Activities Of Enzymatic Antioxidants Research Articles

The ultrasonic-assisted enzymatic extraction, characteristics and antioxidant activities of lychee nuclear polysaccharide

A response surface methodology (RSM) and one-factor method were established to investigate the optimum conditions for the extraction of lychee nuclear polysaccharides (LSP) by ultrasonic-assisted pectinase. The content of basic components in polysaccharides was determined. The antioxidant activity was well determined and compared the differences in the activities of the polysaccharides extracted by water extraction (LSP-HW) and those extracted at ultrasound-assisted enzyme (LSP-UAE). The activity of lychee nuclear polysaccharide increased with the increase of concentration. The anti-hydroxyl radical and anti-lipid peroxidation abilities of lychee nuclear polysaccharide were more excellent, and LSP-HW was slightly better than LSP-UAE in terms of activity, but the difference was not significant. In terms of solubility; LSP-HW without deproteinization was the best, followed by LSP-UAE, and the worst was LSP-UAE after deproteinization. The higher the glycoprotein content, the better the solubility of its polysaccharide. Compared with the existing extraction methods, this experiment greatly improved the extraction rate of lychee nuclear polysaccharides and further enriched the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides.

Functional Peptides from Yak Milk Casein: Biological Activities and Structural Characteristics.

The average content of casein in yak milk is 40.2 g/L. Casein can be degraded by enzymatic digestion or food processing to produce abundant degradation peptides. International researchers have studied the degradation peptides of yak milk casein by using multiple techniques and methods, such as in vitro activity tests, cellular experiments, proteomics, bioinformatics, etc., and found that the degradation peptides have a wide range of functional activities that are beneficial to the human body, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory activities, etc., and it has been proved that the types and strengths of functional activities are closely related to the structural characteristics of the peptides. This paper describes the characteristics of yak milk proteins, the functional activities, and mechanism of action of degraded peptides. Based on the types of functional activities of yak milk casein degradation peptides, we classified and elucidated the effects of structural factors, such as peptide molecular weight, peptide length, amino acid sequence, physicochemical properties, electrical charge, hydrophobicity, spatial conformation, chain length, and the type of enzyme on these activities. It reveals the great potential of yak milk casein degradation peptides as functional active peptide resources and as auxiliary treatments for diseases. It also provides important insights for analyzing yak casein degradation peptide activity and exploring high-value utilization.

The enzyme kinetic studies, DNA protection and antioxidant activities of furan/ thiophene-2-carboxamide derivatives

Three furan and/or thiophene-2-carboxamide compounds, namely N-(furan-2-ylmethyl)thiophene-2-carboxamide (1), N-(furan-2-carbonyl)furan-2-carboxamide (2), and N-(Thiophene-2-ylmethyl)furan-2-carboxamide (3) were investigated the enzyme kinetic studies by urease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE). The inhibition constant (Ki) of Compound (CPD)3 by AChE was determined as 0.10 mM, and the Ki value by BChE was determined as 0.07 mM. In comparison, the Ki value of CPD1 by urease was determined as 0.10 mM. These CPDs were examined for antioxidant activity by the DPPH˙ scavenging method. CPD3 exhibited 98.93% DPPH scavenging activity compared to ascorbic acid, the positive control group. Furthermore, the DNA-protective activities of the compounds were investigated, and the DNA protection activity of CPD1 was observed to be 78%. The findings suggest that thiophene/furan carboxy amide-containing CPD1 and CPD3 might be exploited as potential structures for evaluating pharmaceuticals with greater potency.

Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid and Its Metabolism across Plant Growth Stages, Fruit Maturation, and Postharvest Physiology: A Review

Ascorbic acid (AsA), generally known as vitamin C, is essential for horticulture crops to grow, develop, and maintain themselves after harvest. It is essential for plant health, fruit quality, and human nutrition because of its role in enzymatic processes, hormone production, and antioxidant activity. Important plant hormones, including auxins and gibberellins, which control the growth and development of fruit, are involved in its production. The maintenance of optimal AsA levels in horticultural crops can help ensure their nutritional value and quality for consumers. This is done by utilizing suitable postharvest practices and by understanding the variables like temperature, light exposure, and oxygen that influence AsA content. To fully comprehend the function of ascorbic acid in horticulture crops throughout plant growth, fruit development and ripening, and postharvest physiology, more study is required. This information may be used to increase the ascorbic acid content of crops and improve their nutritional value. Key intermediates in the AsA biosynthesis pathway have been shown in a simplified schematic diagram. The control of plant AsA production and subsequent responses to horticulture crops throughout plant growth, fruit development and ripening, and postharvest physiology may now be better understood through future study.

