Serum Enzyme Activities Research Articles

Comparative therapeutic efficacy of oral administration of gluconeogenic precursors with nicotinamide and intravenous hypertonic dextrose solution for management of subclinical ketosis in Chilika buffaloes.

Ketosis in dairy animals originates from negative energy status, associated increased absorption, and production of ketone bodies exceeding their use by the ruminants as an energy source. The present therapeutic experiment was carried out in 29 herds of Chilika buffaloes in 16 villages of three adjoining districts of Chilika Lake, Puri, Khurda, and Ganjam. Twenty Chilika buffaloes, detected positive for subclinical ketosis, were randomly selected for the study and divided into 2 groups, groups II and III, and were treated with hypertonic dextrose solution intravenously or gluconeogenic precursors along with nicotinamide orally, along with other supportive drugs in both the groups. Ten lactating Chilika buffaloes with no signs of ketosis and detected negative on Rothera test were included in the study as healthy controls (group I). Blood and milk samples were collected from all the 30 recruited buffaloes on days 0 (pre-treatment), 7, 14, and 28 for haematological and biochemical analysis. The subclinical ketosis in Chilika buffaloes did not have overt clinical signs. However, close examination revealed gradual drop in milk yield (100%), inappetence (59%), debility (46%), and uncoordinated gait (10%) without excitatory nervous signs. On day 7 following treatment, blood glucose concentration increased significantly. The mean serum triglyceride concentration of group III, treated with gluconeogenic precursors with nicotinamide, continued to decline significantly on subsequent observations. The serum enzyme activity, indicating status of liver function, declined following treatment in both the therapeutic groups. The intravenous administration of hypertonic dextrose solution compared to use of oral gluconeogenic precursors along with nicotinamide efficiently restored recovery from the subclinical ketosis in Chilika buffaloes.

The impact of curcumin nanoparticles (CurNPs) on growth performance, antioxidant indices, blood biochemistry, gut morphology and cecal microbial profile of broiler chickens

ABSTRACT A total 375 one-day-old male broiler chickens were allotted into five groups including: 0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg curcumin nanoparticles) CurNPs). Final body weight increased and feed conversion ratio improved by CurNPs supplementation. Antioxidant enzymes activities were increased and malondialdehyde was reduced by CurNPs. The white blood cells (except heterophil) increased and red blood cells and hematocrit decreased by CurNPs supplementation. The serum enzyme activity, cholesterol and triglyceride reduced and protein increased by CurNPs supplementation. Also, The CurNPs, increased relative weight of spleen and immune indices concentrations in serum. Moreover, The CurNPs addition improved gut morphological traits in the Jejunum. CurNPs supplementation. Moreover, CurNPs supplementation tended to lower cecal E. coli, coliform, aerobic, anaerobic bacteria, and total yeast and molds count, in concomitance to greater Lactic acid bacteria population.

Breed-specific evaluation of serum biochemical markers in canine hip dysplasia observed in a Tornjak dog population.

Canine hip dysplasia (CHD) is a global disease and an improved diagnostic approach to this orthopedic condition is needed, with an emphasis on inexpensive and minimally invasive techniques. This research aimed to determine the differentiating potential of selected biochemical markers in serum between healthy dogs and dogs with hip dysplasia in a breed-specific study that involved the Tornjak dog population. 99 Tornjak dogs radiographically categorized (Federation Cynologique Internationale procedure and scoring scheme) between December 2019 and April 2021, as having no sign of hip dysplasia or near normal hip joints (nondysplastic group; n = 51) vs mild, moderate, or severe hip dysplasia (dysplastic group; 48). Serum concentrations and enzyme activity of the biochemical markers hyaluronic acid (HA), procollagen II C-terminal propeptide (PIICP), and metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) were compared among adult dogs with or without radiographic hip dysplasia. Statistical tests used to examine the differentiating potential of biochemical markers in Tornjak dog groups were assessed using the Mann-Whitney U test, logistic regression, and receiving operating characteristics (ROC) analysis. Tornjak dogs with radiographic CHD had significantly lower serum concentrations of HA and higher concentrations of PIICP and MMP9 activity compared to dogs with radiographically normal hips (P < .05). Selected biochemical markers could distinguish dogs with radiographic CHD from those without CHD with high sensitivity and specificity. These data suggest that the diagnostic technique of measuring serum concentrations of HA, PIICP, and MMP9 activity has a selective ability to distinguish dogs with dysplastic from dogs with normal hips.

