rats in the three groups at various time periods was carried out. Serum levels of myocardial enzymes, thromboxane B2 (TXB2), prostacyclin I2 (PGI2), serum carbon monoxide (CO), and changes in endothelial carbon monoxide synthase (eNOS) and endothelin (ET), were determined.
 Results: The levels of NO and eNOS were significantly reduced in model rats, relative to sham operation rats, while ET was significantly elevated in sham rats (p < 0.05). There were higher levels of NO and eNOS in the quaternary amine group than in model rats, but ET was higher in quaternary amine group than in model rats. Thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentration was higher in model rats than in sham rats (p < 0.05). While PGI2 was markedly lower in quaternary group than in sham operation rats. TXB2 was lower in the quaternary amine group than in model rats, while PGI2 was significantly higher in quaternary amine group, relative to model rats (p < 0.05).
 Conclusion: Quaternary amines exert anti-myocardial effects by regulating energy metabolism and oxygen free radicals in myocardial cells of congestive heart failure rats, and thus are potentially useful for the management of acute myocardial infarction.
 Keywords: Quaternary amine; Acute myocardial infarction; Electrocardiogram; Serum myocardial enzymes; Myocardial cells

The effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on metabolic profile of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial

The present study is the first effort to evaluate the effects of vitamin B12 supplementation on the serum level of liver enzymes, homocysteine, grade of hepatic steatosis, and metabolic profiles in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Forty patients with NAFLD were enrolled in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial to receive either one oral tablet of vitamin B12 (1000 µg cyanocobalamin) or a placebo per day for 12 weeks. We investigated serum levels of homocysteine, aminotransferases, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipids, malondialdehyde (MDA), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The grade of liver steatosis and fibrosis was measured by real-time 2-dimensional shear wave elastography. Vitamin B12 supplementation significantly decreased serum levels of homocysteine compared to placebo (medians: − 2.1 vs. − 0.003 µmol/l; P = 0.038). Although serum alanine transaminase (ALT) in the vitamin B12 group decreased significantly, this change did not reach a significant level compared to the placebo group (medians: − 7.0 vs. 0.0 IU/l; P > 0.05). Despite the significant within-group decrease in FBG, MDA, and liver steatosis in the vitamin B12 group, between-group comparisons did not reveal any significant difference. Vitamin B12 supplementation might decrease serum levels of homocysteine in patients with NAFLD. The fasting blood glucose and serum levels of MDA were significantly improved in the trial group who received vitamin B12. However, these changes did not reach a significant level compared to the placebo group. In this respect, further studies with larger sample sizes, different doses, and types of vitamin B12 will reveal additional evidence.Trial Registration: At http://irct.ir/ as IRCT20120718010333N5 on December 25, 2019.

Galangin Nanoparticles Protect Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury: A Biochemical and Histopathological Approach.

One of the main causes of acute liver failure is overdose with acetaminophen. Excessive consumption of acetaminophen leads to the production of NAPQI (N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine) through the activity of the enzyme cytochrome c oxidase. For this purpose, the effect of galangin nanoparticles with antioxidant activities will be evaluated for the treatment of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity. In this study, after the synthesis of galangin nanoparticles and particle size determination, mice were divided into six groups. Before treatment, a single dose (350 mg/kg) of acetaminophen was administered by gavage in all groups. The activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), as well as biochemical factors FRAP and MDA in serum were measured and a histopathological study was performed. The prepared nanoparticles produced in this research were characterized by the SEM, DLS, and ZETA potential, and the average particle size was obtained in the range of 150 nm. Serum levels of liver enzymes (AST and ALT) in the nanoparticle group decreased significantly compared with the control group (P < 0.05). In the group without treatment, the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes increased significantly compared with the treatment groups. Also, galangin nanoparticles, at a dose of 20 mg/kg, improve cell damage in hepatocytes and preserve the tissue structure of the liver. Galangin nanoparticles reduce the acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing the number of liver function indices. According to our findings, the liver-protective effects of the nanoparticle may be due to its antioxidant properties.