The Possible Protective Role of N-acetylcysteine against Testicular Toxicity Induced by Paracetamol Overdose in Adult Male Rats

Many substances, even medicines with proven therapeutic benefits, can harm cells by metabolically activating them into extremely reactive substances. Paracetamol is one of the most widely used over-the-counter analgesics. This study examines the harmful effects of paracetamol on the lipid peroxidation process in testes homogenates as well as enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities. Also, examine the effects on male hormones and sperm count. The study also assesses if N-acetylcysteine protects against testicular damage induced by paracetamol excess. Forty mature male albino rats were created. Group 1 as a control, Group 2 paracetamol (650 mg/kg), Group 3 NAC (150 mg/kg), and Group 4 both paracetamol and NAC. Samples of blood and testicles were taken after 15 days to measure sperm and testicular biochemistry. Testicular tissues had considerably higher amounts of MDA and H2O2. SOD, GSH, and CAT levels significantly decreased. FSH and LH rise. On the other hand, testosterone levels decrease following paracetamol exposure. The administration of NAC generated changes in testosterone levels, FSH, LH, and antioxidant enzymes. The sperm morphology showed an increase in abnormalities but a significant decrease in motility and count. NAC effectively lowers the toxicity of paracetamol to the testicles while restoring biomarkers associated with normal testicular function.

Antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Anethum graveolens L. fruit extract on castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats.

Between food and medicine, nutraceuticals are widely used in human health for the prevention and treatment of various diseases. This study aims to determine the cytoprotective effects of Anethum gravelons fruit extract (AGFAE) on castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats due to its phytochemical and antioxidant properties. Male rats were divided into six groups of six animals each: Control (C), Castor oil (CO), CO + different doses of AGFAE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.), and the CO + loperamide group (LOP, 10 mg/kg, b.w., p.o.). In vitro, the chemical composition of aqueous Dill fruit extract showed strong antioxidant activity, with a high content of total polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins. In our invivo studies, pre-treatment with AGFAE reduced malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels and maintained normal activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in the gastric and intestinal mucosa. In addition, we found that AGFAE prophylaxis improved the stability of many plasma biochemical parameters altered by castor oil intoxication, such as C-reactive protein concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activities. We suggest that AGFAE phenolic compounds had significant protection against diarrhea involving several mechanisms such as reducing hypersecretion, peristaltic, inflammation, and preserving the endogenous antioxidant levels.

A systematic study on synergistic effect of biochar-compost in improving soil function and reducing cadmium toxicity in Spinacia oleracea L.

With its direct or indirect reliance on agriculture for a living, the Indian economy is heavily dependent on this industry. Food insecurity is a result of decreased agriculture productivity due to growing contamination and pollution. Biochar is an organic carbon bound environment friendly material known for enhancing soil functions and plant growth. On the other hand, compost is an organic, nutrient-rich product that is formed by an aerobic process and is used as an amendment. Both of these have numerous benefits as amendment in the soil-plant system. This is a complete study on the effects of applying biochar and compost separately and in combination at ratios of 0 %, 1 %, and 2 % in a cadmium contaminated soil (0 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg Cd). Their effect was studied on the soil characteristics, seed germination, morphology, photosynthetic pigments, oxidative stress, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activity in spinach plant grown in contaminated soil in Chhattisgarh state, India. The results depicted that combination of biochar and compost was beneficial in improving soil-plant productivity. Compost and biochar mixtures improved the soil quality and decreased Cd concentration. When comparing the biochar-compost combination to either biochar or compost alone, the plant morphological changes and chlorophyll content increased to a greater extent in their combined application. Proline content and enzymatic activities were similarly enhanced in the biochar-compost mixture. Their amendment showed effective potential in improving spinach growth and development in the polluted soil.

