Enzymes Alanine Aminotransferase Research Articles

Assessment of the Toxicological Effects of Cypermethrin Nanoformulation on <i>Hypselobarbus pulchellus</i> using Selected Biomarkers

Pesticides are widely used in aquaculture farms against ectoparasites. However, due to the development of resistance in ectoparasites against the traditional pesticide formulations, pesticides are being applied at a higher dose or in combinations. Nano formulation of pesticides with enhanced properties is a viable option to reduce the volume of traditional pesticides applied in aquaculture. Hence, the present study developed a nano formulation of the pesticide cypermethrin and evaluated the toxic effects in the fish Hypselobarbus pulchellus. The acute toxicity study recorded the mortalities at 24h intervals for 96h. The 96h LC50 value was estimated to be 0.003 mg L-1. Chronic toxicity studies were also conducted exposing H. pulchellus to sublethal concentrations for 45 days. The brain acetylcholine esterase activity was significantly reduced (p ˂ 0.05) in the cypermethrin nano formulation exposed fish. The nano formulation exposure also caused a significant increase in the liver and kidney superoxide dismutase activity. Elevated catalase and glutathione-s-transferase levels were observed in the liver and gills, with no conspicuous change in the kidneys. The serum enzymes aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were elevated significantly by cypermethrin exposure. The serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and protein content were reduced significantly. Similarly, the red blood cell, haematocrit, haemoglobin, and platelet count also showed significant reduction on cypermethrin exposure. These findings on the toxic impacts may help to understand the effect of micro-formulated antiparasitic drugs in fin fish.

The effects of intermittent fasting on antioxidant and inflammatory markers and liver enzymes in postmenopausal, overweight and obese women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized controlled trial

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting postmenopausal women. This study investigated the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on antioxidant and inflammatory markers and liver enzymes in postmenopausal, overweight and obese women with RA. This 8-week randomized controlled trial included 44 postmenopausal women with RA divided into an intervention group following a 16:8 IF diet and a control group maintaining their usual diet and received recommendations for healthy eating. Inflammatory indices, oxidative stress markers, and liver enzymes were measured at baseline and post intervention. The IF group showed significant decreases in serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (P = 0.02) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.018) and increased catalase levels (P = 0.004) compared to the control group. Liver enzymes aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) also decreased significantly in the IF group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.03, respectively). No significant differences were observed in the other measured parameters between groups. In conclusion, the 16:8 IF diet demonstrated beneficial effects on some oxidative stress markers, inflammatory indices, and liver enzymes in postmenopausal, overweight, and obese women with RA. These findings suggest that IF may be an effective non-pharmacological intervention for managing RA in this population, potentially addressing both primary disease symptoms and associated metabolic complications. Further research is needed to elucidate the long-term effects and mechanisms of IF in the management of RA.

Investigating the impact of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes exposure on enzymatic activities and histopathological variations in Swiss albino mice

Present study was conducted to evaluate the detrimental impacts of exposure of Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT-NP) on enzymatic activities and tissue structures in Swiss albino mice. The experimental groups of mice received MWCNT-NP for specific time period (seven or fourteen days). Two distinct doses of the MWCNT-NP solution were given orally: 0.45 µg and 0.90 µg, and the distilled water was given to the control group. Serum samples were extracted at 7 and 14 days after the experiment by centrifuging whole blood for 15 min at 3,000 rpm. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent test (ELISA) was used to measure many enzyme assays, such as Angiotensin Converting Enzymes (ACE), Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST), and Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADPH) oxidase enzyme. Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining of tissue samples was done along with a histopathological examination. During a 14-day exposure, ACE, NADPH Oxidase, ALT, and AST enzyme levels were significantly higher in the exposed groups (0.45 µg and 0.90 µg) than in the control group (p < 0.05). Male mice exposed to MWCNT-NP showed substantial histological damage in the relevant organs as well as elevated enzyme activity levels. Present study showed a comprehensive and practical assessment of the toxicity associated with MWCNT-NP of different geometries and functionalization.

