Addition Of Enzyme Research Articles

Preparation, Structural Characterization, and Hypoglycemic Activity of Dietary Fiber from Sea Buckthorn Pomace.

Sea buckthorn pomace is often discarded as a by-product during the sea buckthorn processing stage. Consequently, its richness in dietary fiber is usually overlooked. In this study, soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) were extracted from sea buckthorn pomace using ultrasound combined with the enzyme method. The optimal values of the independent variable were determined by a combinatorial design and a response surface optimization test with SDF/IDF as the dependent variable, prepared as follows: 5% enzyme addition, ultrasonic power of 380 W, enzymatic time of 30 min, and alcoholic precipitation liquid ratio of 4:1. Under these conditions, the SDF/IDF ratio was 17.07%. The structural characterization and hypoglycemic activity of the two dietary fibers were then compared. The results show that two dietary fibers have respective structures and functional groups of fibers. SDF was less crystalline than IDF, and its structure was looser. Furthermore, the hypoglycemic activity of SDF was significantly better than IDF's (p < 0.05). The glucose adsorption capacity of SDF was 1.08-1.12 times higher than that of IDF. SDF inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase by 1.76 and 4.71 times more than IDF, respectively. These findings provide a reference for improving the utilization of sea buckthorn processing by-products.

Antioxidant peptides from silver carp steak by alkaline protease and flavor enzyme hydrolysis: Characterization of their structure and cytoprotective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative stress.

Silver carp steak is a rarely utilized silver carp processing byproduct. This study aimed to optimize a dual enzymatic method to extract antioxidant peptide components from silver carp steak and characterize their structure and in vitro antioxidant activity through ultrafiltration purification, response surface methodology, molecular docking, and radical scavenging activity analysis. The optimal extraction conditions for silver carp steak antioxidant peptides (SCSAP) were determined as 1:6 solid-liquid ratio, 1500 U/g alkaline protease addition, 4 h alkaline protease hydrolysis time, 1946 U/g flavor enzyme addition, and 2.5 h flavor enzyme hydrolysis time. The <3 kDa SCSAP component (SCSAP-3kDa) showed the strongest antioxidant activity, with its 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenyl hydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging rate, ABTS radical scavenging rate, hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, metal ion chelating rate, and reducing capacity reaching 88.75%, 91.21%, 67.02%, 69.07%, and 0.985, respectively. Moreover, the three peptides (PF-7, GP-8, and YF-10) of 100 µg/mL could protect HepG2 cells from oxidative stress damage by reducing the oxidative damage level and activating Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathways, enabling an increase of superoxide dismutases (SOD) activity, and a decrease of malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. The integrated results indicate the enormous potential of SCSAP-3kDa as a functional food ingredient in the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study selected the antioxidant capacity of silver carp steak peptides as the index and developed a facile dual enzymatic hydrolysis method to obtain three antioxidant peptides (PF-7, GP-8, and YF-10) with biological activity, providing a theoretical basis for bioavailability of antioxidant peptides from silver carp steak and contributing to their application in new functional foods.

Effects of cassava pellets and enzymes addition on growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical indices and cecum microbiota of broilers

