Enzymatic Extraction Method Research Articles

Physicochemical study of Camellia oleifera Abel. seed oils produced using different pretreatment and processing methods

In this study, the effects of different pretreatment (microwave or roasting) and processing (cold pressing, hexane extraction, or aqueous enzymatic extraction) methods on the physicochemical properties, minor components, and antioxidant capacity of Camellia oleifera Abel. seed oil (COSO) were investigated. The results revealed that the fatty acid profiles of COSO were not affected by the different processing methods, while hexane extraction resulted in the highest lipid yield (41.30–44.42 g/100g), saponification value (195.23–197.33 mg/g), and polyphenol content (7.25–8.23 mg/kg). Hierarchical cluster analysis proved that the processing method had a more significant effect than the pretreatment method on the chemical composition of COSO. Principal component analysis of the antioxidant capacity revealed that the microwave–hexane extraction method resulted in the highest content of α-tocopherol (144.7 mg/kg) and polyphenols (8.17 mg/kg) in COSO, indicating a high antioxidant activity (OSI: 6.23 h; DPPH-oil: 237, DPPH-nonpolar: 150, DPPH-polar: 670, FRAP: 77.4, ABTS: 45.9 μmol TE/kg). Consequently, hexane extraction is a promising method for future COSO processing.

The concentration-, pH- and temperature-responsive self-assembly of undenatured type II collagen: Kinetics, thermodynamics, nanostructure and molecular mechanism

In this work, the undenatured type II collagen (UC-II) with an intact triple helix structure was obtained from chicken breast cartilage by the enzymatic extraction method. The self-assembly kinetics of UC-II at different parameters of concentration, pH and temperature was characterized by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). It occurred at pH 4.5–7.0 and was promoted by rising concentration and temperature in a certain range, and conformed to the first-order dynamics equation. The activation enthalpy (ΔH = 55.76 kJ mol−1) and entropy transition (ΔG = 69.30–71.40 kJ mol−1) revealed that the self-assembly of UC-II was a non-spontaneous heat absorption process. It was observed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) that, regulated by concentration, pH and temperature, the UC-II self-assemblies displayed diverse nanostructure, such as protofibrils, proto- and nano-filaments, nanofibrils of varying thickness and dense degree. Based on the results of circular dichroism (CD) and attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), the UC-II self-assembly was mainly triggered by hydrophobic effects driven by a partial transition of the left-handed polyproline II (PP II) conformation, and both hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions were also involved in the self-assembly process. These results would lay the theoretical foundation for the fabrication and application of controllable UC-II self-assemblies.

Selenium in selected samples of infant formulas and milk commercialized in Belgium and Brazil: Total content, speciation and estimated intake

Total selenium (Se) and Se species concentrations were determined in 50 infant formulas and milk samples commercialized in Brazil and Belgium. Infant formula categories were starter, follow-up, specialized and plant-based (soy and rice), while milk samples included whole, skimmed, semi-skimmed and plant-based products. Total Se content was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), after microwave digestion. An enzymatic extraction method was applied to evaluate the Se species, mostly selenomethionine (SeMet), Se(IV) and Se(VI), through High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS). Starters and follow-up samples presented the highest total Se concentrations and values up to 30 µg/kg were observed in the reconstituted product. The lowest level (below the LOQ = 10 µg/kg) was verified in an anti-regurgitation specialized formula. The relative agreement between the measured total Se and the Se content declared on the label varied from 55 % to 317 %. Concentrations in infant formulas were not markedly different from concentrations in milk except for rice and oat milk samples that showed values below the LOQ. SeMet was the main species found in milks, while in infant formulas the species concentrations varied according to the product. The daily intake (DI) of Se via infant formula consumption was calculated and compared with the Adequate Intake (AI) value and the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) established by the EFSA NDA Panel and ANVISA, respectively. Estimated maximum intakes of total Se obtained for reconstituted infant formula were 40.6 mg/day, corresponding to 400 % and 202 % of the DRI and AI, respectively.