Intra-Articular AAV9 α-l-Iduronidase Gene Replacement in the Canine Model of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type I

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), an inherited lysosomal storage disorder characterized by deficiency of α-l-iduronidase (IDUA) activity, causes multisystemic pathology due to sequelae of accumulated heparan and dermatan sulfates (HS and DS), the substrates of IDUA. Current treatments, though life-prolonging, inadequately address skeletal dysplasia and do not forestall progressive and painful degenerative joint disease. Previous studies demonstrated that intra-articular enzyme replacement cleared cellular lysosomal storage and reduced joint inflammation. Three nontolerized MPS I canines were studied to assess safety, efficacy, and durability of IDUA gene replacement therapy delivered via intra-articular injection. After baseline joint tissue biopsies, the right shoulder and stifle of each animal were injected in the intra-articular space with AAV9-IDUA and contralateral joints with AAV9-eGFP. Animals received either 5E11 or 5E12 vector genomes/joint. Necropsy was performed at 2- or 52-week postinjection. All animals tolerated injections without adverse effects. At two weeks, supraphysiologic IDUA enzyme activity was measured in AAV9-IDUA-treated but not AAV9-eGFP-treated synovium, with corresponding normalization of HS content and synoviocyte morphology. The AAV9-IDUA-treated cartilage had normal physiologic levels of IDUA enzyme, reduced but not normalized HS and DS levels compared to untreated MPS I cartilage, and healthy chondrocyte morphology. Liver IDUA transgene and IDUA enzyme activity were identified, as was serum IDUA activity which was 40% of wild-type serum enzyme activity. At 52-week postinjection, AAV9-IDUA-treated synovium and cartilage IDUA enzyme activity declined in both animals, corresponding to high tissue HS and DS levels and severe lysosomal storage. Liver and serum IDUA activity levels were undetectable. A dose-dependent serum anti-IDUA antibody response was observed which, together with loss of transgene with age, likely contributed to decline in tissue enzyme activity and treatment efficacy. Our study demonstrates successful proof-of-concept for intra-articular gene replacement therapy as a treatment for MPS-related joint dysplasia. Our observations suggest the possibility of multimodal gene replacement therapy to address multiple refractory manifestations of MPS I. Subsequent studies, in conjunction with immune tolerization and functional assessments of joint pathology, will investigate this possibility.

Effects of Different Proportions of Amaranthus hypochondriacus Stem and Leaf Powder Inclusions on Growth Performance, Carcass Traits, and Blood Biochemical Parameters of Broilers.

This experiment aimed to study the effects of different proportions of Amaranthus hypochondriacus stem and leaf powder (AHSL) on the growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, carcass traits, meat quality, and blood biochemical parameters of broilers from day 1 to day 42. The experiment utilized a single-factor experimental design, with a total of 216 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) randomly assigned to three dietary treatment groups (eight replicate cages of nine birds per cage). The dietary treatments included a control diet, a 3% AHSL diet and a 6% AHSL diet for days 0-21. Then, the 3% and 6% AHSL diets were changed to 5% and 10% AHSL for days 22-42. The results showed that the inclusion levels of AHSL did not affect growth performance, carcass traits, or meat quality on days 21 and 42 (p > 0.05). However, the inclusion levels of AHSL decreased the apparent nutrient digestibility (AND) of dry matter (DM) (p ˂ 0.001) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) (p ˂ 0.001) and increased the serum concentration of phosphorus (p ˂ 0.001) on day 21. On day 42, the inclusion levels of AHSL decreased the AND of DM (p = 0.025) and NDF content (p ˂ 0.001), but increased the AND of crude protein (CP) (p = 0.004). In particular, the diet containing 10% AHSL significantly increased the serum enzyme activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) (p = 0.046) and the serum concentration of total protein (TP) (p ˂ 0.001) on day 42. Overall, AHSL can be used as a new and effective feed ingredient in broiler diets. It can replace part of the corn-soybean meal diet without any adverse effects, which is beneficial for conserving feed resources. Additionally, AHSL can be included at a level of up to 10% during the broiler growth period.