Identifying the molecular mechanisms of action of wound healing properties of Mathan tailam and Mahamegarajanga tailam in Wistar albino rats: Evidence through IL-10/VEGF/TNF-α signalling pathways

The Siddha system of medicine (SSM) is the oldest medical science practised in the ancient period of the southern part of India and Sri Lanka. Many formulations were described for wound healing in the SSM, with specific diagnostic differentiation in the Siddha literature. Most preparations for wound healing were available in the form of oil-based formulations, especially for external usage. Mathan tailam (MT) and Mahamegarajanga tailam (MMRT) have been used by Siddha physicians and traditional practitioners to treat wounds. Mathan tailam is a popular regimen for skin lacerations, burns, skin infections, diabetic wounds, and dermatitis. Mahamegarajanga tailam has long been used by traditional vaidyars to treat cuts and burns. Both MT and MMRT are clinically well-appreciated drugs for wound healing and need to be studied for their mechanisms of action for scientific documentation. In an in vivo study on albino rats -excisional wound model, the histopathological changes, histo-immune response, biomarker analysis, and mRNA expression were studied and analysed. Wounds treated with MT and MMRT healed faster (p < 0.05) than the untreated group (CNT). Histological investigation showed rapid re-epithelialization, dense collagen deposition, increased enzymatic antioxidant activities and decreased lipid peroxidation in the MT and MMRT groups. mRNA expression reveals MT and MMRT-treated tissues able to induce convergent cell motility in wound space. Our study for the first time provides strong in vivo experimental evidence that Mathan tailam and Mahamegarajanga tailam play a crucial role in promoting skin tissue wound healing through IL-6/VEGF/TNF-α mediated mechanisms. Traditional practices continue to teach us valuable lessons, as seen by their continuous use in their locality for years.

Harnessing Chlorella vulgaris for the phycoremediation of azo dye: A comprehensive analysis of metabolic responses and antioxidant system

This study investigates the phycoremediation potential of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris in the degradation of Direct green 6 (DG6), a synthetic azo dye commonly used in the textile industry, which poses significant environmental and health risks due to its toxic and carcinogenic properties. Over 50 days of treatment, we analyzed the effects of varying concentrations of DG6 on the biodegradation capabilities of C. vulgaris with the characterization of growth and antioxidant parameters. The findings demonstrate that C. vulgaris reduced DG6 levels significantly (p < 0.05) at higher temperatures (40 °C) compared to other environmental ambient temperatures. Within the acidic range pH < 7 progressive removal efficiency was observed within 25 days in consistency with the enhanced growth indices of biomass concentration (Xm), productivity (Px), specific growth rate (μm), and doubling time (td) at the higher concentration of 60 mg L−1. Induction of both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities were quantified for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), azoreductase, and laccase, as well as changes in the total ascorbate pool (AsA + DHA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). Furthermore, the underlying biodegradation mechanisms were elucidated by identifying the reductive cleavage of azo bonds by azoreductase and breakdown by peroxidases and laccase. These molecular by-products were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), which shed light on the metabolic pathways involved in DG6 biodegradation. This study underscores the effectiveness of C. vulgaris as a sustainable, low-cost solution for the bioremediation of azo-dye-polluted water. This study lays the groundwork for further exploration into the genetic and metabolic adaptations of algae under complex organic pollutant stress, with potential implications for ecophysiology, biotic interactions, and evolutionary biology.