Efficient ultrasound-assisted enzymatic method for extraction of immunostimulant QS-21 from Quillaja saponaria Molina

QS-21 from the bark of Quillaja saponaria Molina is a triterpene glycoside saponin , a new alternative immunoadjuvant. However, its application is limited because its primary source is the bark of adult trees and current extraction methods result in low yields. Therefore, this work aimed at extracting QS-21 from Q. saponaria Molina using a novel and efficient ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method to improve yields and optimize resource utilization. Based on the single-factor and Plackett-Burman design (PBD) experiments, Central Composite design (CCD) optimum extraction conditions for improving QS-21 yield were established (71.084 min incubation time, 275.887 U enzyme dosage, and 20.254 min extraction time, yielding 5.778 mg/g of QS-21). Additionally, compared with ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) methods, the UAEE method showed a higher QS-21 yield, which was 1.748 and 1.977 times higher than those of the UAE and EAE methods, respectively. Besides, cytotoxicity and immune activation assays indicated that the extract by the UAEE method exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on the activity of bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells and had a high potential for immune activation, respectively. Overall, the UAEE method can successfully improve the extraction yield of QS-21 from Q. saponaria Molina, representing an efficient and resource-saving method to obtain QS-21 for use as an adjuvant in human vaccines. • QS-21 was firstly extracted by ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction method. • The extraction conditions were optimized by response surface methodology. • The extract showed a significantly higher yield than other extraction methods. • The extract exhibited high immunostimulant activity.

Research progress on Walnut oil: Bioactive compounds, health benefits, extraction methods, and medicinal uses.

Walnut oil is extracted from walnut kernels (Juglans regia Linne) or iron walnut kernels (Juhlans sigillata Dode). The percentage of oil in walnuts is 52%-70%. The main constituents in oil are fatty acids, phenols, sterols, squalene, melatonin, vitamins, and minerals. Many extraction methods such as supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, maceration, modified "bligh and dyer extraction," aqueous enzymatic extraction, ultrasonic extraction, soxhlet extraction, and cold-press extraction methods are reported in the literature. Walnut oil showed anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities. The reported data in the literature suggest that walnut oil has many health benefits. This review summarizes the extraction methods, bioactive constituents, health benefits, and pharmacological actions of walnut oil. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Walnut oil is a natural vegetable oil of significant importance due to their nutritional, and intelligence-boosting benefits. Several factors, including the processing parameters and the phytochemical profile, affect walnut oil products' flavor and color. In addition, storage environment of walnut oil can also affect walnut oil quality. Apart from the predominant ingredient fatty acids, the chemical composition of walnut oil comprises phenols, sterols, squalene, melatonin, vitamins, and minerals. These bioactive compounds are of potential value owing to their health-promoting benefits, including antioxidant, antitumor, and cholesterol-lowering effects. Many chemical constituents were isolated from walnut oil; however, all the compounds are not explored for their possible medicinal value. Thus, clinical studies, exploration of the therapeutic potential and the molecular mechanisms of all the compounds, and development of convenient dosage forms either for therapeutic or functional food purposes are warranted.

Evaluation of Radio Frequency-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Non-Anthocyanin Polyphenols from Akebia trifoliata Flowers and Their Biological Activities Using UPLC-PDA-TOF-ESI-MS and Chemometrics.

A new radio frequency heating-assisted enzymatic extraction (RF-E) method is applied for the determination of phenolic compounds in Akebia trifoliata flowers, compared with hot water, acidified ethanol (EtOH), and enzymatic-assisted (EA) extractions. Non-anthocyanin polyphenol profiles, antibacterial, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, anti-inflammatory activities, and structures of extracts are evaluated. Results show no significant differences in the extraction of total flavonoid content (15.85-16.63 mg QEs/g) and ACE inhibitory activity (51.30-52.86%) between RF-E and EA extracts. RF-E extract shows the highest anti-inflammatory activities. FTIR and UV spectra reveal that acidified EtOH treatment has a significant effect on the structure of the extract due to its highest flavonoid content (20.33 mg QEs/g), thus it has the highest antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Sixteen non-anthocyanin polyphenols are identified by UPLC-PDA-TOF-ESI-MS and RF pre-treatment did not cause significant compound degradation. The chemometric analysis shows that enzymatic hydrolysis significantly increased biological activities, and the presence of non-anthocyanin polyphenols correlates well with ACE inhibitory and anti-inflammatory activities. Accordingly, A trifoliata flowers have potential as reagents for the food and pharmaceutical industries due to their abundant polyphenols that could be extracted efficiently using RF-E.