Synthesis , Characterization and Study the Effect of Benzothiazol-pyrazole Derivatives on the Activity of AST, ALT Enzymes

This work includes synthesis some of 2-(4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)-1,3-benzothiazole derivatives which synthesized from 2-hydrazino-1,3-benzothiazole with dicarbonyl compounds. The prepared compounds were characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR and also studied the physical properties. The effect of the biological activity for these compounds were studied on the activity of AST and ALT enzymes in human serum of myocardial infarction patients. The studies show the compounds (A2 and A5) caused inhibition while the compound (A3 and A4) caused activation for the activity for AST and ALT enzymes.

Hemolysin from Aeromonas hydrophila enhances the host's serum enzyme activity and regulates transcriptional responses in the spleen of Cyprinus rubrofuscus

Aeromonas hydrophila is a conditional pathogen impacting public hygiene and safety. Hemolysin is a virulence factor of Aeromonas hydrophila that causes erythrocyte hemolysis, yet its transcriptional response to Cyprinus rubrofuscus remains unknown. Our investigation confirmed the hemolysis of hemolysin from A. hydrophila. Serum enzyme activity was evaluated weekly after C. rubrofuscus were immunized with hemolysin Ahh1. The results showed that the hemolysin enhances the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), lysozyme (LZM), and catalase (CAT) activity, which reached a maximum on day 14. To elucidate the molecular interaction between hemolysin from A. hydrophila and the host, we performed transcriptome sequencing on the spleen of C. rubrofuscus 14 days post hemolysin infection. The total number of clean reads was 41.37 Gb, resulting in 79,832 unigenes with an N50 length of 1863 bp. There were 1982 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1083 upregulated genes and 899 downregulated genes. Transcript levels of the genes, such as LA6BL, CD2, and NLRC5, were significantly downregulated, while those of IL11, IL1R2, and IL8 were dramatically upregulated. The DEGs were mainly enriched in the immune disease, viral protein interaction with cytokine and cytokine receptor, and toll-like receptor pathways, suggesting that hemolysin stimulation can activate the transcriptional responses. RT-qPCR experiments results of seven genes, IL-8, STAT2, CTSK, PRF1, CXCL9, TLR5, and SACS, showed that their expression was highly concordant with RNA-seq data. We clarified for the first time the key genes and signaling pathways response to hemolysin from A. hydrophila, which offers strategies for treating and preventing diseases.

Partial and full replacement of dietary fish oil by poultry fat feeds in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

ABSTRACT The study investigated the effects of dietary fish oil replacement by poultry fat on growth performance, fillet quality, and serum enzymatic activities in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The fish were fed three diets (0%, 50%, and 100% replacement) for 2 months with or without a washout period. No significant effects were observed among treatments on growth performance and viscerosomatic index or on fillet moisture, fat, protein, and ash contents (p > .05). Increased poultry fat led to decrease in ω-3 fatty acids and increase in ω-6 fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids. The washout period restored most of the changes in fillet fatty acid profiles and serum enzymatic activity in the fish feed containing poultry fat. In conclusion, replacement of dietary fish oil by poultry fat had no detrimental effects on fish growth performance, but reduced fish fillet ω-3 fatty acids, which can be restored via a washout period.

Associations between serum gamma-globulin concentration, enzyme activities, growth and survival in preweaning Alpine goat kids

Colostral immunity is crucial for young ruminants, but the individual factors that may affect passive transfer status and its effects on preweaning growth performance have not been widely investigated in goats. The methods to quantify immunoglobulins G can be expensive. Colostrum enzymes, though, pass the intestinal barrier and might be suitable as markers of passive transfer status, as demonstrated in other ruminant species. This study aimed to investigate the effect of sex, litter size, dam parity, and birth body weight on passive transfer status and the relationship between gamma-globulin concentration (GG) and pre-weaning growth performance in Alpine goat kids. The association between serum GG, serum total protein concentration and serum activity of colostrum enzymes including γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was examined for their use as predictors of passive transfer status in neonatal goat kids. Sixty-six Alpine goat kids (39 males, 27 females), born to 28 does at one dairy goat farm during two delivery seasons, were enrolled. Kids nursed their dams in group housing until weaned at 50 days of age. Blood samples were collected 24 h after birth. Body weights (BW) were taken at birth and weaning. Serum enzyme activities and total protein concentration were measured using a clinical biochemical analyser. Serum GG was determined by gel electrophoresis. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism (v. 8.2.1). No significant differences in serum GG between males and females, singlets and twins, multiparous’ and primiparous’ kids were found. No association was detected between birth BW and GG. Serum GG was strongly and significantly associated with TP (R2 =0.85; p 0.0001) and moderately associated with GGT (R2 =0.47; p 0.0001). No correlation was found with ALP, AST, and LDH. Although partial failure of passive transfer (FPT) was diagnosed in 23% of kids, no effects on morbidity (3%), mortality (0%) and pre-weaning growth performance were observed. Our results confirm that serum total proteins can be used to indirectly estimate immunoglobulin concentration. Contrarily, passive transfer status can be predicted with little success by measuring the activity of serum GGT. It is not advisable to use ALP, AST and LDH as indicators of passive transfer status. Finally, FTP is not necessarily associated with the health and preweaning growth performance of Alpine goat kids reared in non-intensive breeding systems that follow good farming practices.