Utilizing Invasive Pterygoplichthys pardalis as a Sustainable Fish Meal Substitute and Euphorbia hirta Extract Supplement: Effects on Growth Performance, Organosomatic Indices, Hematological Profiles, and Serum Biochemistry in Chinese Bullfrogs (Hoplobatrachus chinensis).

This research examined the efficacy of substituting commercial fish meal (CFM) with Pterygoplichthys pardalis meal (PPM) in Hoplobatrachus chinensis diets, with and without Euphorbia hirta extract (EHE) supplementation. The study utilized six dietary treatments: a control diet (0% PPM, no EHE) and five experimental diets with varying PPM levels (0%+, 25%+, 50%+, 75%+, and 100%+), each fortified with 300 mg/kg EHE. The experiment spanned 90 days. The analysis revealed that PPM exhibited superior amino acid profiles compared to CFM, both in quality and quantity, while CFM demonstrated higher fatty acid content. The growth metrics showed a significant decline only in the group receiving 100% PPM replacement with EHE supplementation. Most organosomatic indices remained consistent across the treatments, with the exception of intraperitoneal fat, which decreased in all EHE-supplemented groups. Blood parameters, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and hematocrit, along with serum proteins (total protein, globulin, and albumin), displayed an upward trend in all EHE-supplemented groups. The 50%+ and 75%+ PPM replacement groups exhibited significantly elevated serum glucose levels (p < 0.05). Liver enzymes (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase) showed no significant variations among the treatments. The results indicate that PPM can serve as an effective replacement for up to 75% of CFM in H. chinensis feed, without compromising their growth performance. Moreover, supplementing with EHE helps to enhance essential biochemical indices in the body, without adversely affecting liver function. This investigation offers valuable perspectives on the development of sustainable aquaculture feed and the potential application of invasive fish species in aquatic animal nutrition.

Behavioral, biochemical, immune, and histological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus Linnaeus, 1758) to lead, mercury, and pendimethalin exposure: individual and combined effects

The aquaculture sector is facing environmental issues because of rising chemical pollution of aquatic systems, which may be caused by man-made or natural causes. The combined action of these mixtures can produce an effect that is either severalfold higher or severalfold lower than the overall toxicity of the individual components. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of three individual toxicants: lead (Pb 0.088 mg L−1), mercury (Hg 0.084 mg L−1), and pendimethalin (PM 0.355 mg L−1) and their combinations on the behavior, oxidative stress, immunology, biochemistry, and histopathological changes in Nile tilapia. The results show that mortality was evident across all treatment groups and was highest in the mixture (MIX) group, at 33.4%. Some of these behavioral changes included increased mucus secretion, fin rot, and dark skin coloration of the fish, all of which were evidently exacerbated in the MIX group. The erythrocyte and hemoglobin indices presented marked reductions in the MIX and PM groups in comparison to the control group. The MIX group had higher levels of serum creatinine and urea, as well as the liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase. They also had higher levels of malondialdehyde and lower levels of total antioxidant capacity, which showed oxidative stress. The stress biomarkers, cortisol and glucose, showed greater impact on the MIX and PM groups. The neurobehavioral assessment demonstrated noticeable decreased acetylcholinesterase levels in PM and MIX-exposed groups. In the serum immunological parameters, levels of nitric oxide and lysozyme were lower, especially in the MIX and PM groups. In all experimental groups, especially the MIX group, the levels of spleen pro-inflammatory cytokine genes were higher. The histopathological examination revealed marked lesions in the gills, liver, and brains in the form of inflammation, necrosis, and circulatory alterations. Among the exposed groups, the MIX group exhibited the highest histopathological changes. Collectively, our findings demonstrated significant toxic effects of heavy metals and herbicides on Nile tilapia, revealing a synergistic impact on both physiological and histopathological responses resulting from combined exposures. The data evidently indicate the ecological hazards associated with heavy metals and herbicides in aquatic ecosystems.