Extraction of pectin from persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.)

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki L.) is a fruit generally consumed fresh, generating quantities that are discarded due to senescence or the presence of lesions. The extraction of pectin from persimmon could be an alternative to obtain a product with added value and to reduce post-harvest losses. Thus, the present work aimed to evaluate the potential of Fuyu persimmon for pectin extraction through acid and enzymatic extraction methods. The extractions were performed separately for each part of the fruit, dividing it into pulp and residues (peel and seeds). The highest yield was obtained from the enzymatic extraction of peel and seeds, resulting in an amount of pectin 14 times higher than the pectin obtained from the freeze-dried pulp.

Purification, structural characterization and immunological activity of Sibiraea laexigata (L.) Maxim polysaccharide.

Sibiraea laexigata (L.) Maxim (SLM) has been used as an herbal tea for treating stomach discomfort and indigestion for a long time in china. Polysaccharides have been identified as one of the major bioactive compounds in the SLM. In the present paper, ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method was employed in polysaccharides extraction derived from SLM using polyethylene glycol (PEG) as extraction solvent, two SLM polysaccharides (SLMPs) fractions (SLMPs-1-1 and SLMPs-2-1) were purified by DEAE Cellulose-52 and Sephadex G-100 chromatography in sequence. Then, the preliminarily structure of the two factions were characterized by chemical composition analysis, molecular weight measurement, UVS, HPLC-PMP, FT-IR, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra analysis and SEM. The results showed that SLMPs-1-1 and SLMPs-2-1 with different molecular weights of 1.03 and 1.02 kDa, mainly composed of glucose (46.76 and 46.79%), respectively. The results of structural characterization from FT-IR, 1H NMR, and SEM revealed that SLMPs-1-1 and SLMPs-2-1 contained the typical pyranoid polysaccharide with α-glycosidic bond and β-glycosidic bond. Furthermore, it was found that SLMPs-1-1 could increase the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), and alleviated the immune organs tissue damage of cyclophosphamide (Cy)-treated mice. RT-qPCR and Western-Blot analysis showed that SLMPs-1-1 could significantly up-regulated the levels of NF-κB, TLR4, which revealed that SLMPs-1-1 could participate in immunosuppressive protection of Cy-treated mice. These findings suggested that the potential of SLMPs-1-1 as an alternative immunostimulator could be used in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Structure characterization and antioxidant activity analysis of polysaccharides from Lanzhou Lily.

Lanzhou Lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) is a traditional medicinal plant and popular edible vegetable bulb in China. In this study, the polysaccharides of Lanzhou Lily (LLPs) were extracted by polyethylene glycol-based ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction method (PEG-UAEE). The optimum process conditions were obtained by single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Then, the preliminarily structure of LLPs was characterized by HPLC, FT-IR, and SEM, and its antioxidant activities were evaluated. The results showed that LLPs yield reached 14.75% under the optimized conditions: E/S ratio 1,400 U/g; pH 5.0, ultrasonic time 30 min; and ultrasonic temperature 50 °C. The LLPs has pyranoid ring, uronic acid, and the characteristic absorption peaks of -OH, C = O, and C-H. The results of scanning electron microscope indicated that the LLPs had irregular distribution, dispersed structure, and many holes. The HPLC analysis showed that the LLPs were heteropolysaccharide containing galactose (6.36%), glucose (76.03%), rhamnose (2.02%), and arabinose (7.09%). Moreover, the LLPs showed obvious antioxidant effect in vitro.