Changes of micro elements, activity of metalloenzymes-antioxidants and metal-dependent enzymes in the blood serum of patients with periodontitis influenced by complex non-surgical treatment

Data provided by WHO show that the prevalence of aggressive periodontitis is observed in almost 19% of the adult world population and is associated with the destruction of the attachment apparatus and premature tooth loss. Development of a periodontal pocket and foci of infection also negatively affect the body on the whole. Despite the great number of the researches in this field and the dramatic improvement in the treatment and prophylaxis, the problem of high prevalence of periodontal diseases remains actual. The article demonstrates the biochemical changes of Iron, Copper, Zinc, Manganese and metal-dependent oxidant-antioxidant enzymes in the blood serum of patients diagnosed with periodontitis gained after complex periodontal therapy with Spirulina platensis of blue-green microalgae. It was established that the micro- and macro-elements in the introduced agent significantly contribute to the correction of the Iron, Copper, Zinc and Manganese content, they also influence the activity of metaloproteins therefore, normalize the antioxidant defense of the body in general.

Antioxidant Enzyme System Modulation by Dietary Palm Oils, Palm Kernel Oil and Soybean Oil in Laying Hens.

Palm-based oils (palm oil and kernel oil) and soybean oil have unique fatty acid and antioxidant profiles based on the compounds present in them. Hence, this study elucidated the antioxidant properties of crude palm oil (CPO), red palm oil (RPO), refined palm oil (RBD), palm kernel oil (PKO) and soybean oil (SBO) and the influence of dietary oils on blood lipid profiles, tissue fatty acid deposition and the expression of hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism genes in laying hens. The oils were analyzed for color, beta-carotene, free fatty acid and acid value, phenolic content and lipid peroxidation. In an in vivo trial, 150 laying hens were allotted into five groups and supplemented with either CPO, RPO, RBD, PKO or SBO for 16 weeks. High antioxidant compounds present in palm oils help reduce the oxidation of oils. Dietary supplementation with palm oils, particularly CPO and RPO, contributed to the lower liver, serum and jejunal mucosal antioxidant enzyme activities. The antioxidant enzyme genes in the jejunal mucosa were downregulated in palm oils and PKO, but there was no difference between oils in antioxidant enzyme genes in the liver. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with oils with high antioxidant content contributed to protection against oxidation and was associated with a lower requirement for producing antioxidant enzymes.

Multifaceted Approach for Quantification and Enzymatic Activity of Iduronate-2-Sulfatase to Support Developing Gene Therapy for HunterSyndrome.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type II, commonly called Hunter syndrome, is a rare X-linked recessive disease caused by the deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme iduronate-2-sulphatase (I2S). A deficiency of I2S causes an abnormal glycosaminoglycans accumulation in the body's cells. Although enzyme replacement therapy is the standard therapy, adeno-associated viruses (AAV)-based gene therapy could provide a single-dose solution to achieve a prolonged and constant enzyme level to improve patient's quality of life. Currently, there is no integrated regulatory guidance to describe the bioanalytical assay strategy to support gene therapy products. Herein, we describe the streamlined strategy to validate/qualify the transgene protein and its enzymatic activity assays. The method validation for the I2S quantification in serum and method qualification in tissues was performed to support the mouse GLP toxicological study. Standard curves for I2S quantification ranged from 2.00 to 50.0 μg/mL in serum and 6.25 to 400 ng/mL in the surrogate matrix. Acceptable precision, accuracy, and parallelism in the tissues were demonstrated. To assess the function of the transgene protein, fit-for-purpose method qualification for the I2S enzyme activity in serum was performed. The observed data indicated that the enzymatic activity in serum increased dose-dependently in the lower I2S concentration range. The highest I2S transgene protein was observed in the liver among tissue measured, and its expression level was maintained up to 91 days after the administration of rAAV8 with a codon-optimized human I2S. In conclusion, the multifaceted bioanalytical method for I2S and its enzymatic activity were established to assess gene therapy products in Hunter syndrome.