Eucalyptol (1.8-cineole) attenuates gentamicin-induced liver injury

Gentamicin (GM), which is in the aminoglycoside antibiotic class, is frequently preferred today in the treatment of diseases caused by gram-negative bacteria. However, its significant side effects on liver and kidney functions limit its clinical usefulness. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory medical activities of eucalyptol (EUC, 1.8-cineole) have been reported in different studies. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of EUC on GM-induced hepatotoxicity. The study groups are consisted of control (C), EUC, GM and GM + EUC, and there were 7 rats in each group. At the end of the study, the rats were euthanized under appropriate conditions and samples were collected and biochemical, histopathological and immunohistochemical analyzes were performed. It was determined that there was a important increase in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transferase (AST) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) enzymes in the GM group relative to the C group (p

Comparative Study among MAPE, RMSE and R Square over the Treatment Techniques Undergone for PCOS Influenced Women

Background: Among the various statistical measures, Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and R-squared (Coefficient of determination) are the most widely used methods. The significance of the R square approach in the medical field was extensively discussed in the current review. Furthermore, we compared a number of statistical metrics for potential applications in the treatment of various disorders. In addition, the pertinent patents of R square for the consequences of testosterone and the enzymes aspartate dehydrogenase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) treated patients have been developed. Method: We study in this paper the detailed comparative study on the biological system using RMSE, MAPE, and R Squared, which consists of 29 PCOS-influenced women against 20 healthy women and followed by the obesity verification model over the Sprague Dawley rats. Results: R Square provides the best results among all mathematical regression analytical methods in PCOS-influenced patients. Conclusion: In this study, we provide the strong conclusion that aspartate dehydrogenase (AST) with testosterone treated on PCOS influenced women to have a greater chance of getting affected by Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rather than alanine transaminase (ALT) with testosterone- treated patients. Furthermore, this study extends their mathematical regression analysis through R squared for the obesity verification over rat model. It confirms that letrozole-treated rats are inhibited in obese compared with control rats, which results in a chance of NAFLD. Therefore, AST combined with testosterone creates a major chance for liver dysfunction.

Investigating the Biological Impact of Melatonin on Male Albino Mice: A Comprehensive Characterization

Melatonin (Mel) is a chemical that has been found in bacterial, higher plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. The plant extract was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to find Mel. Mel concentrations differed greatly, according to the data. The aim of this study was to see how Mel generated from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves affected thyroid, liver enzymes, and lipid profiles in male albino mice. Twenty male mice were divided into four groups, each containing five mice, and were administered intraperitoneally (i.p) injections of Mel in three doses (4, 7 and 10 mg/ml), except for the control group, which received only a dose of normal saline solution. In comparison to the control therapy, the results showed that the Mel dose of 10 mg/ml had the greatest impact on lowering the levels of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4), lowering the levels of the liver enzymes Alanine transaminase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and Total serum bilirubin (TSB) and lowering lipid profile (cholesterol (CHO), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), and triglycerides (TG)). In addition to raising the level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) in mice's blood serum with substantial variations from the control therapy. The review summarizes, this evidence implicates Mel in a broad range of effects with a significant regulatory influence over many of the body's physiological functions. Keywords: Blood serum, Medicinal plants, tryptophan, Rhamnaceae family, methanol, TLC and pineal gland.

High-Intensity Interval Training Reduces Liver Enzyme Levels and Improves MASLD-Related Biomarkers in Overweight/Obese Girls.

Despite the abundant body of evidence linking high-intensity interval training (HIIT) to cardiometabolic markers, little is known about how HIIT affects liver enzymes, particularly in obese adolescents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)-related biomarkers in overweight/obese adolescent girls. Thirty-three overweight/obese adolescent girls (age, 17.0 ± 1.15 yr.; body mass index, 33.3 ± 4.77 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to HIIT (n = 17) or control (n = 16) groups. The HIIT group participated in a nine-week HIIT program (three times weekly) without caloric restriction. Maximal aerobic speed, body composition indexes, blood pressure, MASLD-related biomarkers [liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), plasma lipids, uric acid, platelet count, and homeostasis model assessment index for insulin-resistance (HOMA-IR)] were examined at baseline and after the intervention. Significant "time × group" interactions were found for body composition indexes, systolic blood pressure, maximal aerobic speed, liver enzymes ALT and AST, plasma lipids, glucose, and HOMA-IR. The HIIT program resulted in an increase in maximal aerobic speed (p = 0.035) and a decrease in body composition and plasma lipids (p < 0.01), systolic blood pressure (p = 0.011), ALT (p = 0.013), AST (p = 0.012), and HOMA-IR (p = 0.01), but no significant changes in uric acid and platelet count. None of these markers changed in the control group. HIIT resulted in an improvement in MASLD-related biomarkers. HIIT could be an effective exercise therapy to prevent and reverse MASLD in adolescents with obesity.