Fat Malabsorption and Ursodeoxycholic Acid Treatment in Children With Reduced Organic Solute Transporter-α (SLC51A) Expression.

Objectives:A bile acid homeostasis disorder was suspected in 2 siblings and their second cousin who presented in infancy with fat malabsorption, severe fat-soluble vitamin deficiency, rickets, and mild liver involvement. Our aims were to identify the genetic cause, describe the disease, and evaluate the response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) treatment.Methods:Whole exome sequencing, immunohistochemistry of duodenal biopsies and candidate variant testing in a cell-based model was performed. Fecal fat excretion, serum bile acids, 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one (C4), and fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) were quantified in both siblings on and off UDCA treatment.Results:A novel homozygous variant of SLC51A, which encodes the bile acid carrier organic solute transporter (OST)-α, was identified in all affected children. OSTα protein expression was readily detected by immunohistochemistry in duodenum of pediatric control subjects but not in the affected siblings. The siblings had low serum levels of bile acids and C4 and high serum levels of FGF19 consistent with repression of hepatic bile acid synthesis. On treatment with UDCA, fecal fat excretion was reduced and serum levels of C4, FGF19, and liver enzymes normalized.Conclusions:We report an apparent deficiency of OSTα associated with early onset fat malabsorption and mild liver involvement. The clinical presentation partially overlaps previous reports for 3 patients with OSTα or OSTβ deficiency and extends the clinical spectrum associated with loss of SLC51A expression. Our data suggest that repression of hepatic bile acid synthesis contributes to fat malabsorption in OSTα-OSTβ deficiency but can be partly reversed with UDCA treatment.

Aqueous Root Extract of Strophanthus hispidus Demonstrates Antidiabetic Effect in Fructose-Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Background and Purpose: This investigation evaluated the antidiabetic activity of the aqueous leaf extract of Strophanthus hispidus (SHP) in fructose/low-dose streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats due to the folkloric use of the root in traditional medicine for the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.&#x0D; Methods: Fructose/low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were allotted into five groups of eight rats each and administered S. hispidus root extract at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; glibenclamide 5 mg/kg; and normal saline 10 mL/kg respectively. A sixth group that consisted of non-diabetic rats were given distilled water (10 mL/kg). Treatment was by the oral route for 28 consecutive days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level was checked at intervals of 7 days. Blood samples were collected on day 28 an hour after the administration of the last dose, for the assay of serum levels of enzymes, lipids, insulin, haemoglobin (Hb), and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c).&#x0D; Results: The aqueous root extract of SHP demonstrated a significant (P&lt;0.05) reduction in FBG compared with diabetic non-treated control. The doses of 50, 100, 200 mg/kg of aqueous SHP and 5 mg /kg of glibenclamide elicited 82.07%, 88.83%, 88.03% and 78.01% reduction in FBG level respectively at day 28. The extract treated rats displayed significant (P&lt;0.05) decrease in urea, ALT, AST, ALP, LDL, TC, TG and HbA1c levels and significant (P&lt;0.05) increase in HDL and Hb levels. Significant (P&lt;0.05) dose-independent upsurge in serum insulin level was equally observed.&#x0D; Conclusion: The aqueous root extract of SHP has blood glucose lowering potential and improves some of the imbalances that occur in diabetes.

Ecotoxicological impacts of industrial effluents on irrigation water quality, animal health and the role of calcium alginate in effluents treatment

The effluents discharged from Mansoura Company for Resins and Chemicals Industry were evaluated for drinking and irrigation purposes. Calcium-alginate beads were used for effluents treatment in this study. Young male rats were also allowed to drink effluents at different concentrations (10%, 50%, 100%) and treated 100% effluents with calcium-alginate for 11 weeks. Results indicated high concentrations of some physicochemical parameters and Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in effluents that exceeded the permissible limits for drinking and irrigation purposes. Treatment by calcium-alginate alleviate heavy metals concentration but did not affect the physicochemical parameters. Depending on effluents concentration, the liver of young male rats showed high accumulation of Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, and Ni compared to the control group. Serum levels of liver enzymes, total bilirubin significantly increased while total protein, and albumin contents decreased in effluent groups. Liver concentrations of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl significantly elevated along with significant decrease in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione-S-transferase activities, and glutathione content. Moreover, growth and thyroid hormones were significantly reduced along with significant elevation in thyroid stimulating hormone. This was accompanied by significant decrease in the body weight, especially with 100% effluents concentration compared to control group. Also, histological investigations of both liver and thyroid gland using hematoxylin and eosin showed distortion in the structure of both organs especially with 50% and 100% effluent groups. However, treatment of effluents by calcium-alginate improved these changes. The study revealed that calcium-alginate are effective biosorbents for heavy metals and consequently decrease animal and human health hazards, but further studies are needed to alleviate physicochemical characteristics.