ACTIVITY OF LIVER FUNCTION ENZYME AND ANTIBACTERIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ANNONA SENEGALENSIS LEAF EXTRACT

In ethnomedicine, various natural products have been implicated in the treatment of several diseases. Annona senegalensis has been identified as one of the plants that have the potential to cure ailments arising from microbial infections. This study however was carried out to investigate the liver function enzyme activity and in vitro antibacterial susceptibility of the 50% ethanol-methanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis. The effect of the administration of 100 mg/kg body weight of A. senegalensis on serum enzyme parameters and antibacterial susceptibility was investigated in albino rats. Thirty-three albino rats with average weights of 200 g were divided into two groups. Group 1 contained 30 rats and was treated with 20 mg/mL of A. senegalensis leaf extract while Group 2 contained three rats and served as the control. The treatment lasted for 20 consecutive days while the rats in Group 1 were daily administered with the leaf extract of A. senegalensis. Data were analyzed and presented using a descriptive analysis from Microsoft Excel 2016 version. The results obtained from administration of the leaf extract of A. senegalensis on serum enzymes parameters show a significant increase in serum enzyme activity when compared to the control. This indicates that the leaf extracts of A. senegalensis have significant effects on the serum enzymes parameters. The in vitro antibacterial susceptibility of the leaf extracts relative to the drugs (Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin) revealed that the leaf extract of the plant holds much promise in antibacterial property when combined with antibiotics used in this study. This research revealed that there is high activity of alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase in the serum following the administration of 100 mg/kg body weight of 50% ethanol-methanol leaf extract of A. senegalensis. The antibacterial susceptibility test of the leaf extract carried out in vitro also revealed the plant antibacterial property. The combination of A. senegalensis leaf extract with antibiotic drugs, especially the one used in this study hold much promise in its efficacy as revealed in its synergistic interaction.

Integrating microbiome and transcriptome analyses to understand the effect of replacing fishmeal with Tenebrio molitor meal in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) diets

With the increasing price and demand for fishmeal (FM) in aquaculture feeds, Tenebrio molitor (TM), an insect species known as yellow mealworm, is becoming an attractive alternative to FM in the aquaculture industry. This study investigated the effect on growth, enzyme activity, resistance to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, intestinal microbiota, and hemolymph transcriptome in Litopenaeus vannamei (Pacific white shrimp) of replacing up to 45% of FM with TM. L. vannamei (initial weight: 0.42 ± 0.01 g) were fed with diets that replaced FM with TM at 0% (TM0, control), 15% (TM15), 30% (TM30), and 45% (TM45). The results showed that dietary TM30 significantly increased the final body weight (FBW), weight gain rate (WGR), and specific growth rate (SGR) of L. vannamei (P < 0.05) when compared with TM0. For the enzyme activity of serum, alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), phenoloxidase (PO), and lysozyme (LZM) differed significantly in TM45 compared with TM0 (P < 0.05), and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased. The trypsin in the intestine significantly increased in TM45 compared with TM0 (P < 0.05). In the shrimps challenged with V. parahaemolyticus (1.3 × 107 CFU/mL), survival rates were not significantly different between groups. The alpha diversity indicators were significantly affected by feeding different levels of TM (P < 0.05), and beta diversity analysis showed that the four groups differed significantly (P < 0.05). Based on IndVal values, eight families were distinguished. RNA-seq analysis showed that the most enriched pathway was ‘Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450’. Some DEGs (differentially expressed genes) of the cytochrome P450 pathway correlated with the abundance of intestine bacteria at the family level. This study provides an insight into the mechanisms associated with molecular and microbiota responses to the effects of substituting TM for FM on L. vannamei, as well as suggests that TM is a potential protein source for farmed L. vannamei, possibly improving its antioxidant capacity, immunity, and resistance to disease via the cytochrome P450 pathway.