Validation of quantitative hepatitis B virus DNA and hepatitis B e antigen titers in patients of chronic hepatitis B virus infection on entecavir therapy at tertiary care hospital

Background: The management of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is complex due to its natural history, which includes fluctuating viral replication and associated hepatic dysfunction. Aims and Objectives: The study was conducted to evaluate quantitative hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) titers in patients of chronic HBV infection on entecavir and to find the rate of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-positive patients among clinically suspected cases of hepatitis. The objective of the study was to find the rate of HBeAg-positive patients in HBsAg-positive cases on entecavir and to correlate the level of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) with status of HBeAg and HBV DNA level in HBsAg-positive cases on entecavir. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 87,600 patients from MG hospital, affiliated with RVRS Medical college in Bhilwara, Rajasthan. Screening of HBsAg was performed using rapid card test method, HBeAg was done by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and HBV DNA was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Aspartate aminotransferase and ALT were also measured. Results: Blood samples from 87,600 individuals who had a clinical suspicion of having hepatitis B were used in the study. A total of 3650 people (4.1%) had positive HBsAg tests. Of the 3650 (4.1%), 312 (8.54%) experienced a chronic illness. 109 (312) showed positive HBeAg, 102 (312) had elevated ALT enzyme levels, and 117 (312) had positive HBV DNA among the 312 people with CHB. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of our study indicate a low prevalence of CHB virus infection.

EFFECTIVENESS OF STEM CELL THERAPY IN MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION BASED ON ENZYME ACTIVITY AND LIVER HISTOPATOLOGY

This research aims to study the effectiveness of single placenta stem cell therapy (ST) or a combination of cardiomyocyte co-cultures in pigs with myocardial infarction based on enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity as well as liver histopathology. Nine pigs were divided into three treatment groups (K1, K2, and K3) consisting of three pigs per group. Blood sampling was performed one-hour pre-surgery, post-ST-elevation, and eight weeks post-therapy. The experimental animals were treated for eight weeks, then euthanized and necropsied for liver removal. ALT and AST values were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by Tukey's test. Histopathological changes in liver tissue were analyzed using Image J 1.53 software, and the measured data were analyzed using oneway ANOVA. The results showed an increase in the ALT and AST values of the three treatment groups on post-ST-elevation blood sampling but were still within normal limits except for K1. ALT and AST values decreased significantly (P0.05) in the group treated with single placental stem cell (K2) or combined cardiomyocyte co-culture (K3). The ALT value of K3 decreased but not significantly (P0.05) compared to K2. The AST value of K3 decreased significantly (P0.05) but was not significantly different (P0.05) compared to K2. The liver tissue showed circulatory disturbances in the central venous congestion, portal vein, sinusoidal dilatation and congestion, and hepatocyte changes in the form of centrilobular necrosis and hydropic degeneration. Stem cell therapy alone (K2) or in combination with cardiomyocyte co-culture (K3) had similar percentage of centrilobular necrosis which was significantly lower than K1 (P0.05). Hepatocyte hydropic degeneration on K2 was classified as mild, whereas on K3 was classified as moderate. As conclusion, administration of placental stem cell therapy alone or in combination with cardiomyocyte co-culture can reduce ALT and AST values and could repair liver tissue.

Enhanced safety and efficacy profile of CD40 antibody upon encapsulation in pHe-triggered membrane-adhesive nanoliposomes.

