Development Environment Research Articles

Regulatory B-Cells Are Associated Negatively With Regulatory T-Cells and Positively With Cytokines in Peripheral Blood of Pregnant Women.

Regulatory B-cells (Bregs, CD19+CD24hiCD38hi) are a specialized B-cell subset that suppresses immune responses and potentially contribute to the maintenance of an immune-privileged environment for fetal development during pregnancy. However, little is known about the surrounding immunological environment of Bregs in gestational physiology. The relationship of regulatory T-cells (Tregs, CD4+CD25hiCD127loFoxP3+) to Bregs in coordinating immunoregulation during pregnancy is unknown. We aimed to determine whether peripheral concentrations of Bregs and/or PD-L1-expressing Bregs correlated with Tregs and cytokines during pregnancy. Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 29 pregnant women at mean 12 weeks' gestation. Participants were age ≥ 18, self-identified as Latina/Hispanic, and N = 12 primigravid. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, stained, and analyzed by flow cytometry to determine percentages of Tregs from CD4+ T-cells and five Treg subsets defined by immune checkpoint markers, and Bregs and PD-L1+ Bregs from total B-cells. Levels of 13 cytokines were measured on a Meso Scale Discovery multiplex platform. Bregs positively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6. PD-L1+ Bregs positively correlated with T-cell suppressive cytokine IL-10. PD-L1+ Bregs negatively correlated with Tregs and Helios+, CTLA-4+, PD-1+, TIGIT+, and TIM3+ Tregs. For primigravida, PD-L1+ Bregs correlated positively with IL-10 and negatively with Helios+ and TIGIT+ Tregs. For multigravida, PD-L1+ Bregs correlated positively with IL-8 and negatively with Helios+, CTLA-4+, PD-1+, and TIGIT+ Tregs. This study provides insight into the immunosuppressive role of Bregs and PD-L1+ Bregs during human pregnancy. Our results suggest that PD-L1+ Bregs can employ suppressive mechanisms to limit pro-inflammatory responses in primigravida.

AI Driven Code Analyzer and Report Generator

The AI Driven Code Analyzer and Report Generator revolutionizes software documentation by leveraging cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and computer vision. This system addresses challenges like outdated and inconsistent documentation, optimizing the process with minimal manual intervention. By integrating seamlessly into development workflows, it ensures real-time updates synchronized with codebase modifications, enhancing accuracy and relevance throughout the software lifecycle. This approach fosters better collaboration between developers and stakeholders, creating tailored documentation aligned with project needs. Designed to be flexible and adaptable to various development environments, this solution sets a new benchmark for efficiency, error reduction, and team collaboration in software development.

Cirebon City Tourism Competitiveness for Tourism Economic Development

In the West Java Provincial Tourism Development Master Plan, Cirebon City is included in the Provincial Tourism Strategic Area (KSPP), with tourist attractions in the Cultural Heritage Area. The development of the tourism sector can generate jobs, equal income distribution, and community welfare. As a city that is one of the tourism development areas of West Java, and one of the cities that ranks 4th in the number of GDP according to Regencies/Cities in West Java, the focus of this research is on the competitive advantage of Cirebon City tourism in the province using the Tourism Competitiveness Index. By using eight tourism competitiveness indicators according to TTCI, including the Human Tourism Indicator, Price Competitiveness Indicator, Human Resources Indicator, Openness Indicator, Social Development Indicator, Infrastructure Development Indicator, Environment Indicator, and Technology Advancement Indicator. Using secondary data with quantitative descriptive analysis and comparative approaches, the competitive advantages of Cirebon City tourism will be known

Sino-Us Competitive Cooperation Relationship: AIIB’S Projects in the Middle East and Practical Application of SDGs