Effects of dietary resveratrol supplementation in cattle on the anti-oxidative capacity and meat quality of beef steaks under high‑oxygen packaging

The effects of dietary resveratrol supplementation on beef quality and antioxidant capacity under high‑oxygen packaging were studied. Twelve cattle were selected and fed a total mixed ration (Control, CON) or supplemented with resveratrol (5 g/cattle/day, RES) for 120 days. The antioxidant capacity and meat quality of beef under high‑oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (HiOx-MAP, 80%O2/20%CO2) and overwrap packaging (OW) were evaluated during storage. Compared to the CON, RES enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity in serum and muscle, and increased the expression of Nrf2 and its downstream target genes (P < 0.05), which decreased the lipid and protein oxidation of steaks during storage (P < 0.05). The RES resulted in a* values increasing throughout storage (P < 0.05) and lower MetMb% than CON steaks (P < 0.05) in HiOx-MAP. The water-holding capacity (WHC) was improved and Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) was reduced (P < 0.05) in RES steaks during storage. Thus dietary resveratrol increased beef antioxidant capacity under HiOx-MAP and improved meat quality, and can be used as a potential method to elevate beef quality and reduce the oxidation under HiOx-MAP.

Study of the chronic toxicity of the disinfectant drug Iodopovidone

The article reflects the results of preclinical studies of the chronic toxicity of the disinfectant drug Iodopovidone on non-linear laboratory white rats. Disinfectant Iodopovidon produced by LLC "Basalt" (Ukraine) is a polymer complex of iodine in its composition. The purpose of our research was to establish the chronic toxicity of the new promising disinfectant drug Iodopovedon. The experiment was conducted on the basis of the laboratory and clinic "Vetmedservis" of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine on non-linear laboratory white rats in compliance with biotic norms in accordance with the Law of Ukraine "On the Protection of Animals from Cruelty" and the "European Convention on the Protection of Domestic Animals". 10 animals were involved in the experiment (5 animals - experimental and 5 animals - control), groups were formed according to the principle of analogues. Biochemical indicators of blood serum (total protein, albumins, globulins, glucose, urea, creatinine and activity of enzymes AsLT, AsAT), hematological indicators of blood and organ mass ratio (liver, kidneys, heart) were determined. Determinations were made in accordance with generally accepted methods. As a result of the study of biochemical indicators, a difference in the levels of total protein between the experimental and control groups was established within 2.1% due to a decrease in the level of the globulin fraction by 0.3% and a decrease in the level of the albumin fraction by 3.7% and a tendency to lower glucose levels by 28.0%. There was also a trend of an increase in AST activity by 7.3% and a decrease in ALT activity by 3.3%. The level of creatinine did not undergo pronounced changes against the background of an increase in the level of urea by 11.7%. When examining hematological indicators, a slight decrease in the number of lymphocytes by 6.6% and an increase in monocytes and granulocytes by 5.5 and 13.6% were found, respectively. The established changes in biochemical indicators of blood serum and hematological indicators of blood are insignificant and unlikely. The results of studies of the relative mass of internal organs - liver, kidneys and heart, to the final body mass of animals, indicate the absence of deviations. Therefore, the disinfectant preparation Iodopovidon does not cause pronounced changes in the critically important organs of the liver, kidneys and heart, does not cause pronounced changes in the morphological parameters of the blood of animals, the biochemical composition and activity of enzymes in the blood serum of white laboratory rats. Key words: disinfectant, Iodopovidone, polymeric iodine complex, chronic toxicity, laboratory rats.

The hepatoprotective effect of Sophora viciifolia fruit extract against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice.

This research demonstrated the protective effect and possible mechanism of the Sophora viciifolia extract (SVE) against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. The levels of ALT and AST in the serum and antioxidant enzyme activity in the liver were measured. We used immunohistochemistry to detect CYP2E1, Nrf2, and Keap1 protein expression in the liver. The mRNA expression in the liver of TNF-α, NF-κB, and IL-6, Nrf2 and its downstream genes HO-1 and GCLC were measured by qRT-PCR. We found that SVE could decrease the ALT and AST levels, promote the activities of SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSH, and ameliorate pathological liver lesions. SVE could down-regulate the mRNA expression of inflammatory factors and up-regulate Nrf2, HO-1 and GCLC. SVE reduced the protein expression of the CYP2E1 and increased the Nrf2 and Keap1. SVE has been shown to have a protective effect against APAP-induced liver injury, possibly through activation of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway.