BAGASSE: A SUSTAINABLE RAW MATERIAL FOR RURAL START-UPS

Bagasse is one the potential raw material for the textile application and it is extracted from sugarcanerind. Presently the bagasse is used for cogeneration and other industrial application. In spite of the wideconsumption of bagasse as a fuel for mill boilers, electricity and steam generation, as well as animal feed,or as a raw material for paper and board manufacture, the residues still remain as a surplus which posesa disposal problem for mill owners. Hence, for proper utilization of bagasse is a need of an hour for localfarmers and entrepreneurs for their livelihood. The study is focused on optimization of fibre extractionmethods for textile application. Bagasse was procured from local sugarcane juice maker and jiggery unitsand subjected to different fibre extraction methods viz., chemical, enzymatic, mechanical and manualmethod of extraction for separation of fibres and pith. Further, fibre yield, time of extraction and cost ofproduction parameter were calculated. The result of the study revealed that, the fibre extraction method wasoptimized based on the fibre yield, time taken and production cost. Fibre yield was found to be more in caseof the traditional method of extraction followed by mechanical (Raspader machine) extraction with leastpercentage of wastage and less time. Among the fibre extraction methods, enzymatic extraction method wasfound to be costlier with minimum fibre yield followed by chemical extraction method. Production rate perkg fibre was accounted least (Rs. 36.00) in the traditional method followed by mechanical and chemical extractionmethod (Rs.63.00 and 59.00). Traditional method of fibre extraction was the suitable technique for Bagasse fibre extraction with greater fibre yield and less production cost can be effective agro startups for youngfarmers and local artisans.

Evaluation of Pretreatment and Extraction Parameters for the Analysis of Fentanyl in Hair Using Statistical Design of Experiments (DoE).

Optimal methods for hair analysis are often debated. Previous work in this laboratory demonstrated that the statistical technique known as Design of Experiments (DoE) is useful for such optimization. DoE evaluates both the individual roles and the combinatorial associations among multiple independent variables (i.e., hair pretreatment parameters) and a dependent variable (i.e., drug recovery from hair). In this study, hair externally contaminated with fentanyl underwent decontamination with combinations of parameters based on a 24 fractional factorial block design DoE matrix. The parameters of interest included aqueous wash solvent (1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or water), organic wash solvent (dichloromethane or methanol), number of consecutive washes (one or three), sequence of washes (aqueous first or organic first) and wash time (30 s or 30 min). The optimal method for decontaminating fentanyl from the hair surface was found to be one 30-min wash with dichloromethane followed by one 30-min wash with water. Pretreatment parameters were optimized with a 23 full factorial DoE matrix using authentic hair reference material (HRM), which consisted of pooled drug user hair diluted to a known concentration of fentanyl with drug-free hair. The factors of interest were extraction solvent/sample weight ratio (12.5 or 25 µL/mg), hair particle size (pulverized or 1 mm segments) and extraction time (2 or 24 h). The most effective pretreatment method for fentanyl consisted of pulverizing the hair prior to a 2-h extraction in a 25 µL/mg extraction solvent volume/sample weight ratio. Finally, using the optimized pretreatment methods, fentanyl containing authentic HRM was extracted using aqueous base, solvent and enzymatic hair extraction methods, where it was determined that the aqueous base technique was most effective for recovery of fentanyl. These experiments further demonstrate the value of DoE and authentic HRM in method development for forensic hair analysis.

Performance of corrosion inhibitor extracted from enzymatic hydrolysate of waste Platanus acerifolia leaves

In this study, an ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UEE) method was proposed to augment the anti-corrosion performance of the green inhibitor extracted from waste Platanus acerifolia leaves. Chemical compositions and anticorrosive properties of UEE extract were characterized via multiple technologies. The adsorption film on the steel surface was characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface information of corroded steel was also analyzed. Results showed that, compared with the ultrasound-assisted alkali extraction (UAE), UEE increased the utilization rate of raw plant materials by 22%∼39%. After optimized via response surface methodology, the maximum yield of UEE extract could reach 27.081 mg/g. Electrochemical results showed, compared with 3% UAE extract, the inhibition efficiency of 3% UEE extract after 72 h in 0.5 M NaCl was increased by 22% while the extraction time was saved by 90%. Microscopic observations also proved that UEE extract can effectively mitigate the corrosion degree where the roughness of steel surface decreased by 63.67%. XPS results revealed that a carbonaceous protecting layer was formed on steel surfaces. The inhibition mechanism analysis suggested that flavonoids and their derivatives were apt to adsorb on the steel surface via chelation and surface physical adsorption, which could block the pathway of chloride attack.