The composition of feed significantly influences the growth performance and gut microbiota of broiler chicks, impacting their overall health and productivity. This study aimed to investigate the effects of cassava pellets and enzymes supplementation on the growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical indices, and cecal microbial community of broiler chicks. A total of 144 healthy 1-day-old AA broilers were randomly assigned to six dietary groups: basal diet (K1), basal diet + 5 % cassava pellets (K2), basal diet + 10 % cassava pellets (K3), basal diet + 20 % cassava pellets (K4), basal diet + 20 % cassava pellets + 0.3 % tannase (K5), and basal diet + 20 % cassava pellets + 0.3 % tannase + 2500 U/kg α-amylase (K6). At 21 days, growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical indices, and cecal microbial composition were analyzed. Compared to K1, the end weight was significantly higher in the K3 and K5 groups (P < 0.05); average daily weight gain was significantly higher in the K3 and K6 groups (P < 0.05); and the feed-to-weight ratio was lower in the K3 group (P < 0.05). Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that the Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla. Alpha diversity showed a significant increase in the Chao index in the K3 group and in the Shannon and Simpson indices in the K6 group compared to the K1 group (P < 0.05). Beta diversity indicated similar microbial compositions across groups. LEfSe analysis showed increased numbers of specific bacteria in treated groups. Serum analysis revealed significantly higher ALT levels in the K4 group and higher IBIL levels in the K5 group (P < 0.05), with Bacteroides plebeius and Megamonas positively correlated with ALT (P < 0.05). The addition of 10 % cassava pellets to the diet improved the growth performance and meat quality of broilers from 1 to 21 days of age and enhanced the microbial composition, providing valuable insights for optimizing broiler diets and improving economic returns.

Efficacy evaluation of food enzyme addition in fermented adzuki bean paste production

Efficacy evaluation of food enzyme addition in fermented adzuki bean paste production

Novel mechanistic understanding that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is more capable of improving the ensiling performance of wheat straw silage than xylanase by driving certain key metabolites

Microbial and enzyme additives can improve silage performance, but there is limited comparative research on the effects of microbial and enzyme additives on improving silage fermentation quality, and the underlying microbial and metabolic pathways remain unclear. This study investigated the effects without inoculants (CK treatment) or with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (LP treatment), xylanase (XY treatment) and their combination (LPXY treatment) on the fermentation quality, as well as on the microbial communities and metabolite profiles of the wheat straw silage. The results demonstrated that the LP treatment has a better effect on improving the fermentation quality of wheat straw silage compared to other treatments, as evidenced by markedly (p < 0.05) decreased the pH (4.06), acid and neutral fiber (ANF, NDF, 23.43 and 31.69%DM), and increased the lactic acid (LA, 965.89 mg/L) and acetic acid (AA, 656.10 mg/L) concentrations. After the fermentation process, the LP treatment significantly (p < 0.05) enhanced the abundance of Lactobacillus, reduced bacterial Shannon (p < 0.05) and increased some key metabolites content. The structural equation models (SEMs) and Pearson’s correlation results proved that the LP treatment improved the wheat straw silage fermentation quality via increasing the abundance of Lactobacillus, decreasing the diversity of bacterial community and enriching the content of certain key metabolites. The present study provides mechanistic evidence that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum additive is superior to xylanase additive and their combination on improving fermentation quality of wheat straw silage, that is, by enriching certain key metabolites to increase AA and LA concentrations, providing a reference for the cross study of silage feed fermentation microbiome and metabolome.Graphical

Co-immobilization of lipase and β-galactosidase in gelatin-carboxymethyl cellulose blend films used as an active packaging component

β-Galactosidase and lipase were co-immobilized in polymeric blends of gelatin (GEL) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) synthesized with different ratios of GEL/CMC: A (0GEL:100CMC), B (25GEL:75CMC), C (50GEL:50CMC), D (75GEL:25CMC), E (100GEL:0CMC). The films obtained good electrostatic interaction and a regular and uniform structure. The addition of CMC increased the mechanical resistance of the films, the tensile strength being 35.04 ± 0.10 MPa for A (0GEL:100CMC) films and 19.17 ± 2.44 MPa for E (100GEL:0CMC) films. Thermogravimetry (TG) showed that the addition of the enzyme decreases the thermal stability of the films. Film B (25GEL:75CMC) showed greater affinity with the added enzymes and greater thermal stability, in addition to increasing the crystallinity by up to 5.8 % and forming more transparent films. CMC was the most hydrophilic polymer, with higher moisture content (17.35 ± 1.73 %) and PVA (0.398 ± 0.047 g.mm/h.m2.kPa), higher still after the addition of enzyme (22.91 ± 1.06 % and 1.136 ± 0.087 g.mm/h.m2.kPa). The enzymes showed greater interaction with the bulky groups of CMC and the film with the highest concentration of this polymer was the one that presented the best hydrolysis rate of lactose and triglycerides, enabling the production of films.