Introduction: This essay examines the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in the Middle East, with a focus on infrastructure development facilitated through the AIIB and DFC. It explores the strategic roles, operational approaches, and impacts of these institutions on Middle Eastern development, highlighting the geopolitical implications of Sino-US rivalry in the region and the distinct paths taken by both nations. Furthermore, the essay evaluates the broader implications of Sino-US hegemonic competition, employing Realism and Neo-Realism theories as analytical frameworks to dissect this complex relationship. The essay also delves into the relationship between AIIB and DFC investments in the Middle East and their alignment with the United Nations SDGs. Particular attention is given to how these investments influence the achievement of SDGs in the Middle East, contributing to sustainable development in the region. The methodology adopted is qualitative in nature, involving interviews with experts specializing in Middle Eastern investment and SDGs development to gather and analyse relevant data. The research findings address critical issues such as development goals, geopolitical dynamics, and the future prospects for Africa and the Middle East. This article provides valuable insights into the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in both regions, demonstrating how their investments contribute to achieving development objectives and advancing SDGs. For instance, the AIIB’s investment in solar energy initiatives, such as the Benban Solar Park in Egypt, the project can help Egypt’s city build a sustainable development environment, and make people and some other lives live in a safe environment, help the Middle East achieve No.11 SDGs. Objective: This article aims to analyze the contributions of the AIIB and DFC to infrastructure development in the Middle East. It seeks to explore the strategic roles played by these institutions in advancing the competitive positions of the United States and China within the global market. Furthermore, the study examines the broader geopolitical implications of the Sino-US competitive cooperation relationship in the Middle East, focusing on how the activities of the AIIB and DFC both reflect and influence the geopolitical dynamics between these two global powers. Lastly, the article investigates the role of AIIB and DFC investments in supporting the Middle East’s progress toward achieving the SDGs. Theoretical Framework: This chapter presents the fundamental concepts and theoretical frameworks underpinning the research, with a particular focus on Realism and Neo-Realism. These theories provide a robust foundation for understanding the context and background of the study. Method: This research adopted a qualitative approach to gather and analyze data. The qualitative methodology is utilized to explore the opinions, experiences, and perspectives of participants. Data collection will be conducted through interviews, either online or in person. Additionally, a focus group will be selected to facilitate the comparison of various research components, identify relationships among these elements, and examine how they influence one another within the study. Results and Discussion: The findings highlight the significant contributions of both institutions to the development of the Middle East, as well as the intricate processes shaping their interactions and influence in the region. Additionally, the analysis underscores the competitive dynamics between the United States and China in Africa’s infrastructure development. The discussion is organized into distinct sections to examine the impact of these institutions on the Middle East and to analyze the Sino-US competition across different time periods. Research Implications: This article examines the practical and theoretical implications of its findings, offering insights into their potential application and influence within the field of Sino-US competitive cooperation relations. It also explores how AIIB and DFC investments can contribute to the Middle East’s progress toward achieving the SDGs. These implications extend to various dimensions, including the evolution of Sino-US relations, the Middle East’s development trajectory, and broader geopolitical dynamics. Originality/Value: This study contributes to the existing body of literature by analyzing the role of AIIB and DFC investments in advancing the Middle East’s progress toward SDGs while identifying a pathway for Sino-US competitive cooperation. The significance and value of this research lie in its examination of how these investments shape the Middle East’s SDG development and influence the evolution of Sino-US relation.

Coupling Coordination and Regional Disparities: Analyzing the Interaction between Digital Economy Development and Ecological Environment Quality in China (2011-2021)

Coupling Coordination and Regional Disparities: Analyzing the Interaction between Digital Economy Development and Ecological Environment Quality in China (2011-2021)

Research on Measuring the Development Level of Digital Economy in Five Provinces in Northwest China

The digital economy is a crucial factor in enhancing the quality of regional economic development. Conducting measurements and evaluations of the development level of the digital economy in the five northwestern provinces of China holds significant practical importance. Based on provincial panel data from 2012 to 2022 for these five provinces, this paper establishes a comprehensive evaluation index system encompassing digital infrastructure, digital innovation, digital application, and digital industry. An objective and comprehensive measurement method, namely the entropy value method, is employed for the assessment. The research team found that the digital economy in the five northwestern provinces is continually improving, yet there exists a significant development gap among them. Therefore, the five northwestern provinces should strengthen the formulation and implementation of supportive policy systems, ensure a favorable environment for digital economic development, enhance inter-provincial communication, promote integrated and complementary development of the digital economy, accelerate the exploitation of resource advantages, and address the shortcomings in digital economic development.