Effect of Enzymatic Extraction Method on Quality Parameters and Sensory Acceptability of Date Dibs Produced from Second Grade Dates

Effect of Enzymatic Extraction Method on Quality Parameters and Sensory Acceptability of Date Dibs Produced from Second Grade Dates

A green ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction method for efficient extraction of total polyphenols from Empetrum nigrum and determination of its bioactivities

In this study, a green and efficient ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method was established for total polyphenols (TPP) extraction from E. nigrum aerial parts. Fractional Factorial design (FFD) was initially implemented for the selection of significant parameters affecting TPP yield and then Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM) was employed to optimize the parameters. The optimum extraction conditions for UAEE were as follows: incubation temperature of 38.39 ℃, incubation time of 3.39 h, tannase of 386.53 U/g of sample (U/g), and cellulase of 224.42 U/g. Under the optimum conditions, the TPP yield was 52.17 ± 0.39 mg/g, which was 1.62 and 1.73 times those of the methods of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), respectively. The crude extract was purified by HPD-600 microporous resin, and the purity was improved from 8.11% to 22.56%. In addition, the results of antioxidant and antibacterial activity assays showed that the purified extract has stronger bioactivities in contrast with the crude extract. This study indicated that UAEE was an effective technique for the extraction of TPP from the aerial parts of E. nigrum, and TPP extracted by this extraction method could be applied in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and food industries.

Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted Solvent Enzymatic Extraction on Fatty Acid Profiles, Physicochemical Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Activity of Elaeagnus mollis Oil.

Elaeagnus mollis oil extracted from the nuts of Elaeagnus mollis Diels can be used in food and pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent nutritional value. An ultrasound-assisted solvent enzymatic extraction (UASEE) method was used to extract oil from Elaeagnus mollis Diels with n-hexane solvent (1:11.6 g/mL) and 1.1% (w/w) mixed enzymes (neutral protease:hemicellulase:pectinase = 1:1:1, w/w/w). The physicochemical properties, fatty acid profile, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, morphology, and thermal stability of UASEE oil were investigated and compared with soxhlet extraction (SE) oil and cold pressing (CP) oil. The UASEE oil exhibited a higher content of unsaturated fatty acids (93.96 ± 0.28%), total tocopherols and tocotrienols (147.32 ± 2.19 mg/100 g), total phytosterols (261.78 ± 5.74 mg/100 g), squalene (96.75 ± 0.31 mg/100 g), total phenolic content (84.76 ± 2.37 mg GAE/kg), and antioxidant activity (12.52 ± 0.28 mg/mL) than SE and CP oil. The lower peroxide value and acid value in UASEE oil indicated its better quality and lower likelihood of rancidity. The oil obtained using UASEE had higher thermal stability as well, as indicated by thermogravimetric analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the UASEE process causes damage to cell walls, and the leakage of substances in the cells facilitates extraction in the following step. Thus, UASEE is a promising processing method for the extraction of Elaeagnus mollis oil.

Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction of kiwi starch and evaluation of its structural, physicochemical, and functional characteristics

A new ultrasound-assisted enzymatic extraction (UAEE) method of starch from kiwifruit was established and optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). Under optimal conditions (the pectinase-to-cellulase-to-papain ratio = 1:2:1 g/kg, solid/liquid ratio = 1:6.68, extraction pH = 5.23, ultrasound power = 300 W, and extraction temperature = 52 °C), the kiwi starch (KS) yield was about 4.25%, and the starch content of KS was 873.23 mg/g. Compared to other extraction methods, UAEE can obtain KS with high yield and purity with a shorter extraction time and less solvent and enzyme. The extracted KS has a low gelatinization enthalpy (8.02 J/g) and a high peak viscosity (7933 cP), with obvious particle properties and low adhesion. In addition, KS is rich in polyphenols, has strong antioxidant activity, and has higher contents of amylose starch (30.74%) and resistant starch (60.18%). This study established a novel and highly efficient method for KS extraction and suggest several possible applications for KS in the food industry.