Valorisation of Aggregate-Washing Sludges in Innovative Applications in Construction.

The valorisation of sludges from aggregate production into construction materials is required for full circularity in mining waste management. This study explores valorisation pathways, relevant regulatory frameworks, and End-of-Waste (EoW) criteria for specific settings in Spain and Norway. The explored valorisation routes involved the production of filler, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs), and lightweight aggregates (LWAs) for the production of cement-based products, and precursors for 3D printed construction material. The sludge from Norway revealed a non-polluted stream and a stream contaminated with organic phases and clays. Sludge-based filler proved suitable in concrete production with contents of up to 40% of total binder, providing adequate consistency and cohesion. However, clays in the sludge increased the demand for water and superplasticizer. Clay contents were still insufficient for the applications as SCMs, as the calcined sludge demonstrated limited reactivity. The application to produce LWAs was promising, but further microstructure optimization is still required. The clay content was also relevant for the sludge from the site in Spain, as it provided 3D printing mixes with good plasticity. The dosage optimization still required the addition of enzymes, limestone, and natural fibres to improve cohesion, workability, and resistance to the cracking of the 3D printing mix.

Xylanase and phytase supplementation of Moringa oleifera diets: effects on the performance, egg quality and blood profile of laying hens

Context Moringa oleifera leaves present enormous potential as an alternative feedstuff for laying hens. The utilisation of the leaves can be improved by exogenous enzymes owing to the presence of non-starch polysaccharides and phytate. Aims This study evaluated the influence of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOL) in diets supplemented with xylanase and phytase on laying hen performance and egg quality at peak production. Methods In total, 288 Dekalb White laying hens (32 weeks old) were distributed in a completely randomised design, following a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement (with or without MOL × 4 enzyme supplementations). Each treatment comprised six repetitions, each containing six hens. The control diet was based on ground corn and soybean meal, and the treatment diets were supplemented with 5% MOL, followed by three enzyme additives (xylanase, phytase and a xylanase + phytase blend). Key results The enzyme supplementation in MOL diets positively influenced egg production (P = 0.012), egg weight (P = 0.021) and egg mass (P = 0.009). The birds offered xylanase-supplemented diets had higher feed intakes (P = 0.015) than did those fed other diets. Moringa oleifera increased the albumen height (P &lt; 0.001) and Haugh unit (P &lt; 0.001), whereas MOL and phytase improved eggshell thickness (P &lt; 0.001) and the candling score (P = 0.049), compared with treatments without phytase supplementation. MOL and enzyme supplementation improved yolk colour intensity (L, A and R parameters) and decreased plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol concentrations. The inclusion of 5% MOL in diets did not impair laying performance. However, when MOL diets were supplemented with exogenous enzymes, there was an increase in egg weight. Conclusions MOL can be included at 5% in layer diets without affecting performance. When used in combination with xylanase and phytase, they improve performance, intensify yolk colour, and improve shell thickness, candling score, as well as serum biochemical profile. Implications These findings suggest that the combination of dietary MOL + xylanase + phytase can improve performance and egg quality in laying hens at peak production.

Differences in Heating Temperature and Type of Phytase Enzyme on Enzyme Activity, Calcium and Phosphorus Levels in Complete Poultry Feed