BONS E MAUS AFETOS NA RELAÇÃO ENTRE PAIS E FILHO (A): SUAS IMPLICAÇÕES NO DESENVOLVIMENTO INFANTIL

This article sought to analyze the affections, considered bad and good, according to the theories of Winnicott and Espinosa, in a comparison and differentiation, considering their implications for child development in the relationship between parents and children. The research was developed in the bibliographic field. Where the present article analyzed several literatures that approach the subject in a rich way and with intellectual credibility. The concept of affection in Winnicott and Espinosa is basically exposed, as affections imply in child development, in the case of the phase in which the child is in a greater dependence on care. The theme is presented in three categories, in the first a conceptual analysis of affection in the authors mentioned above, in the second its importance for child development, under a positive prism and in the third and last part it is exposed about negative consequences due to bad affections. Finally, the final considerations were presented, pointing out the need to establish a less frustrating environment for better child development.

Talent development environments in sport in selected African countries as perceived by young elite football players

ABSTRACT Most African football nations need to strengthen their talent development environments (TDEs) in sport in order to nurture young elite players at the level of global competitiveness. However, despite the established importance of the environment to the striving and thriving of athletes, studies on TDEs in African football academies are scarce. This study’s objectives were twofold: (a) to test the reliability of the French version of the TDEQ-5 across three representative French-speaking African countries: Morocco (North Africa), Cameroon (Central Africa) and Côte d’Ivoire (West Africa), and (b) to assess and compare the quality of their TDEs in football. A sample from the three African countries selected consisted of 504 male academy footballers aged between 10 and 23, who completed the French version of the TDEQ-5. Confirmatory factor analysis and internal consistency analysis revealed a fair model fit of the TDEQ-5, therefore allowing its use in this context. However, the TDEQ-5’s factor of social support network was omitted in the comparisons because of low internal consistency. For the remaining four TDEQ-5 features, Moroccan players had the most favourable perception, while Cameroonian and Ivoirian players shared similar and less favorable perceptions of their TDEs. Across the selected countries, long-term development focus and holistic quality preparation were a strength and an area of improvement respectively. These findings suggest that the TDEQ-5 tends to validate differences and similarities in TDEs in sport between North, Central, and West African countries. It thus emerges as a reliable instrument to monitor and support the talent development journey of African academy footballers.

The Application of Virtual Simulation Technology in Macroeconomics Course

Under the environment of the rapid development of network science and technology, the application of virtual simulation technology in college experiment teaching has become a new direction of teaching reform. In recent years, virtual simulation technology has been well used in the experimental teaching of many science and technology subjects, but in the experimental teaching of humanities and social disciplines, especially economic management disciplines, the application of virtual simulation technology still needs to be developed and strengthened. According to the characteristics of the economic management compulsory subject Macroeconomics teaching, this paper discusses the teaching advantages of using virtual simulation technology and explores how to introduce virtual simulation technology into the experimental teaching of macroeconomics. This promotes the application of virtual simulation technology in the experimental course of “macroeconomics” from the two aspects of strengthening the support and management of the school and strengthening the cooperation with all forms of life, constantly improve the experimental teaching quality of the course, and provide beneficial practical exploration for the experimental teaching of economic management subjects.

‘Same sport, different game’: male and female junior Norwegian national ice hockey players’ perceptions of their talent development environments

Women’s ice hockey has experienced rapid changes in the last decades. Nevertheless, there is still a gap in the preconditions between male and female players. The aim of the present study was to explore how Norwegian junior ice hockey players perceive their talent development environments (TDEs) and view their future athletic career. In total, ten female and ten male players participated in qualitative focus group interviews. The results show that female and male players perceive their TDEs and future career prospects differently. Compared to male players, female players perceived less support and a lack of competition. Furthermore, while male players internalized a singled-minded focus on sport to become professional athletes, the female players viewed a professional career as unrealistic. Continued work on improving the TDEs for female ice hockey players and their opportunities to play professionally is necessary to make ice hockey more gender equal.