Differentiated response of Hypericum perforatum to foliar application of selected metabolic modulators: Elicitation potential of chitosan, selenium, and salicylic acid mediated by redox imbalance

Plants plastically alter their metabolism in response to environmental stimuli, which induces changes in the accumulation of specialized metabolites. This ability can be utilized to manipulate plant phytochemistry in a desired direction. However, the abundance of secondary metabolites in the different plant species, especially medicinal, is enormous; therefore, it is difficult to establish a clear direction for the effects of metabolic modulators on phytochemical composition, especially given the possibility of using different types thereof. In order to gain insight into these changes, we investigated the effects of foliar-applied chitosan (ChL, 100 mg/L), selenium (Se, 10 mg/L), salicylic acid (SA, 150 mg/L), or an equal volume mixture thereof on Hypericum perforatum L. metabolism. Selenium and SA proved to be the more effective than ChL in enhancing the accumulation of phenolic compounds. The greatest increase was found in the concentration of neochlorogenic acid after Se-spraying. The treatment with the elicitors generally increased the concentration of identified flavonoids, but not the level of naphthodianthrone or phloroglucinol metabolites. The most pronounced response was observed on day 10 following the application of the compounds, and is likely the consequence of elevated levels of O2−˙, free proline, and modulated activity of enzymatic antioxidants.

Temporal Variations in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Activity in Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.): The Genetic Component

Temporal Variations in Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Activity in Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.): The Genetic Component

What Effects Do Magnetic Fields Exert on the Bioaccumulation of Galanthamine and Lycorine, Growth Efficiency, Capacity to Scavenge Free Radicals, and Defense Enzyme Activities of Summer Snowflakes (Leucojum aestivum L.)?

Leucojum aestivum L. is a bulbous Amaryllidaceae family plant. A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of three different magnetic field (MF) intensities [50, 100 and 150 militesla (mT)] with three different exposure durations (1, 3 and 7 days) on growth parameters, alkaloid levels (galanthamine and lycorine), non-enzymatic antioxidant activities (total phenol-flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity), and enzymatic antioxidant activities [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] compared with control (no MF) in the bulbs and leaves. Maximum bulb length was achieved with 150 mT MF application for 3 days. Galanthamine levels increased by 63% in the bulbs with 150 mT-7 days exposure and by 79.8% in the leaves with 50 MT-1 day exposure compared to the control. The leaves and bulbs with 100 mT exposure showed the greatest increases in lycorine concentrations (23.8% and 62.3% rises, respectively). MF exposures of 150 mT for 3 days gave the best radical scavenging activity and total phenol-flavonoid content. The highest alkaloid levels in the bulbs were associated with higher SOD and CAT activity generated by MF treatments. This study revealed that the medicinal value and quantity of L. aestivum bulbs could be significantly increased with 150 mT MF intensity.

Potentials of bone marrow cells-derived from naïve or diabetic mice in autoimmune type 1 diabetes: immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti hyperglycemic, and antioxidative.

The scarcity of transplanted human islet tissue and the requirement for immunosuppressive drugs to prevent the rejection of allogeneic grafts have hindered the treatment of autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) through islet transplantation. However, there is hope in adoptively transferred bone marrow cells (BMCs) therapy, which has emerged as a propitious pathway for forthcoming medications. BMCs have the potential to significantly impact both replacement and regenerative therapies for a range of disorders, including diabetes mellitus, and have demonstrated anti-diabetic effects. The main goal of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of adoptively transferred bone marrow cells derived from either naïve mice (nBMCs) or diabetic mice (dBMCs) in treating a T1DM mice model. Male Swiss albino mice were starved for 16 h and then injected with streptozotocin (STZ) at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight for 5 consecutive days to induce T1DM. After 14 days, the diabetic mice were distributed into four groups. The first group served as a diabetic control treated with sodium citrate buffer, while the other three groups were treated for two weeks, respectively, with insulin (subcutaneously at a dose of 8 U/kg/day), nBMCs (intravenously at a dose of 1 × 106 cells/mouse/once), and dBMCs (intravenously at a dose of 1 × 106 cells/mouse/once). It is worth noting that administering adoptively transferred nBMCs or adoptively transferred dBMCs to STZ-induced T1DM mice resulted in a significant amelioration in glycemic condition, accompanied by a considerable reduction in the level of blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin % (HbA1C %), ultimately restoring serum insulin levels to their initial state in control mice. Administering nBMCs or dBMCs to STZ-induced T1DM mice led to a remarkable decrease in levels of inflammatory cytokine markers in the serum, including interferon-γ (INF-γ), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF-α), tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β), interleukin-1 β (L-1β), interlekin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10). Additionally, STZ-induced T1DM mice, when treated with nBMCs or dBMCs, experienced a notable rise in total immunoglobulin (Ig) level. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the levels of islet cell autoantibodies (ICA) and insulin autoantibodies (IAA). Furthermore, the serum of STZ-induced T1DM mice showed a significant increase in Zinc transporter 8 antigen protein (ZnT8), islet antigen 2 protein (IA-2), and glutamic acid decarboxylase antigen protein (GAD) levels. Interestingly, the administration of nBMCs or dBMCs resulted in a heightened expression of IA-2 protein in STZ-induced T1DM mice treated with nBMCs or dBMCs. Furthermore, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased, while the levels of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were decreased in non-treated STZ-induced T1DM mice. However, when nBMCs or dBMCs were administered to STZ-induced T1DM mice, it had a significant impact on reducing oxidative stress. This was accomplished by reducing the levels of MDA in the serum and enhancing the activities of enzymatic antioxidants like CAT and SOD. STZ-induced T1DM mice displayed a significant elevation in the levels of liver enzymes ALT and AST, as well as heightened levels of creatinine and urea. Considering the crucial roles of the liver and kidney in metabolism and excretion, this research further examined the effects of administering nBMCs or dBMCs to STZ-induced T1DM mice. Notably, the administration of these cells alleviated the observed effects. The present study suggests that utilizing adoptively transferred nBMCs or adoptively transferred dBMCs in the treatment of T1DM led to noteworthy decreases in blood glucose levels, possibly attributed to their capacity to enhance insulin secretion and improve the performance of pancreatic islets. Additionally, BMCs may exert their beneficial effects on the pancreatic islets of diabetic mice through their immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative stress properties.