Phytic acid is an antinutritional factor that can negatively affect livestock productivity by reducing the bioavailability of essential nutrients. Its content in feed ingredients can be minimized or even eliminated through various processing techniques, such as the addition of phytase enzymes. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different heating temperatures and types of phytase enzymes on enzyme activity, calcium, and phosphorus levels in complete poultry feed. The research was conducted using a completely randomized design (CRD) with a factorial arrangement. The treatment consisted of two factors: factor A (phytase enzyme addition at three levels: no enzyme (0 FTU), commercial enzyme A (800 FTU), and commercial enzyme B (800 FTU), and factor B (heating temperature levels of 65°C, 70°C, 75°C, and 80°C). Each treatment combination was replicated three times. Data were analyzed using Minitab software, followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) to determine significant differences between treatments at a 5% significance level. The results indicated that the addition of phytase enzymes significantly affected (P0.05) enzyme activity, calcium, and phosphorus levels in the feed. The best results for enzyme activity were observed with the treatment EAT3 (commercial phytase enzyme A at a heating temperature of 75°C), while the best results for calcium and phosphorus levels were achieved with treatment EBT3 (commercial phytase enzyme B at a heating temperature of 75°C).

Ultrasound-Assisted Enzyme Extraction, Physicochemical Properties and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris Solid Medium.

Cordyceps militaris solid medium polysaccharides (CMMPs) were extracted using an ultrasound-assisted enzyme method, and the process conditions were optimized via response surface methodology (RSM). The CMMPs were separated into four components named CMMP-1, CMMP-2, CMMP-3 and CMMP-4 using ethanol fractional precipitation, and their monosaccharide composition and structural properties were analyzed by molecular weight analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Congo red test, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). RSM could predict the yield of the CMMP (R2 = 0.9928), and the polysaccharide yield was 15.43% under the selected conditions of 3.1% cellulase enzyme addition, a liquid-solid ratio of 42:1, an extraction temperature of 61 °C, and an extraction time of 60 min. Glucose and galactose were the main constituents of the four fractional precipitated polysaccharides. Furthermore, four components exhibited antioxidant activity, and CMMP-1 demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity in vitro. This study demonstrates the possibility of developing a natural antioxidant food from Cordyceps militaris solid medium.

Valorization of the solid fraction of wine lees through optimized accelerated autolysis: Effect of temperature, pH and solid concentration on free-amino acid concentration

Winemaking, as an agro-industrial process, generates substantial amounts of by-products, notably grape pomace and wine lees. The latter constitutes the residue left behind during the racking or bottling of wine, consisting mainly of dead yeast cells, ethanol, phenolic compounds, tartrates, and other compounds. Within the framework of by-products’ valorization, the rich content of dead yeast cells in wine lees render them conducive to the production of a yeast extract substitute through autolysis. In the present study, the effect of pretreatment, temperature, pH, and solid concentration on the efficiency of white wine lees autolysis was investigated. Moreover, the effect of enzyme addition and dynamic thermal protocols were investigated. Efficiency assessment was based on the increase of free α-amino nitrogen (FAN) found in the autolysate. The finding revealed a significant increase of FAN in all cases, with treated and untreated white wine lees reaching a maximum increase of 477% and 834%, respectively. Furthermore, the amino acid profile of autolysates was significantly affected by the autolysis temperature. These results hold promise for the comprehensive, holistic valorization of wine lees, suggesting their potential use as a nutrient source for microorganisms, such as wine yeast, or even as a grape must nitrogen modulator. Consequently, this by-product can be integrated back into the same industrial process from which it originates, namely winemaking. This not only aligns with the principles of circular economy but also underscores the potential for sustainable development within wineries.

The Influence of Processing Using Conventional and Hybrid Methods on the Composition, Polysaccharide Profiles and Selected Properties of Wheat Flour Enriched with Baking Enzymes.

