Environmental Risk Analysis Research Articles

Neem Oil: Classification and Environmental Risk Analysis for Application in the Fertiliser Industry and Agriculture

Neem Oil: Classification and Environmental Risk Analysis for Application in the Fertiliser Industry and Agriculture

Biodiversity assessment and environmental risk analysis of the single line transgenic pod borer resistant cowpea.

The discussion surrounding biological diversity has reached a critical point with the introduction of Nigeria's first transgenic food crop, the pod borer-resistant (PBR) cowpea. Questions have been raised about the potential risks of the transgenic Maruca vitrata-resistant cowpea to human health and beneficial insects. Public apprehension, coupled with social activists' calling for the removal of this crop from the nation's food market, persists. However, there is a lack of data to counter the assertion that cultivating PBR cowpea may have adverse effects on biodiversity and the overall ecological system. This research, with its multifaceted objective of examining the environmental safety of PBR cowpea and assessing its impact on biodiversity compared to its non-transgenic counterpart, IT97KN, is of utmost importance in providing the necessary data to address these concerns. Seeds for both the transgenic PBR cowpea and its isoline were obtained from the Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Zaria before planting at various farm sites (Addae et al., 2020). Throughout the experiment, local cultural practices were strictly followed to cultivate both transgenic and non-transgenic cowpeas. Elaborate taxonomic keys were used to identify arthropods and other non-targeted organisms. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate potential modifications in all ecological niches of the crops. The lmer function of the R package lme4 was used to analyze diversity indices, including Shannon, Pielou, and Simpson. The Bray-Curtis index was used to analyzed potential modifications in the dissimilarities of non-targeted organisms' communities. Examination of ecological species abundance per counting week (CW) revealed no disruption in the biological properties of non-targeted species due to the cultivation of transgenic PBR cowpea. Analysis of species evenness and diversity indices indicated no significant difference between the fields of transgenic PBR cowpea and its isoline. Principal component analysis results demonstrated that planting PBR cowpea did not create an imbalance in the distribution of ecological species. All species and families observed during this study were more abundant in transgenic PBR cowpea fields than in non-transgenic cowpea fields, suggesting that the transformation of cowpea does not negatively impact non-targeted organisms and their communities. Evolution dynamics of the species community between transgenic and non-transgenic cowpea fields showed a similar trend throughout the study period, with no significant divergence induced in the community structure because of PBR cowpea planting. This study concludes that planting transgenic PBR cowpea positively influences biodiversity and the environment.

A Fuzzy Logic Application to Manage Construction-Cost Escalation

In large-scale projects, such as transport infrastructures, the cost-planning phase stands out as one of the most crucial for the project’s success. Cost and time overruns, during the construction phase, are often the cause of project failure. A meticulous, conscious, and accurate ex-ante analysis of cost and time assessment can greatly contribute to the efficient and effective completion of a project. Various approaches have been developed to estimate and mitigate cost overruns. Such mitigation is subject to careful analysis of project risks, encompassing construction, environmental, social acceptance, and market risks. In this contribution, we propose the implementation of the risk-assessment tool, suggested by the National Anti-Corruption Authority (ANAC), using fuzzy logic to enhance its effectiveness. Thanks to the implementation of fuzzy prioritizations, the risk matrix and the associated risk levels, which are obtained by combining the event’s probability of occurrence and its expected impact on costs, have been clearly and structurally defined. This tool can facilitate risk ranking and, therefore, the implementation of their management strategies during the design and construction phases as well as the consensus-creation process. This application can therefore be used by public authorities as a transparent and manageable tool to assess expected risk during the design and implementation phases of the project.