Synergistic effects of melatonin and 24-epibrassinolide on chickpea water deficit tolerance

BackgroundWater deficiency stress reduces yield in grain legumes, primarily due to a decrease in the pods number. Melatonin (ML) and 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) are recognized for their hormone-like properties that improve plant tolerance to abiotic stresses. This study aimed to assess the impact of different concentrations of ML (0, 100, and 200 µM) and EBL (0, 3, and 6 µM) on the growth, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of chickpea plants under water-stressed conditions.ResultsThe study's findings indicated that under water-stressed conditions, a decrease in seed (30%) and pod numbers (31%), 100-seed weight (17%), total chlorophyll content (46%), stomatal conductance (33%), as well as an increase in H2O2 (62%), malondialdehyde content (40%), and electrolyte leakage index (40%), resulted in a 40% reduction in chickpea plants grain yield. Our findings confirmed that under water-stressed conditions, seed oil, seed oil yield, and seed protein yield dropped by 20%, 55%, and 36%, respectively. The concurrent exogenous application of ML and EBL significantly reduces oxidative stress, plasma membrane damage, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content. This treatment also leads to increased yield and its components, higher pigment content, enhanced oil and protein yield, and improved enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, flavonoid, and carotenoid. Furthermore, it promotes the accumulation of osmoprotectants such as proline, total soluble protein, and sugars.ConclusionsOur study found that ML and EBL act synergistically to regulate plant growth, photosynthesis, osmoprotectants accumulation, antioxidant defense systems, and maintain ROS homeostasis, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of water deficit conditions. ML and EBL are key regulatory network components in stressful conditions, with significant potential for future research and practical applications. The regulation metabolic pathways of ML and EBL in water-stressed remains unknown. As a result, future research should aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by employing genome editing, RNA sequencing, microarray, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic analyses to identify the mechanisms involved in plant responses to exogenous ML and EBL under water deficit conditions. Furthermore, the economical applications of synthetic ML and EBL could be an interesting strategy for improving plant tolerance.