The role of myocarditis in the acute phase of Kawasaki as a predictor of the future coronary aneurysm: a case–control study

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate the relationship between cardiac troponin I and T (cTnI, cTnT) and creatine kinase (CK)-MB during the acute phase of Kawasaki disease (KD) and the development of coronary artery involvement (CAI).ResultsNinety children diagnosed with KD and 38 attending ambulatory clinics as controls were enrolled in this study. Serum levels of cardiac enzymes were measured in all case and control groups. Serial echocardiograms were performed in KD patients during the acute, subacute and convalescence phases. Thirty-six percent of patients had CAI during the acute phase of KD; this rate was 21% and 18% in the echocardiography in the sub-acute and convalescent-phase, respectively. Elevated serum cTnI and cTnT levels were seen in 15.5% and 10% of KD patients, respectively, but not in the controls (P < 0.01). Patients with abnormal echocardiography had significantly higher levels of CK-MB but cTnI and cTnT. Cardiac troponins have high specificity, and CK-MB had a high sensitivity for predicting CAI in KD.ConclusionSubclinical myocarditis occurs during KD, and serum cardiac troponin levels are significantly elevated, but cardiac biomarkers cannot predict CAI in the future.

Effectiveness and clinical benefits of new anti-diabetic drugs: A real life experience.

We evaluated the clinical impact, in daily clinical practice, of sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) therapies in patients with type 2 diabetes. Data from 500 unselected consecutive patients were retrospectively analyzed. Only those with a full assessment at baseline (T0) and after 3 (T3), 6 (T6), and 12 (T12) months of treatment with SGLT2i or GLP1RA were included in the study (n = 167). At baseline, patients had a high mean body weight (BW), abdominal circumference (AC), body mass index (BMI), and HOMA index. Despite normal C-peptide values, 39 patients were being treated with insulin (up to 120 IU/day). During therapy, a progressive improvement in BW, BMI, and AC was observed with both the molecules. Fasting glucose and glycated Hb decrease was already significant at T3 in all patients, while the HOMA index selectively improved with SGLT2i therapy. Renal function parameters remained stable regardless of the drug used. Finally, SGLT2i reduced serum uric acid and improved the lipid profile, while GLP1RA reduced serum levels of liver enzymes. Both the therapeutic regimens allowed a significant reduction or complete suspension of unnecessary insulin therapies. Our real life data confirm the results obtained from randomized clinical trials and should be taken as a warning against inappropriate use of insulin in patients with preserved β-cell function.