Speeding Up Test Automation: Practical Strategies to Cut Execution Times

In today’s fast-paced software development environment, efficient test automation is crucial for accelerating release cycles and ensuring software quality. However, one significant challenge teams face is managing the execution time of automated tests. Long test cycles can slow down development, delay feedback, and impact overall productivity. Fortunately, several strategies can be employed to reduce test automation execution times without sacrificing the reliability and effectiveness of testing. Key techniques include parallel test execution, optimizing test scripts, minimizing setup and teardown overhead, using headless browsers, focusing on essential features, and adopting a modular test design. This article explores these strategies in detail, providing actionable insights on how to streamline test automation, reduce execution times, and enhance overall testing efficiency. As organizations strive to maintain agility and responsiveness, reducing automation test cycles becomes essential not only for quicker feedback but also for improving the overall quality and performance of the software being developed. Keywords: Test Automation, Automated Testing Strategies, Test Execution Time, Parallel Test execution, Test Optimization, Headless Browsers, Selenium Automation, Software Quality Assurance

Digitizing Low-Frequency Analog Control Circuit Using Bilinear Function Algorithm

In the past, low-frequency analog control circuits were largely used in analog control systems. With the rapid development of modern digital electronic technology, the digitization of traditional low-frequency analog control circuits while retaining the same functions as the original analog control systems has become an important trend in the field of electronic design. For this reason, this study aimed to develop an analog signal digitization model for control signals at a low frequency below 10 Hz. In terms of signal receiving and transmission requirements, the proposed model is configured with analog-to-digital converter (ADC), digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and pulse width modulation (PWM) functions. In the development environment, the input and output signals are first normalized and processed with PWM, enabling the digital signal processor to deal with analog signal receiving, processing, and external transmission. To replace the existing compensator in analog circuits, a digital compensator is used in the digital signal processor. Based on the bilinear function in MATLAB software, the parameter values demanded for the digital compensator can thus be obtained, achieving the automatic calculation of bilinear transformation in the system. Multisim simulation is then used to simulate analog circuit systems for comparison with the digitized outcomes. The experimental results reveal that the performance of the designed digital control circuit matches the simulation outcomes in both Bode gain (dB) and phase responses when the signal frequency is below 10 Hz. The effectiveness of the digitized analog control circuit for low-frequency control signals is therefore confirmed.

Implementasi Software-Defined Network Terintegrasi Firewall pada Proxmox untuk Pengontrolan Konfigurasi Jaringan dan Pengamanan Layanan Container

Virtualization technology has helped companies consolidate various server roles into a single physical server, reducing hardware costs. Hypervisor is a software in virtualization that is used to manage server hardware, allowing multiple Virtual Machines (VM)/Containers (CT) to run on a single physical machine. Companies face various challenges to remain competitive in the digital era, such as the need for rapid deployment of virtual guests and virtual networks on hypervisors in development, testing, and production environments, as well as securing network services. The purpose of this study is to implement SDN on hypervisors to centrally control virtual network configurations with a simple design, reducing setup and maintenance costs and time. In addition, it also implements a firewall and Virtual Private Network (VPN) based on OpenVPN and a reverse proxy to secure the hypervisor and VM/CT so that services remain available. This study presents a new approach that integrates Software-Defined Network (SDN)-based network management with comprehensive security solutions on hypervisors. This approach combines efficiency in network management and security that have rarely been focused on simultaneously in previous studies. The research method uses the Network Development Life Cycle (NDLC). The hypervisor used is Proxmox Virtual Environment (PVE) which is installed on the Virtual Private Server (VPS) provider IDCloudHost. Based on the results of the trials that have been carried out, it can be concluded that the simple zone type SDN on PVE can be used to control network configurations centrally and more simply such as routing, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP), Source Network Address Translation (SNAT), hostname registration and Internet Protocol (IP) from CT to forward lookup zone on the Domain Name System (DNS) server. Activating the firewall and creating rules at the cluster and CT levels from PVE and OpenVPN can protect the infrastructure when accessed both internally and externally. While the implementation of nginx reverse proxy can secure access to HTTP/HTTPS services on CT in PVE.