In this study, a developed wheat flour blend (F), consisting of a high content of non-starch polysaccharides, was fortified with cellulase (C) and a cellulase-xylanase complex (CX) and then processed via conventional and hybrid treatment methods. Dry heating (T), hydrothermal treatment (H) and extrusion processing (E) were applied without or with enzyme addition as hybrid treatments. Proximate composition and polysaccharide profiles selected techno-functional and structural properties of modified wheat flours, were analyzed. Conventional and hybrid treatments induced changes in polysaccharide fraction compositions (especially the arabinoxylans) and the rheology of modified flour. Dry heating caused an inconsiderable effect on flour composition but reduced its baking value, mainly by reducing the elasticity of the dough and worsening the strain hardening index, from 49.27% (F) to 44.83% (TF) and from 1.66 (F) to 1.48 (TF), respectively. The enzymes added improved the rheological properties and baking strength, enhancing the quality of gluten proteins. Hydrothermal enzyme-assisted treatment increased flour viscosity by 14-26% and improved the dough stability by 12-21%; however, the use of steam negatively affected the protein structure, weakening dough stretchiness and elasticity. Extrusion, especially enzyme-assisted, significantly increased the hydration properties by 55-67% but lowered dough stability, fat content and initial gelatinization temperature due to the changes in the starch, mostly induced by the hybrid enzymatic-extrusion treatment. The structure of extruded flours was different from that obtained for other treatments where the peak intensity at 20° was the highest, suggesting the presence of amorphous phases of amylose and lipids. The results can be helpful in the selection of processing conditions so as to obtain flour products with specific techno-functional properties.

Packing Incubation and Addition of Rot Fungi Extracts Improve BTEX Elimination from Air in Biotrickling Filters.

The removal of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) from air was investigated in two similar biotrickling filters (BTFs) packed with polyurethane (PU) foam, differing in terms of inoculation procedure (BTF A was packed with pre-incubated PU discs, and BTF B was inoculated via the continuous recirculation of a liquid inoculum). The effects of white rot fungi enzyme extract addition and system responses to variable VOC loading, liquid trickling patterns, and pH were studied. Positive effects of both packing incubation and enzyme addition on biotrickling filtration performance were identified. BFF A exhibited a shorter start-up period (approximately 20 days) and lower pressure drop (75 ± 6 mm H2O) than BTF B (30 days; 86 ± 5 mm H2O), indicating the superior effects of packing incubation over inoculum circulation during the biotrickling filter start-up. The novel approach of using white rot fungi extracts resulted in fast system recovery and enhanced process performance after the BTF acidification episode. Average BTEX elimination capacities of 28.8 ± 0.4 g/(m3 h) and 23.1 ± 0.4 g/(m3 h) were reached for BTF A and BTF B, respectively. This study presents new strategies for controlling and improving the abatement of BTEX in biotrickling filters.

Ultrasound assisted enzymatic synthesis of OPO structured lipids by covalent organic framework immobilized lipase

In this study, the covalent organic framework immobilized Rhizomucor miehie lipase COF@RML as a novel biocatalyst was applied in the enzymatic synthesis of OPO structured lipids (1, 3-dioleoyl-2-palmitoylglycerol). The impact of reaction medium, substrate molar ratio, enzyme addition amount, reaction time and temperature on the enzymatic synthesis of OPO structured lipids were studied. Furthermore, the effects of ultrasonic power and ultrasonic time on the synthesis of OPO structural lipids were studied. The results showed that ultrasonication could increase the yeild of OPO structured lipids by improving substrate mass transfer and enzyme particle dispersion. The optimal process for the synthesis of OPO structured lipids was obtained. When the ultrasonic power was set at 90 W, ultrasonic time at 12 minutes, enzyme addition amount at 10 wt%, substrate molar ratio at 1:8, reaction temperature at 45 °C, and reaction time at 6 hours, the yield of OPO structured lipids reached a remarkable 51.27 %. Finally, the commercial lipase Lipozyme RM IM was compared with the COF@RML. The findings indicated that COF@RML immobilized enzyme had better application value in the synthesis of OPO structured lipids.