PROSPECTIVE STUDY TO CORRELATE CECT FINDINGS AND ENZYMATIC MARKERS IN BLUNT TRAUMA ABDOMEN PATIENTS

BACKGROUND: Blunt trauma in the abdomen is a common surgical emergency that can occur as a standalone problem or as part of a larger polytrauma. The purpose of this study was to see how useful hepatic transaminases, serum amylase, and lipase are in predicting the existence of liver and pancreatic injury, as well as how they relate to computed tomographic results. To investigate theAIMS AND OBJECTIVES: relationship between blood tests and CECT ndings in patients with blunt trauma to the abdomen. To assess the efcacy of amylase and lipase levels in the diagnosis and management of BTA patients and to make an early diagnosis so that patients can be treated appropriately. to see if AST and ALT values are useful in the diagnosis and treatment of BTA patients Our research took place in the Department of Surgery atMETHODS: M.L.N. and the accompanying Swaroop Rani Nehru Hospital over the course of a year. Prayagraj. During the study period, all cases with a clinical diagnosis of blunt injury to the abdomen who came to the department of General Surgery, SRN Hospital, Prayagraj, were consecutively enrolled into the study after a written informed consent. Following initial resuscitation, all individuals underwent a thorough assessment for injuries, which was followed by subsequent examination. In CT-detected patients with liver and pancreatic damage, there were no signicant variationsRESULT: in enzyme serum levels. CT scans have been proven to be more effective at detecting liver and pancreatic damage. The diagnosis of corresponding organ damage is more likely with the quantication of pancreatic and liver enzymes in BAT patients' serum than with CT. CONCLUSION: Elevated level of liver (SGOT, SGPT) and pancreatic enzymes (S. amylase) with due consideration of critical level of these enzymes for abdominal trauma may be preferred over radiological methods to avoid unnecessary delay and exposure to radiation.

Therapeutic potential of royal jelly to control Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice.

At present, there are several synthetic medications for toxoplasmosis therapy; however, these agents cannot be permanently applied because of adverse side effects or therapeutic failures and drug resistance in parasites. The present experimental investigation was aimed to study the effects of royal jelly (RJ) obtained from Apis mellifera in comparison with atovaquone against Toxoplasma gondii infection in mice. After treatment of infected mice with RJ at the doses of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg for 14 consecutive days, we evaluated the therapeutic activity of RJ by measuring the mean number and the mean size of T. gondii tissue cysts, oxidant-antioxidant enzymes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, the mRNA expression levels of bradyzoite surface antigen 1 (BAG1), as well as the toxic effect on liver and kidney function. Treatment of the infected mice with RJ significantly (p < 0.001) decreased the mean number and the mean diameter of T. gondii tissue cysts and downregulated BAG1 in a dose-dependent response. After treatment of infected mice with RJ, the level of oxidative stress markers was significantly diminished, but a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the level of antioxidant markers such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes was observed. Treatment of the infected mice with RJ significantly enhanced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-1β, whereas it caused no substantial change in the serum levels of liver and kidney enzymes. The findings of this in vivo study revealed the favorable therapeutic effect of RJ on latent T. gondii infection in mice. It was found that RJ considerably inhibited the infection by decreasing the number and size of tissue cysts, reducing oxidative stress, and boosting the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but had no significant toxic impact on the function of vital organs such as liver and kidney. However, additional surveys are required to confirm these findings and clarify the exact mechanisms and their efficiency in clinical subjects.

Negative Correlation of Interleukin-38 Serum Level with Alkaline Phosphatase and Persistent Hepatitis C Infection

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the main cause of acute and chronic liver failure. It seems that interleukin-38 (IL-38), a member of IL-1 cytokine family, has an anti-inflammatory function through binding to the receptor of several cytokines. Objectives: To examine serum level of IL-38 in HCV-infected patients and its correlation with liver enzymes. Methods: We measured serum levels of IL-38 and liver enzymes in 26 untreated and 11 treated HCV-infected patients and 26 healthy individuals using ELISA and biochemistry assay kits, respectively. Results: Serum level of IL-38 was significantly lower in untreated HCV+ patients compared to treated patients (P = 0.014) and control group (P &lt; 0.0001). In addition, IL-38 levels negatively correlated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in untreated HCV+ patients (r = -0.905, P = 0.042). However, no significant correlations were detected between serum levels of IL-38 and other liver enzymes. Conclusions: Our results suggest a potential anti-inflammatory role for IL-38 in chronic HCV infection which can be implemented to prevent severe hepatic failure in patients with hepatitis C.

Altered serum levels of melatonin, antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2

Altered serum levels of melatonin, antioxidant enzymes and oxidative stress in individuals with diabetes mellitus type 2

Silencing the Tlr4 Gene Alleviates Methamphetamine-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Inhibiting Lipopolysaccharide-Mediated Inflammation in Mice.