Non-conventional endpoints show higher sulfoxaflor toxicity to Chironomus riparius than conventional endpoints in a multistress environment

Evidence grows that standard toxicity testing might underestimate the environmental risk of neurotoxic insecticides. Behavioural endpoints such as locomotion and mobility have been suggested as sensitive and ecologically relevant additions to the standard tested endpoints. Possible interactive effects of chemicals and additional stressors are typically overlooked in standardised testing. Therefore, we aimed to investigate how concurrent exposure to environmental stressors (increased temperature and predation cues) and a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-modulating insecticide (‘sulfoxaflor’) impact Chironomus riparius across a range of conventional and non-conventional endpoints. We used a multifactorial experimental design encompassing three stressors, sulfoxaflor (2.0–110 µg/L), predation risk (presence/absence of predatory cues), and elevated temperature (20 °C and 23 °C), yielding a total of 24 distinct treatment conditions. Additional stressors did not change the sensitivity of C. riparius to sulfoxaflor. To assess potential additive effects, we applied an Independent Action (IA) model to predict the impact on eight endpoints, including conventional endpoints (growth, survival, total emergence, and emergence time) and less conventional endpoints (the size of the adults, swimming abilities and exploration behaviour). For the conventional endpoints, observed effects were either lower than expected or well-predicted by the IA model. In contrast, we found greater than predicted effects of predation cues and temperature in combination with sulfoxaflor on adult size, larval exploration, and swimming behaviour. However, in contrast to the non-conventional endpoints, no conventional endpoints detected interactive effects of the neurotoxic insecticide and the environmental stressors. Acknowledging these interactions, increasing ecological context of ecotoxicological test systems may, therefore, advance environmental risk analysis and interpretation as the safe environmental concentrations of neurotoxic insecticides depend on the context of both the test organism and its environment.

Food Safety Analysis Based on Halal Food with The Use of Water as a Food Need in Indonesia

Halal food security in Indonesia is a complex issue viewed from a religious perspective, especially in water processing. This article examines the public's understanding of the water treatment process, whether halal or non-halal. This research also examines the risks from the views of people with this understanding. The method used uses a literature study consisting of several pieces of literature that are reviewed and analyzed descriptively to understand the existing problems properly. The results of this research answered this understanding with an analysis of environmental, technical, social, financial, security, and institutional risks, as well as a comparison with regulations and hadith. The water treatment process carried out by water management institutions follows the rules and is considered to duplicate natural processes, namely the water cycle. This perspective is also supported by several regulations in Indonesia, which indicate that food safety, especially water, can be adequately implemented. This study shows that there is always involvement between officeholders, service providers, and the community in maintaining the safety of water sources.

Lead Contamination in Pangasius Djambal in the Dam of Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro District: An Environmental Health Risk Study

Introduction: One of the areas passed by the Bengawan Solo River is Bojonegoro. Many Bojonegoro people find fish at the point of Bendung Gerak, Ngringinrejo Village. One of the fish that is often caught is Pangasius djambal. At this location, the dominant waste contamination comes from agricultural and domestic waste. Lead can contaminate water and enter through the food chain in fish which are later eaten by humans. The purpose of this study was to analyze the environmental health risk of lead (Pb) content in Pangasius djambal in Bendung Gerak Ngringinrejo Village, Kalitidu District, Bojonegoro Regency. Methods: This research used field environmental health risk analysis method. The total sampling of the community was 50 respondents and was taken using accidental sampling. Community sample criteria are those who consume Pangasius djambal within 1 year. Environmental samples are Pangasius djambal taken at 3 points and analyzed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS) method. Results and Discussion: The results showed lead intakes at points A, B, and C were 0.0018 mg/kg/day, 0.0639 mg/kg/day, and 0.0012 mg/kg.day, respectively. The results show the RQ value of point B RQ>1 (unsafe), while points A and C are RQ≤1 (safe). It can be caused by several factors such as body weight, intake rate, consumption frequency, exposure duration, and lead concentration. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is necessary to do risk management at point B.