PSV-27 Optimizing corn silage utilization in beef feedlot diets: Evaluating the impact of exogenous glucoamylase addition on performance and digestibility

Abstract The addition of an exogenous glucoamylase enzyme preparation to feedlot diets that contain a high percentage of corn silage may improve digestibility and yield positive outcomes in growth and efficiency. However, it is unclear what concentration of corn silage in the diet would most benefit from exogenous glucoamylase. Crossbred steers [n = 180; body weight (BW) = 459 ± 11.8 kg] were divided into 30 pens (5 pens per treatment; 6 steers per pen) and assigned to one of six treatments arranged as a 3 x 2 factorial investigating 3 forage concentrations (15, 42, and 69% corn silage) and 2 exogenous glucoamylase additions (0 or 183 enzyme units/kg of dry matter per d). Steers were fed 42% corn silage, 30% corn, 23% dried distillers grains with solubles, and 5% supplement at feedlot entry and for 2 wk prior to initiation of the study. Steers on the 15% and 69% corn silage diets were transitioned to treatment diets by wk 3 of the study (d 15), with the first transition occurring on d 0. Diet transitions occurred once weekly. The animals were on feed for 105 ± 10.4 d and had ad libitum access to feed and water. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and gain:feed were assessed both overall and for two distinct periods: d 0 to 50, and d 51 until slaughter. Data analysis was performed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. From d 0 to 50, ADG, DMI, and gain:feed did not differ due to forage concentration or enzyme inclusion and there was no interaction (P ≥ 0.39). For d 51 to slaughter, enzyme inclusion interacted with forage concentration such that the enzyme improved ADG (P = 0.0003) and gain:feed (P = 0.01) for steers fed the 42% corn silage diet but did not effect ADG and gain:feed for steers fed the 15 or 69% corn silage diets. For d 51 to slaughter DMI was not affected by forage concentration, enzyme inclusion, or their interaction (P ≥ 0.21). When calculated for the entire study (d 0 to slaughter), increasing forage concentration decreased ADG and gain:feed (P ≤ 0.0006), but did not effect DMI (P = 0.22). Overall, enzyme addition did not impact ADG, DMI, or gain:feed and did not interact with forage concentration (P ≥ 0.50). Carcass characteristics were not affected by forage concentration, enzyme addition, or their interaction (P ≥ 0.19). Overall results suggest that an exogenous glucoamylase enzyme improves growth and efficiency of heavier feedlot cattle fed moderate amounts of forage later in the feeding period.

PSXII-18 Nitrogen balance and ruminal bacterial diversity indexes of Nellore cattle fed with amylolytic and fibrolytic enzymes in feedlot

Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the use of dietary exogenous enzyme (ENZ) products with amylolytic and fibrolytic activity on nitrogen balance and ruminal alpha and beta diversity of Nellore cattle in feedlot. Rumen cannulated Nellore steers [n = 10; body weigh (BW) = 543 kg ± 28.6 kg] were distributed in a replicate 5 × 5 Latin-square design using individual pens. The treatments consisted of a negative control (CON; without ENZ); Amylase [AML, Amaize, Alltech; 0.5 g/kg of diet dry matter (DM); Xylanase (FBL, Fibrozyme, Alltech; 0.9 g/kg of diet DM]; Half dose (HD; AML 0.25 g/kg of diet DM and FBL 0.45 g/kg of diet DM); and Full dose (FD; AML 0.5 g/kg of diet DM and FBL 0.90 g/kg of diet DM; Table 1). The experimental period lasted 19 d (14 d of adaptation and 5 d of collection). Between d 15 and 18, total urine collection was performed to calculate the nitrogen balance. On d 19 a mixed ruminal sample (6 mL of solid and liquid content) was taken 4 h after feeding and stored at -80 ºC until DNA extraction. Total genomic DNA was extracted using the ZymoBIOMICS DNA Miniprep Kit. The library was prepared using primers for the region V3V4 of the16S rRNA gene; 341F (5’-CCTAYGGGRBGCASCAG-3’) x 806R (5’- GGACTACNNGGGTATCTAAT-3’). The amplicons (~ 470 bp) were sequenced with the Illumina NovaSeq 6000 PE 250 platform. The sequences were analyzed using qiime2 with the SILVA database for the taxonomic assignment. Alpha and beta diversities were calculated in Rstudio using phyloseq. All data were analyzed as orthogonal contrasts assuming treatment as a fixed effect: 1) CON vs. ENZ, 2) AML vs. FBL, 3) HD vs. FD, and 4) AML + FBL vs. HD + FD. Animals that received ENZ had reduced fecal nitrogen excretion (FNE, P = 0.014) and greater efficiency of nitrogen utilization (ENU, P = 0.031) than animals in the CON group. The FBL treatment resulted in greater CP/DOM ratio (P = 0.049), nitrogen balance (P = 0.089), and ENU (P = 0.015) compared with AML treatment. No differences were observed between HD and FD for any nitrogen balance variable (P &amp;gt; 0.10). Animals supplemented with both enzymes (HD + FD) had greater values of N intake (P = 0.018), greater CP/DOM ratio (P = 0.006), and greater FNE (P = 0.002) than animals fed either enzyme alone (AML + FBL). The ENZ supplementation did not impact alpha diversity index or beta diversity (P &amp;gt; 0.10). In conclusion, the addition of exogenous enzymes affected nitrogen balance but not ruminal alpha and beta diversity of Nellore cattle in feedlot.