Methamphetamine (METH) is a stimulant drug. METH abuse induces hepatotoxicity, although the mechanisms are not well understood. METH-induced hepatotoxicity was regulated by TLR4-mediated inflammation in BALB/c mice in our previous study. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, the wild-type (C57BL/6) and Tlr4−/− mice were treated with METH. Transcriptomics of the mouse liver was performed via RNA-sequencing. Histopathological changes, serum levels of metabolic enzymes and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and expression of TLR4-mediated proinflammatory cytokines were assessed. Compared to the control, METH treatment induced obvious histopathological changes and significantly increased the levels of metabolic enzymes in wild-type mice. Furthermore, inflammatory pathways were enriched in the liver of METH-treated mice, as demonstrated by expression analysis of RNA-sequencing data. Consistently, the expression of TLR4 pathway members was significantly increased by METH treatment. In addition, increased serum LPS levels in METH-treated mice indicated overproduction of LPS and gut microbiota dysbiosis. However, antibiotic pretreatment or silencing Tlr4 significantly decreased METH-induced hepatic injury, serum LPS levels, and inflammation. In addition, the dampening effects of silencing Tlr4 on inflammatory pathways were verified by the enrichment analysis of RNA-sequencing data in METH-treated Tlr4−/− mice compared to METH-treated wild-type mice. Taken together, these findings implied that Tlr4 silencing, comparable to antibiotic pretreatment, effectively alleviated METH-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting LPS-TLR4-mediated inflammation in the liver.

The effect of a fruit-rich diet on liver biomarkers, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial

Background Despite confirmed dietary approaches to improve the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), the effect of fruits on NAFLD is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a fruit rich diet (FRD) on liver steatosis, liver enzymes, Insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with NAFLD. Methods Eighty adults with NAFLD participated in this randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to the FRD group with consumption of at least 4 servings of fruits daily or the control group with fruits consumption of less than 2 servings/day. The grade of steatosis, serum levels of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Results After 6 months of intervention, the FRD group had significantly higher BMI (31.40 ± 2.61 vs. 25.68 ± 2.54, p < .001), WC (113.5 ± 10.7 vs. 100.5 ± 7.5, p < .001), the grade of steatosis, ALT (89.1 ± 92.9 vs. 32.0 ± 19.2, p < .001), AST (74.5 ± 107.8 vs. 24.0 ± 8.5, p < .001), ALP (273.4 ± 128.5 vs. 155.0 ± 43.9, p < .001), GGT (92.7 ± 16.2 vs. 21.2 ± 7.7, p < .001), TC (206.1 ± 40.5 vs. 172.7 ± 42.4, p < .01), LDL (126.9 ± 32.3 vs. 99.8 ± 29.8, p < .001), glucose (115.5 ± 30.0 vs. 97.7 ± 19.0, p < .01), and insulin resistance (7.36 ± 4.37 vs. 2.66 ± 1.27, p < .001), and lower HDL (41.4 ± 8.9 vs. 53.8 ± 15.1, p < .001) compared to the control group. Adjusting for BMI and calorie intake did not change the results. Conclusion The results of the present study indicated that consumption of fruits more than 4 servings/day exacerbates steatosis, dyslipidemia, and glycemic control in NAFLD patients. Further studies are needed to identify the underlying mechanisms of the effects of fruits on NAFLD. Clinical trial registration This trial was registered at Iranian randomized clinical trial website with IRCT registration no. IRCT20201010048982N1on October 15, 2020.

Dietary Parsley Seed Mitigates Methomyl-Induced Impaired Growth Performance, Hemato-Immune Suppression, Oxidative Stress, Hepato-Renal Damage, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Susceptibility in Oreochromis niloticus.