To develop pH (pHe)-triggered membrane adhesive nanoliposome (pHTANL) of CD40a to enhance anti-tumor activity in pancreatic cancer while reducing systemic toxicity. A small library of nanoliposomes (NL) with various lipid compositions were synthesized to prepare pH (pHe)-triggered membrane adhesive nanoliposome (pHTANL). Physical and functional characterization of pHTANL-CD40a was performed via dynamic light scattering (DLS), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), confocal microscopy, and flow cytometry. In vivo studies were performed using PDAC (Panc02) transplanted mice. Tumor tissue was analyzed by flow cytometry, and plasma cytokines and liver enzymes were analyzed by ELISA. pHTANL-CD40a reduced tumor growth, enhanced tumor immune infiltration/activation, and enhanced survival compared to vehicle and free-CD40a. Importantly, pHTANL-CD40a treatment resulted in significantly lower systemic toxicity as indicated by unchanged body weight, minimal organ deformity, and reduced serum levels of liver enzyme alanine transaminase (ALT) and inflammatory cytokine IL-6. pHTANL-CD40a is more effective than free CD40a in anti-tumor activity, especially in altering the TME immune landscape for a potential therapeutic benefit in combination with immunotherapy.

Evaluating the Hepatoprotective Potential of Ginger Ethanolic Extract Against Lambda-Cyhalothrin-Induced Toxicity in Male Rats

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a traditional plant that is widely used as a spice or folk medicine. Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is a synthetic pyrethroid that is widely used to control insecticide. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential protective effect of ginger ethanolic extract (GEE) on liver toxicity experimentally induced by LCT in albino rats. The experiment involved thirty adult male rats (‎Rattus norvegicus)‎, randomly ‎allocated to ‎one of three groups (n=10/group: control group, administered distilled water orally for 12 weeks‎; ‎LCT-treated group, received 5.43 mg/kg BW ‎(1/15 LD50‎ dose calculated in this study as 81.5 mg/kg BW) orally, for 12 weeks;‎ LCT-‎GEE-treated group, received the same dose of ‎LCT along with GEE at 100 mg/kg BW orally. Body weights were ‎recorded at the start, and at ‎‎4, 8, and 12 weeks into the treatment. Upon completion of the study, blood ‎samples were collected for liver ‎enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)‎, ‎and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) ‎assessment. Additionally, liver samples were collected for histopathological‎ ‎examination‎.‎ The LCT-treated group exhibited a significant decrease in BW at 4, 8, and 12 weeks compared to the control ‎and LCT-GEE-treated groups. The LCT-treated rats showed increased levels of liver enzymes ALP, AST, and ‎ALT. Histological evaluation revealed signs of liver necrosis, mononuclear cell infiltration, and congestion in ‎LCT-treated rats. These pathological changes were less pronounced in the LCT-GEE-treated group, indicating ‎a mitigating effect. The study demonstrates the detrimental effects of LCT on the health of male rats, ‎particularly regarding BW and liver health. Alongside, it highlights Zingiber officinale's potential in reducing ‎these adverse effects, suggesting its efficacy in environments with LCT exposure‎‎‎.

Zinc pretreatment for protection against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (II/RI) is a critical condition that results in oxidative stress, inflammation, and damage to multiple organs. Zinc, an essential trace element, offers protective benefits in several tissues during I/R injury, but its effects on intestinal II/RI remain unclear. To investigate the effects of zinc pretreatment on II/RI and associated multiorgan damage. C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4, 10 mg/kg) daily for three days before I/R injury was induced via superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) and abdominal aortic occlusion (AAO) models. Tissue and serum samples were collected to evaluate intestinal, liver, and kidney damage using Chiu's score, Suzuki score, and histopathological analysis. Caco-2 cells and intestinal organoids were used for in vitro hypoxia-reoxygenation injury models to measure reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels. Zinc pretreatment significantly reduced intestinal damage in the SMAO and AAO models (P < 0.001). The serum levels of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase) and kidney markers (creatinine and urea) were lower in the zinc-treated mice than in the control mice, indicating reduced hepatic and renal injury. In vitro, zinc decreased ROS levels and increased SOD activity in Caco-2 cells subject to hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Intestinal organoids pretreated with zinc exhibited enhanced resilience to hypoxic injury compared to controls. Zinc pretreatment mitigates II/RI and reduces associated multiorgan damage. These findings suggest that zinc has potential clinical applications in protecting against I/R injuries.