PSXIII-22 Intake, digestibility, and ruminal parameters of Nellore cattle fed with amylolytic and fibrolytic enzymes in feedlot

Abstract This study was carried out to evaluate the use of dietary exogenous enzyme (ENZ) products with amylolytic and fibrolytic activity on nutrient intake, digestibility, and ruminal volatile fatty acids production (VFA) of Nellore cattle in feedlot. Rumen-cannulated Nellore steers [n = 10; body weight (BW) = 543 kg ± 28.6 BW] were distributed in a replicated Latin-square design (5 × 5) in individual pens. The treatments consisted of a negative control (CON; without ENZ); Amylase (AML; Amaize, Alltech, 0.5 g/kg of DM); Xylanase (FBL, Fibrozyme, Alltech, 0.9 g/kg of DM); Half dose (HD; AML 0.25 g/kg of diet DM and FBL 0.45 g/kg of diet DM); and Full dose (FD; AML 0.5 g/kg of diet DM and FBL 0.90 g/kg of diet DM; Table 1). The experimental period lasted 19 d (14 d of adaptation and 5 d of collection). Between d 15 and 18, total fecal collection was performed and on d 19 rumen fluid was collected at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 h post-feeding for ammonia, VFA, and pH determination. The data were analyzed as orthogonal contrasts using SAS: (C1) CON vs. ENZ, (C2) AML vs. FBL, (C3) HD vs. FD, and (C4) AML + FBL vs. HD + FD. There were no C1 differences for nutrient digestibility, total VFA, or ruminal pH (P &amp;gt; 0.10). However, a tendency effect in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake (P = 0.065) was observed, where animals fed ENZ had reduced values compared with animals kept in CON group. In the same way, ENZ reduced ther extract (EE) intake (P = 0.023), ruminal ammonia (P &amp;lt; 0.001), and isovalerate proportion (P = 0.080) as well as increased proportion of acetate (P &amp;lt; 0.001), valerate (P &amp;lt; 0.001) and acetate:propionate ratio (P = 0.030). No differences were observed in nutrient intake between AML and FBL (P &amp;gt; 0.10), but AML had greater organic matter (OM) digestibility (P = 0.097) and ruminal valerate (P = 0.039) and decreased butyrate proportion (P = 0.068). Animals that received FD had greater values of dry matter (DM; P = 0.009) and OM (P &amp;lt; 0.001) digestibility than HD. The enzyme combination resulted in greater DM (P = 0.026), OM (P = 0.062), crude protein (P = 0.018), EE (P = 0.063) and NDF (P = 0.040) intake and reduced OM digestibility (P = 0.008) compared with AML and FBL alone. The addition of exogenous enzymes in feedlot diets affected nutrient utilization and ruminal fermentation of Nellore cattle fed a feedlot finishing diet.