Identifying the Components of Inclusive Leadership in Education: A Study Using Synthesis Research

Objective: In today's educational environments, inclusive leadership is almost inevitable, and research indicates that it significantly impacts organizational behaviors. The objective of the present study was to identify the components of inclusive leadership in education. Methodology: The present research is qualitative in nature and follows a synthesis research approach. The statistical population consisted of existing studies from 2013 to 2023. In total, 81 articles and studies related to the keywords were identified. Out of this number, 15 studies were selected for the final analysis based on exclusion criteria. The research data were analyzed using Roberts' 6-step synthesis research model, including summarization, content analysis, coding, categorization, and extraction of indicators and components of inclusive leadership in education. Findings: The data were organized into 44 codes, 9 sub-themes, and 3 main themes. The sub-themes included addressing the needs and expectations of the community, personal and social development of students and school staff, dynamic and flexible educational environments, equal opportunities for access to education and resources, values of justice and fairness in the educational environment, respect for rights and equitable distribution of resources and opportunities in the school, improvement of students' academic and psychological performance, community members' participation in educational processes, and a safe and sustainable environment for learning and development. The main themes identified were educational leadership, educational justice, and educational outcomes and impacts. Conclusion: Identifying the components of inclusive leadership in education can play a crucial role in designing an appropriate model for inclusive leadership during this period.

The Role of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Analyzing the Sustainable Development Goals, Practice, Indicators, Values and Environment

This study introduces a framework aimed at enhancing the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The primary objective is to address key challenges in AI applications, such as data scarcity, ethical concerns, and cultural diversity, by integrating explainable AI (XAI), simulation environments, and modular customization. The study emphasizes on region-specific datasets, synthetic data generation, and iterative refinement to improve AI solutions in sectors like poverty, healthcare, and climate action. The findings emphasizes on AI’s potential to transform theoretical solutions into practical, scalable implementations, driving sustainable development. While addressing challenges like data quality, algorithmic bias, and regulatory issues, the study also highlights the importance of ethical principles and contextual adaptability to achieve long-term, inclusive progress toward the SDGs.

Mobile Application Utilizing YOLOv8 for Real-Time Urban Traffic Data Collection

This paper presents a pioneering mobile application specifically designed to revolutionize the collection of urban traffic data. The application is engineered on the robust YOLOv8 platform for mobile devices, leveraging smartphone cameras to provide real-time observations of traffic conditions and vehicle counts with a notable accuracy of 93%. The development environment includes Java Android, enhancing the app with cutting-edge functionalities such as YOLOv8 for precise vehicle type detection and Deep Sort for effective vehicle counting. Despite achieving high accuracy, the application encounters difficulties in accurately detecting motorcycles, which are often hidden behind larger vehicles. This research not only demonstrates the effectiveness of a sophisticated tool for traffic data analysis but also emphasizes the essential need for continuous improvements to tackle practical challenges encountered in urban settings. The findings signify a major progression in urban mobility research and advocate for advanced traffic management and planning strategies.

Evaluation of a surrogate virus neutralization assay for detecting neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in an African population.

The global resurgence of coronaviruses and the move to incorporate COVID-19 vaccines into the expanded program for immunization have warranted for a high-throughput and low-cost assay to measure and quantify mounted neutralizing antibodies as an indicator for protection against SARS-CoV-2. Hence, we evaluated the surrogate-virus-neutralization-assay (sVNT) as an alternative assay to the pseudo-virus neutralization assay (pVNT). The sVNT was used to measure neutralizing antibodies among 119 infected and/or vaccinated blood samples, against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 (WT) and the Omicron-variant with reference to the pVNT. Four different cut-offs were assessed for suitability in distinguishing neutralizers: the manufacturer (>30%), literature-based (>50%) and (>80%), and population-based (>27.69%). The obtained data was analyzed using "R" through its integrated development environments; JAMOV and R-Studio. Using the WT strain, only the population-based cut-off was able to differentiate neutralizers from non-neutralizers beyond chance, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.833 (95%CI, 0.505-1.0; P = .049). Applying the population-based cut-off, improved the sensitivity to 100% from 91.4% obtained from the manufacturer cut-off (P = .002). However, the specificity remained low (67%). The negative-predictive-value also improved to 100% vs 16.4% (P = .006), but there was no difference in the positive-predictive-value (99.1% vs 99.1%) (P = .340). When we used the Omicron-variant, the sVNT titers were not able to predict the neutralizers and non-neutralizers with reference to pVNT (AUC of 0.649) (P = .221). The sVNT assay is a potential alternative for screening individuals harboring potent neutralizing antibody with high sensitivity, although we recommend continuous improvement of the assay in line with the viral mutations. Further, we recommend that individual users establish a population-based cut-off while using the sVNT assay.