Blood Profile of West African Dwarf Does Fed Microbial Treated Bambara Nutshell

A study was conducted using twenty-one (21) West African Dwarf (WAD) goats with an average weight of 10.50± 0.36 kg to evaluate the blood profile of WAD goats fed microbial treated Bambara nutshell diets. The goats were allotted seven dietary treatments with three replicated per treatment in a completely randomized design. The Bambara nutshells underwent sterilization for 15 minutes, were inoculated with 25, 50, and 75ml of Pleurotus pulmonaris and Aspergillus niger, incubated for 7 days, air-dried, and then integrated into the diets, diet A (control), diet B, C, D (25ml, 50ml 75ml Pleurotus pulmonaris) and E, F, G (25ml, 50ml, 75ml Aspergillus niger). Blood was collected from each animal via the jugular vein into bottles containing anticoagulant and without anticoagulant for the measurement of hematological and serum biochemical indices respectively. The study lasted for 63 days. Results showed that the proximate compositions were significantly influenced (p&gt;0.05). Results showed that the blood parameters were significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced by the diet. Does fed diet C had the highest packed cell volume (35.00 %), hemoglobin (11.97 %) and lymphocytes (47.67%). The serum biochemical parameters also indicated that, total protein (20.09g/l) was highest in diet C. The albumin (4.27g/l) was higher in animals fed diet G, while the serum enzymes alanine aminotransferase (5.40 iu/l) and aspartate aminotransferase (22.83 iu/l) were least in animals fed diet F and G respectively. Conclusively, microbial treatment of Bambara nutshell does not have adverse effects on the goat's health status.

Metabolic Response of Laboratory Rats to Extreme Hyperthermia

The dynamics of basic parameters of metabolism and lipid peroxidation in the blood serum of rats was studied during the formation of a state of hyperthermia (exposure to air at a temperature of +40 °C for 60 min). It was found that the albumin/globulin ratio, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, blood electrolytes, as well as the activity of the enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase under short-term heat exposure did not have statistically significant differences from the values in the state of normothermia. The level of lipid hydroperoxides and reduced glutathione changes significantly already during the mobilization phase of thermoregulatory mechanisms. The dynamics of these indicators are stable, which allows these indicators to be correlated with hyperthermia itself.

Biochemical Studies of Averrhoa carambola Ethanol Leaf and Fruit Extracts on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

The use of herbal medicines has always been an option to treat diseases such as diabetes cancer and other ailments. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Averrhoa carambola leaf and its fruit ethanol extracts on biochemical parameters and histopathology features. Forty five albino rats were assigned into 9 groups of 5 rats each. Except for the normal control group, others were induced to be diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of alloxan. Group 1 (normal control) and Group 2 (diabetic untreated) received water. Group 3 received 2.5mg/kg glibenclamide, Groups 4-9 received graded doses (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 750mg/kg) of leaf and fruit extracts of Averrhoa carambola. Treatment lasted 14days. At the end of the treatment, blood samples and organ (pancreas) were collected from the animals for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats significantly (p&lt;0.05) reduced the glucose concentration across all treated groups. Following induction of diabetic mellitus, the serum activities of liver enzymes (Alanine amino transferase, Aspartate aminotransferase and Alkaline phosphatase), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and triglyceride were significantly (p&lt;0.05) elevated in diabetic untreated group with corresponding reduction in serum protein, albumin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) compared to the normal control and treated groups. However, the fruit extracts exhibited a high increase in urea and creatinine levels especially at dose of 750mg/kg body weight when compared with the leaf though not significantly higher than the diabetic untreated group. From histopathology studies, the groups treated with the leaf extract of Averrhoa carambola showed greater structural improvement and an increase in pancreatic islet cells. Therefore this study showed that although ethanol extracts of Averrhoa carambola leaf and fruit have antidiabetic properties, the leaf extract possesses more antidiabetic effect.