Enhancing methane yield and shifting microbial communities in anaerobic reactors treating lipid-rich dairy wastewater through exogenous lipase addition

This study explores a novel enzymatic pretreatment approach in anaerobic reactors for dairy wastewater, using lipase AY Amano to enhance methane production and modify microbial and archaeal community composition. Batch and semi-batch reactors with a total volume of 2000 mL were used to treat dairy wastewater with initial COD of 2000 and 15,000 mg L−1, respectively. In a new novel approach, the semi-batch reactors underwent a three-phase operation: 30 days of acclimation, 30 days of rest, and 30 days of active operation. Adding lipase (0.05% wv−1) as a pretreatment significantly increased methane yield over the 90 days by 135–138% compared with the control (without enzyme addition). The organic loading rate reached 0.22 g COD day−1 L−1. Furthermore, 30 days after the end of the semi-batch reactor approach (120 days from the start), reusing sludge in batch reactors increased methane yield by 114–122% compared to the control. This increase was linked to the emergence and shift of new methanogenic communities within the sludge. Integrating hydrolytic enzymes into the anaerobic treatment enhances performance and sustainability by fostering methanogen-enriched microbial communities. This is crucial for maximizing methane production but may increase costs, requiring further economic feasibility research.

BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES OF BROILER CHICKENS FED DIETS CONTAINING DIFFERENT ENZYMES

Animals used behaviour as one of the important tools of adapting to their physical and social environment. This study was conducted to examine the effect of enzyme on the behavioural response of broiler chickens fed with diets containing different enzymes.. The experiment was carried out for six weeks using one hundred and twenty-day old cobb 500 broiler chicks (n = 120). The birds were randomly distributed into four dietary treatment, such that there were 30 birds per each treatment and replicated thrice with ten birds each.. Treatment 1 (T1) (control diet without enzyme), T2 (diet with enzyme Nutrizymes NZ), T3 (diet with enzyme Nutrizymes NZ + Avizymes VZ) and T4 (diet with enzyme Nutrizymes NZ + Roxazyme PZ). Walking, lying, floor scratching, eating, wing flapping, feather pecking, dust bathing, preening and flying were not significantly (p&lt;0.05) influenced by age while floor scratching, fighting and sleeping were significant (p&lt;0.05). floor and fighting (3.20) behaviours were observed in broiler chickens atb5th week while birds appeared to sleep (0.81) more at 3rd week of age compared to the fifth week. Birds were seen lying down frequently (23.76) (p&lt;0.5) in treatment 4 (NZ+PZ) while a higher occurrence of floor scratching (106.10) was observed on treatment 3 (NZ+VZ) diet which signifies better welfare. The interaction between enzyme and behaviour was significant (p&lt;0.05) in birds on diet NZ+VZ with higher incidence of floor scratching (188.0) while fighting behaviour was seen on birds in T4 (NZ+PZ) diet. The study concluded that addition of enzymes in broiler diet enhances better behavioural response in NZ+PZ.

EFFECTS OF TURMERIC (CURCUMA LONGA) AND QUANTUM BLUE® AS PHYTOGENIC AND EXOGENOUS ENZYME SUPPLEMENTS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

The effects of Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Quantum Blue® as phytogenic and exogenous enzyme supplements on the performance parameters of broiler chickens were studied using one hundred and eighty (n= 180) day old chicks in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement at both the starter and finisher levels as thus; T1 (0g Turmeric; 0ppm Enzyme), T2 (5g Turmeric; 0ppm Enzyme), T3 (0g Turmeric; 0.05ppm Enzyme) and T4 (5g Turmeric, 0.05ppm Enzyme). Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the 7 weeks period. Parameters measured were final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, performance index, protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, survival percentage. In the finisher phase, all parameters showed no significant (P&gt;0.05) difference except protein intake (values and units of the PI) and protein efficiency ratio (values and units of the PER).For the enzyme all parameters showed no significant (P&gt;0.05) difference except survival percentage (values and units of the SP) and protein efficiency ratio (values and units of thePER). Enzyme addition decreased feed conversion ratio. It is therefore concluded that T4 presented better performance and therefore 5g Turmeric and 0.05ppm Enzyme is recommended for broiler feeding.