Evaluation of yield and quality properties of Elaeagnus mollis oil produced by ultrasound-assisted solvent enzymatic extraction

Abstract To improve the extraction efficiency and quality, ultrasound-assisted solvent enzymatic extraction (UASEE) method was applied to extract oil from Elaeagnus mollis Diels. The soxhlet extraction (SE) and cold pressing (CP) were carried out to be compared with UASEE. The optimal UASEE conditions were liquid–solid ratio of 11.6 mL/g, enzyme amount of 1.1%, and ultrasound power of 583 W, which gave by Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken design. Under optimum conditions, the oil yield of 43.35 ± 0.26% was reached, which was similar to that of SE (43.02 ± 0.77%). The oil obtained by UASEE is more desirable than that of SE, but similar with CP, especially on unsaturated fatty acids content and total tocopherol content. Overall, UASEE is a potential alternative to traditional methods for the efficient extraction of E. mollis oil for its higher oil yield and better quality.

Allantoin from Valuable Romanian Animal and Plant Sources with Promising Anti-Inflammatory Activity as a Nutricosmetic Ingredient

Helix aspersa (HA), Helix pomatia (HP) and Symphytum officinale are common organisms in Romania’s biosphere, widely known for their allantoin content and their therapeutic properties. Herein, the allantoin was separated and quantified from the aqueous extracts of Romanian comfrey root and the secretions of HA and HP snails. This study also focused on determining the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of these Romanian allantoin-rich samples. The plant extracts were obtained through two methods: ultrasonic extraction and enzymatic ultrasonic extraction. A microplate method was used for the quantitative determination of allantoin content. The antioxidant activity was measured by using the DPPH radical scavenging method. The antioxidant capacity of the samples was studied in order to observe the type of interactions generated by the chemical complex present in their composition. High concentrations of allantoin were obtained by enzymatic ultrasonic extraction method (EUE—102 ± 0.74 μg/mL), and also in the water-soluble fraction of the snail secretion (FS1—22.051 μg/mL). The antioxidant screening suggests that Symphytum officinale and snail mucus extracts could be used as promising natural substitutes for synthetic antioxidants in products used for therapeutic purposes. The evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity was also investigated, allantoin-rich samples showing a promising action (FS1—81.87 ± 2.34%). In future, the inclusion of allantoin-rich extracts in various novel pharmaceutical forms for new therapeutic applications could be achieved. The study will continue with the formulation of a nutricosmetic product with snail mucus and Symphytum officinale extract as principal bioactive ingredients.

Treatment Period of High-Pressure Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A Key Factor Determining the Quality of High-Pressure Enzymatic Hydrolysates from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) Larvae

Hydrolyzed proteins have an advantage over intact proteins in terms of their rate of digestion and absorption. The high-pressure enzymatic extraction (HPE) method has been shown to improve the quality characteristics of hydrolysates from Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) larvae (PBSL). This study investigated the effects of the HPE treatment period, a key candidate factor, on the quality characteristics of PBSL HPE hydrolysates. The hydrolysates were prepared by HPE for 0, 12, 18, 24, 30, and 36 h under optimized conditions—solid:solvent ratio (1:14 [w/v]), using complex proteases (Alcalase:Flavorzyme:Bromelain = 1:1:1, 4%), treatment temperature (50oC), and pressure level (100 MPa). All quality characteristics tended to be superior with longer HPE treatment periods, most of which had the highest values at 30 h, with no significant difference or a slight decrease after that. The quality characteristics of the PBSL HPE hydrolysates were improved by 1.3-1.7 times under conditions of optimal HPE treatment period.

Optimization and Quality Analysis of Different Extraction Methods of Palm Seed Oil

The extraction process of palm seed oil was optimized. Using palm seed as raw material, oil extraction rate was used as an index. The effects of flash extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, supercritical extraction, and aqueous enzymatic extraction on the yield of palm seed oil were investigated. The extraction methods and technological conditions of palm seed oil were optimized by the orthogonal method on the basis of single factor. The seed oil was analyzed and detected. The results showed that the water enzymatic extraction method was the best, and the optimal extraction conditions were as follows: enzymatic hydrolysis time 16 h, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature 50°C, and enzymatic content 2.0%. The oil yield of palm seed was 16.48%. Conclusion. Water enzymatic extraction process of palm seed oil is reasonable, the active ingredients are rich, and the quality of seed oil is better, providing reference for the development and research of palm seed oil.