Correlation analysis of blood biochemical and morphological markers in small breeds dogs with obesity

Purpose : the study of biochemical and morphological indicators of the blood of dogs of small breeds with obesity depending on age, breed and weight. Materials and methods . The analysis of biochemical and morphological indicators of blood 21 dogs of small breeds in the summer-autumn period was analyzed. The age distribution was from 3 to 13 years. In the blood serum, the level of total protein, albumin, globulin, urea, creatinine, total calcium, phosphorus, the activity of aspartateataminostrostrostrase (asat), alanineine -orgrase (alat), alkaline phosphatase were determined. In stabilized blood, indicators of hematocrit, hemoglobin, the number of red blood cells, leukocytes and platelets were determined. The determination of blood indicators was carried out according to generally accepted methods. Results . Higher indicators of the activity of asat enzymes and alkaline phosphatase in the absence of a significant increase in the activity of Alat, the activity of which will increase primarily with the liver damage, were identified. When evaluating red blood indicators, the most visual change was a decrease in the level of hemoglobin and hematocrit, both with the course of age and with an increase in body weight. This may indicate inhibition of hematopoietic function in animals with increased fat mass of the body, possibly due to chronic prolonged inflammation as a result of the release of inflammatory adipokins with fat tissue. The chronic damaging effect of the presumably adipokins of adipose tissue, expressed in the non -specific increase in the activity of blood serum enzymes, anemia of chronic inflammation and moderate leukocytosis in the absence of obvious clinical signs. All of these factors have a negative impact on the work of all organs and systems, including reproductive, as well as significantly reduce the quality and life expectancy of dogs.

Gambaran Hasil Pemeriksaan Aktivitas Enzim Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) pada Serum Setelah Disimpan Selama 14 Hari

Storage of serum at 4°C over three days causes a 10% decrease in the enzyme Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) activity. However, several laboratories store remaining serum samples for one week or even one month after examination, which is not under Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). The serum storage is used to anticipate if there is an examination error. This study aims to describe the results of examining ALT enzyme activity in serum that was immediately checked and stored for 14 days. This type of research is descriptive quantitative using the Pretest-Posttest Design. The sample in this study was human blood serum, with a total sample of 10 patients. Data were analyzed descriptively for all data obtained and presented in tabular form. The average yield of ALT enzyme activity examination before storage and storage on day seven and day 14 was 50.7 U/L, 46.1 U/L, and 40.5 U/L. This study concluded that there was a decrease in the results of examining the activity of the ALT enzyme by 9% on the 7th day and 20% on the 14th day. Therefore, it is suggested that laboratory staff check the sample as soon as possible. If there is a need to repeat the analysis, verify the results or add laboratory tests, samples should be frozen to ensure stability.

The association of paraoxonase 1 activities, serum mRNA expression and polymorphisms with in-stent coronary restenosis; a case-control study

BackgroundPON1 polymorphisms and enzyme activity have been reported to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). The aim of current study was to assess the association of these PON1 SNPs and serum enzyme activity and with restenosis following coronary artery stenting. MethodsA total of 306 unrelated Iranian patients with history of coronary stent implantation who underwent elective re-angiography were enrolled in the current study. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PON1 gene were genotyped. We used a double ARMS PCR method for genotyping at the Q192R and L55M loci, and PCR-RFLP method for C-108 T. Serum mRNA expression of PON1 was determined using SYBER green method and Roche LightCycler. ResultsThere were 104 patients considered as in-stent restenosis (ISR) (mean age: 60.55 ± 8.60 years), and 202 individuals as non ISR (NISR) (mean age: 61.94 ± 9.18 years). There were no significant difference between paraoxonase and arylestrase actvities of paraoxonase 1 enzyme. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the distribution of genotypes of PON1 polymorphism with ISR compared to the control group. The AAC haplotype was the most frequent haplotype in our population study, and haplotypes were not associated with ISR occurrence. The difference between serum mRNA expression of PON1 was not significant between ISR and NISR groups. ConclusionsAccording to our finding it seems that paraoxonase 1 activities, the most important polymorphisms of PON1 including Q192R, L55M and C-108 T and serum mRNA expression of PON1 are not beneficial markers for ISR diagnosis.