Enzyme inhibiting, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of peel, pulp and seed extracts from dau Ha Chau (Baccaurea ramiflora Lour.) fruit of Vietnam

Dau Ha Chau (DHC) was produced by selecting and growing native kinds of Baccaurea ramiflora Lour. in Vietnam, where the fruit is utilized for fresh eating not only due to its distinctive sour-sweet flavor, but also because of its vitamins and minerals for the body. With the aim to enhance the value of this fruit, the peel, pulp, and seed extracts were determined antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities. The filtrates from ethanol extract of peel and seed powders and fruit juice from squeezing pulp were evaporated at 58°C to create the extracts. The six methods of TAC, DPPH, ABTS•+, RP, FRAP, and NO• (antioxidant activities), four bacterial strains and two enzymes (associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus) were evaluated. The results showed that the extract of DHC peel exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (EC50 value from the six methods), antibacterial activity (MIC value), enzyme inhibiting activity (IC50 value), total phenolics content and total flavonoids content, at 643.81 µg/mL, 787.42 µg/mL, 651.10 µg/mL, 718.22 µg/mL, 270.38 µg/mL, 662.44 µg/mL, 16 &lt; MIC ≤ 32 mg/mL (against Propionibacterium acnes, Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus), 32 &lt; MIC ≤ 64 mg/mL (against Staphylococcus aureus), 2780.91 µg/mL (against α-amylase), 541.24 µg/mL (against α-glucosidase), 119.43 mg GAE/g and 207.17 mg QE/g, respectively, whereas the opposite was true for extract of DHC seed. DHC pulp extract came second in all analytical methods. Pearson correlation coefficients with r value (0.63-0.99) showed a reasonably strong relationship between total phenolics and flavonoids contents, and antioxidant and enzyme inhibiting activities. This is the first report on the antioxidant, antibacterial and antidiabetic activities of DHC Ha Chau fruit extracts, which could be developed for medicinal, pharmaceutical, food preservative purposes, or industrial foods in the future.

Rab7 GTPase-Mediated stress signaling enhances salinity tolerance in AlRabring7 tobacco transgenics by modulating physio-biochemical parameters

The RING-type E3 ligases play a significant role in stress signaling, primarily through post-translational regulation. Ubiquitination is a crucial post-translational modification that regulates the turnover and activity of proteins. The overexpression of AlRabring7, RING-HC E3 Ub ligase in tobacco provides insights into the regulation of salinity and ABA signaling in transgenic tobacco. The seed germination potential of AlRabring7 transgenics was higher than WT, with NaCl and ABA treatments. The transgenics showed improved morpho-physio-biochemical parameters in response to salinity and ABA treatments. The photosynthetic pigments, soluble sugars, reducing sugars and proline increased in transgenics in response to NaCl and ABA treatments. The decreased ROS accumulation in transgenics on NaCl and ABA treatments can be co-related to improved activity of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. The potential of transgenics to maintain ABA levels with ABA treatment, highlights the active participation of ABA feedback loop mechanism. Interestingly, the ability of AlRabring7 transgenics to upregulate Rab7 protein, suggests its role in facilitating vacuolar transport. Furthermore, the improved potassium accumulation and reduced sodium content indicate an efficient ion regulation mechanism in transgenic plants facilitating higher stomatal opening. The expression of downstream ion transporter (NbNHX1 and NbVHA1), ABA signaling (NbABI2 and NbABI5) and vesicle trafficking (NbMON1) responsive genes were upregulated with stress. The present study, reports that AlRabring7 participates in maintaining vacuolar transport, ion balance, ROS homeostasis, stomatal regulation through activation of Rab7 protein and regulation of downstream stress-responsive during stress. This emphasizes the potential of AlRabring7 gene for improved performance and resilience in challenging environments.

Beneficial role of Coronatine on the morphological and physiological responses of Cress Plants (Lepidium sativum) exposed to Silver Nanoparticle

BackgroundSilver nanoparticles are widely used in various fields such as industry, medicine, biotechnology, and agriculture. However, the inevitable release of these nanoparticles into the environment poses potential risks to ecosystems and may affect plant productivity. Coronatine is one of the newly identified compounds known for its beneficial influence on enhancing plant resilience against various stress factors. To evaluate the effectiveness of coronatine pretreatment in mitigating the stress induced by silver nanoparticles on cress plants, the present study was carried out.ResultsOur findings indicated a decrease in multiple growth parameters, proline content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids in cress plants exposed to silver nanoparticle treatment. This decline could be attributed to the oxidative stress induced by the presence of silver nanoparticles in the plants. Conversely, when coronatine treatment was applied, it effectively mitigated the reduction in growth parameters and pigments induced by the silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, we observed an increase in silver content in both the roots and shoot portions, along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) content, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), anthocyanins, glutathione (GSH), and antioxidant enzyme activities in plants exposed to silver nanoparticles. Concurrently, there was a decrease in total phenolic compounds, ascorbate, anthocyanins, and proline content. Pre-treatment of cress seeds with coronatine resulted in increased levels of GSH, total phenolic compounds, and proline content while reducing the silver content in both the root and shoot parts of the plant.ConclusionsCoronatine pre-treatment appeared to enhance both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities, thereby alleviating oxidative stress and improving the response to stress induced by silver nanoparticles.