Nigeria's Sugar Industry: Challenges, Opportunities, and Prospects for Self-Sufficiency

The sugar industry in Nigeria is relatively young, having been established in the 1960s. However, it has not yet reached its full potential, as it currently only supplies about 5% of the country's sugar demand. This lack of performance has led to the loss of foreign exchange earnings and hundreds of thousands of employment opportunities. The Nigerian Sugar Master Plan (NSMP) predicts that the country's sugar demand will exceed 1.7 million metric tonnes by 2020, and to meet this demand, the country needs to establish 28 sugar factories and cultivate 250,000 hectares of land for sugarcane over the next 10 years. Private investors will provide most of the investment capital. The government has enacted various policy instruments, including fiscal incentives, tariffs, and the Backward Integration Program (BIP), to create a conducive policy environment for the sugar industry's development. The Sugar Levy will also fund research and development studies and essential infrastructure. These policies aim to attract new investors and protect existing and new investments in the sugar sector. The approval of the NSMP and the adoption of the conducive policy environment demonstrate the government's commitment to revitalizing the sugar industry and making it a crucial part of the nation's industrial landscape. This paper highlights the progress made in the first ten years of the NSMP's BIP, the establishment of the Nigeria Sugar Institute, and the expected increase in sugar production in NSMP phase II.

WETLAND AND BIOCULTURAL HERITAGE REGENERATION THROUGH THEMATIC ECOLOGICAL TOURISM PRACTICE: THE CASE OF PATAN SUB-DISTRICT, KHUN TAN DISTRICT, CHIANG RAI, THAILAND

The tourism managed and operated by local communities has evidently been a significant phenomenon in the 21st century, and therefore it is one of the challenging units in the tourism value chain. This study investigates the initiative of community ecological tourism and proposes a framework of ecological tourism development. The inductive approach utilizes field survey, in-depth interviews, participatory observation, focus group discussion with key tourism partners. The concept of public private partnership (PPP) was applied. The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to rank the criteria for ecological tourism development. The structural equation modelling (SEM), as a quantitative approach, was used to foster the factors collected from the focus group. There are six criteria identified for sustainable ecological tourism development including: environmental, economic, sociocultural, visitor experiences, infrastructure and logistics, and sustainability. Other six factors enhance ecological tourism development namely: budget, knowledge, technological system, participation, community factors, and social factors. Stakeholders highlight environment and community participation for sustainable development. Still, the local residents lack knowledge on tourism management. Based on the findings, the sustainable ecological tourism development framework for Patan was constructed. Future success factors that should be essentially developed involve inventory of local data that will be useful for establishing identity and meaning making, local individuals’ learning and understanding of their local knowledge, training and tourism interpretation and narratives for story-telling of its cultural landscape.

The Relationship Between Breast Milk Coverage, Mother's Education Level, Sanitation Hygiene, and Infectional Diseases and Incidents Of Stunting In Toddler In Bangkalan District, East Java

Stunting remains a pressing global health issue, with 149 million children affected in 2020. In Bangkalan District, East Java, stunting prevalence reaches 25.2 percent, exceeding the provincial average of 19.2 percent. This study aimed to analyze factors influencing stunting, including breastfeeding coverage, maternal education, hygiene, and infectious diseases. Conducted from August to September 2023 in the Blega Health Center area, this analytical correlation study involved 35 toddlers aged 24–59 months selected through simple random sampling. Data were collected via questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and interviews, then analyzed using chi-square tests in SPSS. The results revealed significant relationships between exclusive breastfeeding and stunting (p value is less than 0.05) and between infectious diseases (e.g., diarrhea and URTI) and stunting (p value is less than 0.05). Toddlers not exclusively breastfed were 0.2 times more likely to be stunted, and those frequently suffering from diarrhea had a 0.13 times higher risk. However, no significant association was found between maternal education or hygiene behavior and stunting (p value is more than 0.05). These findings emphasize the importance of promoting exclusive breastfeeding and preventing infectious diseases as key strategies to combat stunting. Complementary measures, such as improving hygiene and sanitation, remain critical to creating a supportive environment for child growth and development