The present experiment investigated the potential protective role of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) seed meal (PSM) in alleviating methomyl (MET)-adverse impacts on growth, whole-body composition, hematological indicators, hepatorenal function, immune response, oxidative status, and disease resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa. For this purpose, 225 healthy Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were allotted into five groups (45 fish/group in triplicate). One group was reared in clean water and fed a non-supplemented basal diet, while the other groups were exposed to 20.39 μg L−1 MET and fed a non-fortified basal diet or basal diets supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% of PSM for 60 days. The obtained data revealed significantly lower weight gain, feed intake, and specific growth rate, but higher feed conversion ratio and decreases in crude protein, lipid, and ash contents in the MET-exposed fish. Anemia, leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, and esonipenia were also obvious. Furthermore, MET-exposed fish had significantly higher serum levels of hepatic enzymes and renal damage products. Nevertheless, there was a significant depletion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and increased malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, and tumor necrosis factor-α levels in MET-exposed fish. The MET exposure significantly depressed lysozyme activity, nitric oxide, complement3, acetylcholinesterase activity, total proteins, globulin, and albumin levels in O. niloticus serum. Furthermore, pathological alterations in the liver and kidney were noted. The relative percentage of survival rate in MET-exposed fish was dramatically reduced on day 14 post-challenge with P. aeruginosa. The inclusion of PSM, on the other hand, greatly alleviated most of the MET-related negative effects. Taken together, the dietary intervention with PSM has a promising role in alleviating MET-deleterious impacts, rendering parsley seeds a viable aqua feed additive for O. niloticus.

Effect of Chronic Consumption of Smokeless Tobacco (Snuff) on Liver Enzymes of Males in Maiduguri, Northeast Nigeria

Smokeless tobacco snuff consumption is as dangerous as cigarette smoking. It is now considered a significant source of morbidity and mortality owing to the effect of the numerous chemical constituents. Thus, this study was designed to investigate the effect of chronic consumption of Smokeless Tobacco (Snuff) on Liver Enzymes of males in Maiduguri and its environs, Northeast Nigeria. In this study we recruited 109 individuals who were smokeless tobacco snuffers and 97 healthy controls. It was a prospective case control study performed in adult males (30-50 years and 23 – 48 years for case and control respectively) with mean age of the case and control subjects of 37.12 ± 10.21and 33.64 ± 3.29 respectively. Serum Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Serum Aspartate amino transferase (AST) and serum Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were estimated using kinetic methods by Cobas C311(Roche/Hitachi) chemistry auto analyzer. The estimated Serum AST, ALT, and ALP, levels were compared using un-paired student's t test between the two groups. Also, the liver enzyme levels were evaluated based on the duration of the smokeless tobacco consumption and correlation was determined. The age range of the study subjects was between 30 and 50 years and the mean age of the Case and control subjects were 37.12 ± 10.21and 33.64 ± 3.29 respectively. The mean(average) of the duration of tobacco snuff intake was 10.52 ± 7.02 years. The mean Serum level of AST, ALT, and ALP of tobacco snuffers were found to be higher (15.45 ± 3.32, 22.00 ± 5.10 and 22.00 ± 5.10 respectively) as compared to controls (10.42 ± 2.36, 8.88 ± 3.14 and 31.14 ± 4.60 for AST, ALT and ALP respectively) and the differences were statistically significant at p&lt; 0.05. Also, the serum levels of the liver enzymes (AST, ALT, and ALP) were evaluated according to duration of snuff intake and the liver enzymes were found to be higher in people who uses the tobacco snuff for 11-20 years. However, the duration of the snuff intake was correlated with the serum levels of the liver enzymes. There was strong correlation between duration of snuff intake and serum levels of AST and ALT (r=0.648 and r=0.741 respectively) and the relationship were statistically significant at p&lt;0.05. But the serum level of ALP was weekly correlated with the duration of snuff intake and the relationship was not statistically significant at p&gt;0.05. From the results of the current study and the literature reviewed it is evident that tobacco snuff may likely be one of the causes of several liver diseases. Therefore, our study might be helpful in creating awareness on the hazards of using smokeless tobacco products (Snuff), among our population who are using smokeless tobacco.