Effects of Ultra-High-Pressure Treatment on Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Free, Esterified and Bound Phenolics from Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruits.

Phyllanthus emblica L. fruits (PEFs) were processed by ultra-pressure (UHP) treatment and then extracted by the ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The influence of UHP on the phenolic composition, enzyme inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of the free, esterified, and bound phenolic fractions from PEFs were compared. UHP pretreatment of PEFs significantly increased the total phenolic and flavonoid contents (p < 0.05). A total of 24 chemical compositions were characterized in normal and UHP-treated PEFs by UHPLC-ESI-HRMS/MS. Compared with normal PEFs, these three different phenolic fractions had stronger antioxidant activities and inhibitory effects on the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in H2O2-induced HepG2 cells (p < 0.05). The ROS inhibition might be due to an up-regulation of the expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) activities. In addition, these three different phenolic fractions also significantly inhibited the activities of metabolic enzymes, including α-glucosidase, α-amylase and pancreatic lipase. This work may provide some insights into the potential economics and applications of PEFs in food and nutraceutical industries.

Environmental Factors Related to Climate Change Alter the Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Lavandula viridis L’Hér Essential Oil

Climate change is affecting all regions of the world, and the Mediterranean region is one of the most affected. Plants accumulate secondary metabolites as an adaptive response to stress circumstances. The present study investigated the effect of different abiotic factor conditions (drought, moderate heat, severe heat, salinity, and UV-B radiation) on the essential oil (EO) yield, composition (volatile profile), and biological activity (enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity) of Lavandula viridis L’Hér. In general, the environmental conditions increased the extraction yield of EO. Eighty-two compounds were identified in the EO and environmental factors induced some quantitative changes in EO composition. Severe heat and salinity conditions increased the concentration of the two most abundant compounds, 1,8-cineole and camphor. Severe heat also increased the potential of EO to inhibit the enzymes butyrylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. Drought, salinity, and UV-B radiation promoted the ability of EO to inhibit acetylcholinesterase. In addition, heat and drought enhanced the antioxidant activity of EO. These results are relevant for exploring the potential of this EO for industrial applications, although future studies combining the factors studied are important to understand the influence of synergistic effects on the composition and bioactivity of the plant products obtained.

Sodium nitroprusside as a signal molecule for up-regulating membrane characteristics, antioxidant defense system to improve flax productivity under water stress

Water stress is a critical environmental adversity that significantly impacts the growth, development, and yield of flax plants. In this study, flax seeds were cultivated under different water irrigation requirements (WIR) (100%, 75%, and 50%) to investigate the effects of exogenously supplied nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as foliar treatments at concentrations of 0.0 ​mmol/L, 0.5 ​mmol/L, 1.0 ​mmol/L, and 2.0 ​mmol/L. Drought stress led to a significant decrease in plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, yield components such as oil and total carbohydrate percentage. It also resulted in an increase in leaf H2O2 production, lipid peroxidation levels and activities of enzymatic antioxidants including polyphenol oxidase, superoxide dismutase, and nitrate reductase enzymes. However, foliar application of SNP improved photosynthetic pigments and antioxidant defense system which mitigated the negative impact of water stress on growth and yield productivity by reducing oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species accumulation. The use of SNP also decreased H2O2 accumulation levels, lipid peroxidation levels, and improved membrane stability. SNP treatment at concentration of 2 ​mmol/L showed superior results compared to other concentrations with extremely significant increases observed in yield characteristics such as oil content, total carbohydrate percentages, and unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids ratio.