The effect of resveratrol on the viability of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Background and aimResveratrol is a plant polyphenol that has antioxidant properties. In this research, in order to better understand the role of resveratrol on bone, the effect of different doses of resveratrol on the viability, proliferation, differentiation and biochemical factors of rat bone marrow mesenchyme stem cells (MSCs) was investigated. MethodsTo evaluate the ability of proliferation and differentiation, the MSCs were cultured up to three passages and were placed in culture media without osteogenic stimulation. At first to investigation the proliferation ability, the viability was evaluated by MTT test and trypan blue staining with 7.5, 15 and 30 mg/L treatment doses after 12, 24 and 36 hours. Then, to investigation the differentiation ability, the effect of 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/L treatment doses was assessed on the viability, electrolyte levels, and the activity of LDH, AST, ALP and ALT enzymes in differentiated cells after 5, 10, 15, and 21 days. To investigation the differentiation ability, the effect of 7.5, 15, and 30 mg/L treatment doses was assessed on the viability, electrolyte levels, and the activity of Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes in differentiated cells after 5, 10, 15, and 21 days. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test, and p<0.05 was considered as a significant level. ResultsThe obtained results showed that in mesenchyme cells, the level of viability does not change in low dose of resveratrol, however increase in the time followed by decrease in the activity of metabolic enzymes (ALP, ALT and AST P<0.5) and subsequently viability (p<0.05), and this trend was reversed with increasing resveratrol concentration (significant differences among 5 days and others). ConclusionThe effect of resveratrol depends on the type of cell and the treatment conditions, so it was shown in this study that the sensitivity of mesenchymal cells is higher than that of osteoblast cells. In addition, high doses of resveratrol had a positive effect on bone differentiation, so high doses of resveratrol can have a beneficial role on the health of mesenchymal cells and their differentiation into osteoblasts.

Investigation of hematological, biochemical and coagulological markers, their diagnostic effectiveness in toxic hepatitis in patients with COVID‑19

This article discusses hematological, biochemical and coagulological markers for the diagnosis of toxic hepatitis in patients with COVID-19. The analysis of the effectiveness of these markers in a large sample of patients confirmed their importance for the early detection of toxic hepatitis b in patients with COVID-19. Blood parameters such as platelets, ALT, AST, bilirubin, as well as coagulograms and markers of protein metabolism (albumin) conducted among patients divided into control and experimental groups were analyzed. It was found that in patients with concomitant toxic hepatitis c COVID-19, the tendency of thrombocytopenia is most common in clinical blood analysis. Among the biochemical parameters of blood, liver markers increase (ALT, GGT, alkaline phosphatase, etc.). It should be noted that in 1/3 of patients, the activity of liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase increases, which indicates a violation of liver function.The analysis of these data using ROC analysis showed high diagnostic accuracy of these markers in the detection of toxic hepatitis in patients with COVID-19. These studies may be important for more effective screening and further monitoring of appropriately selected treatment in such clinical situations and contributes to more effective management of this condition, leading to an improved prognosis of this disease. This study is important in the context of understanding the effects of COVID-19 on liver function.

Quercetin protects the liver of broiler chicken against oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by ochratoxin A

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that causes major health concerns in human and animals. Quercetin (QUE) is a flavonoid that possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties. This report aims to investigate the ameliorative effects of QUE against OTA-induced hepatotoxicity in broiler chicken. Forty broiler chicks were equally allocated into 4 groups: Group I (control), Group II (OTA), Group III (QUE) and Group IV (OTA + QUE). OTA (0.5 mg/kg) and QUE (0.5 g/kg) were incorporated into the chicken feed for 42 days. The results presented a significant decrease in body weight and elevation in feed conversion ratio, and a significant elevation of the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes in the OTA birds. Additionally, there was a significant decrease in catalase activity and reduced glutathione content and a significant elevation in malondialdehyde level in the liver of OTA-exposed birds. Various hepatocellular lesions were also noticed in the OTA-exposed birds. OTA exposure up-regulated the phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) and the pro-apoptotic genes and down-regulated the anti-apoptotic genes in the liver. The addition of QUE ameliorated most of the hepatotoxic effects of OTA.