1345-P: Low-Dose Colchicine/Metformin Combination Ameliorates NASH via Regulating AMPK/NRF2/GDF15 Axis in Mice

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) , a complex metabolic disease by multifactorial pathogenesis is demanded multiple pharmacological modes of action for robust treatment strategies. Colchicine has shown efficacy in various clinical settings which inflammation is a key component, however growing evidences suggest that the therapeutic effect of colchicine is multifaceted by intervening in several different pathways involved in inflammation. Here, we investigated the novel therapeutic effects of low-doses of colchicine (LDC) -metformin (LDC-Met) combination to targeting NASH. To induce NASH disorder, C57BL/6J male mice were fed a CDHFD (choline-deficient high fat diet) for 12 weeks, then were orally administrated by LDC-Met with CDHFD for an additional 12 weeks. In CDHFD induced NASH mice models, LDC-Met markedly decreased the NAS and fibrosis score along with reducing serum level of liver enzymes and total cholesterol increased by CDHFD feeding. Consistent with these data, hepatic gene expression of steatosis, fibrosis, inflammation and apoptosis markers increased by CDHFD was noticeably inhibited by LDC-Met. Interestingly, significant increased circulating GDF15 was found in LDC-Met group, which was accompanied by increased hepatic GDF15 expression. Additionally, LDC-Met significantly augmented hepatic phosphorylation of AMPK and NRF2 in CDHFD-fed mice and NLRP3 inflammasome activity were negatively controlled by LDC-Met. Finally, LDC-Met noticeably reduced CDHFD-induced total body weight gain by approximately 20%, along with epididymal white adipose tissue (eWAT) weight reduction. Taken together, we found that the combination of LDC-Met has the best synergistic effect on NASH resolution, suggesting significant implications for potential drug repurposing and new drug development. Moreover, this novel combination elevates circulating levels of GDF15, which is necessary to obtain beneficial effects on energy balance and body weight. Disclosure S.Ham: None. H.Cho: None. C.Jeong: None. J.Youn: None.

Effect of ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Pleorotus ostreatus on the serum hepato-specific enzyme markers and liver histology of high sucrose-high fat diet-streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

The effect of ethanol extract of the fruiting bodies of Pleurotusostreatus on the serum hepatospecific enzyme markers and liver histology were determined in high sucrose-high fat dietstreptozotocin induced diabetic rats. The pharmacological model was 20% High Sucrose (HS) + 20% High Fat Diet (HFD) + 35mg/kg body weight (intraperitoneal) Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model, with the fruiting body ethanol extracts administered orally at 50, 150 and 300mg/kg b.w. After 6 weeks of treatment, alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) of the treated groups and the reference treatment groups were significantly (p&lt;0.05) higher than the D group but after the 9th week of treatment, the ALP activity of the diabetic groupstreated with fruiting body ethanol extract at 50mg/kg b.w., 150mg/kg b.w. and the reference treatment group were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than the D group. All the treated groups had aspartate amino transferase activity that was significantly higher (p&lt;0.05) than the D group at the end of 3 weeks but at the end of the 6th week of treatment, the AST activity of all the treated groups was significantly lower than the D group (p&lt;0.05). At the end of the first 3 weeks of treatment, the alanine amino transference (ALT) activity of the diabetic group treated with fruiting body ethanol extract at 150mg/kg b.w. was significantly (p&lt;0.05) lower than the D group. After 6 weeks of treatment, ALT activity of all the treatment groups as well as the reference treatment groups were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than the D group but the values of the diabetic group treated with fruiting body ethanol extract at 150mg/mg b.w. and diabetic group treated with metformin hydrochloride at 150mg/kg b.w. were not significantly different (p&gt;0.05) from the normal control. At the end of 9 weeks of treatment, the ALT activity of the diabetic group treated with fruiting body ethanol extract at 300mg/kg b.w. and diabetic group treated with fruiting body ethanol extract at 50mg/kg b.w. were significantly lower (p&lt;0.05) than the D group although not significantly different than the normal control.The extract at 300mg/kg b.w. reversed the fatty liver and periportalinflammation caused by HS-HFD-streptozotocin induced diabetes in the rats to normal, indicating dose dependent protective effects of the extract against HS-HFD-streptozotocin induced hepatotoxicity alterations. The reduction in the serum levels of these liver enzymes by the extract suggests that they may be used to reverse the incidence of liver function test irregularities common in diabetic patients. The results suggest that ethanol extract of fruiting bodies of Pleurotusostreatus may be employed in the management of liver diseases associated with diabetes mellitus.