SOURCE RISK ASSESSMENT FOR HEAVY METALS IN SOIL ON THE SITE OF A HYDROCARBON POWER PLANT

The present study aims to assess the soil quality on a hydrocarbon power plant site in Arad, Romania. It investigates the evolution of heavy metal concentrations (Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, and Cr) to establish source-related risks. For this purpose, the Global Pollution Index (GPI) was used, calculated for soil sampling points in the licensed area, and the database of monitored indicators was processed. Sampling was carried out annually between 2011 and 2020. An Individual Pollution Index (IPi) was calculated for each heavy metal and reference value, taking into account the Geochemical Background Level (Bi) specific to Romania. The correlation between these indices and the degree of pollution for each soil sample monitored was carried out to the legal provisions. Heavy metal concentrations (Cs, i) were evaluated in relation to the national legislation for less sensitive land use. Finally, the GPI was determined, and based on these values, the overall soil pollution status was assessed. Based on the determined CFi values and the corresponding Toxicity Factors (Ti) of heavy metals, the environmental impact was assessed by environmental risk analysis using the Risk Indices (ERi and R.I.) method. All the analyzed indicators were within the legal limits during the studied period, except Cd, where the alert threshold was exceeded in 2019 and 2020.

Environmental risk analysis of a Ramsar site: a case study of east Kolkata wetlands with PSR framework.

The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKWT), designated as a Ramsar Site for its crucial role in sewage water purification, agriculture and pisciculture, faces escalating environmental threats due to rapid urbanisation. Employing the pressure-state-response (PSR) framework and Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), this study spans three decades to elucidate the evolving dynamics of EKWT. Using Landsat TM and OLI images from 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021, the research identifies key parameters within the PSR framework. Principal component analysis generates environmental risk maps, revealing a 46% increase in urbanisation, leading to reduced vegetation cover and altered land surface conditions. The spatial analysis, utilizing Getis-Ord Gi* statistics, pinpoints risk hotspots and coldspots in the EKWT region. Correlation analysis underscores a robust relationship between urbanisation, climatic response and environmental risk. Decadal ERA exposes a noteworthy surge in high-risk areas, indicating a deteriorating trend. Quantitative assessments pinpoint environmental risk hotspots, emphasizing the imperative for targeted conservation measures. The study establishes a direct correlation between environmental risk and air quality, underscoring the broader implications of EKWT's degradation. While acknowledging the East Kolkata administration's efforts, the research recognises its limitations and advocates a holistic, multidisciplinary approach for future investigations. Recommendations encompass the establishment of effective institutions, real-time monitoring, public engagement and robust anti-pollution measures. In offering quantitative insights, this study provides an evidence-based foundation for conservation strategies and sustainable management practices essential to safeguard the East Kolkata Wetlands.

Risk Assessment Of Ambient Air Pollution PM2.5 Exposure To Communities In The Cement Industrial Area, Pangkep Regency, Indonesia

Introduction: PM2.5 particles are significant problem and the most significant environmental health risk causing premature death. The study aims to assess the health risk analysis of PM2.5 exposure in the residential areas around the cement industry. Material and Methods: the study used a cross sectional study with an environmental health risk analysis approach. The population of the study were 827 households. The study applied inclusion criteria involving the selecting only one respondent from the same family, so there were 297 respondents from population target. The sample selection was calculated by Lemeshow formula and resulted 98 samples. The measurement PM2.5 located at intervals of 0-5 km from the source of primary pollution areas. The measurement of PM2.5 used HazDust Epam. Guideline standards from the Environmental Protection Agency were used to assess the risk of exposure to pollutants. Results: the average concentration of the southern zone is 60 µg/m3 , the northern zone is 40 µg/m3 , the eastern zone is 21.67 µg/m3 , and the western zone is 46.67 µg/m3 . The Risk Level (RQ) of Real-time PM2.5 intake is relatively safe with RQ<1; and intake lifetime risk is RQ>1; except for the eastern zone RQ<1. Conclusion: the result indicates that PM2.5 exceed the environmental quality standard according to WHO, which is > 10 µg/m3 from the pollution source. Risk Management recommends a safe concentration in the risk zone, proper environmental management and control efforts to reduce health risks in the affected resident.

Holistic Environmental Risk Index for Oil and Gas Industry in Colombia

Risk management for technological hazards mainly focuses on the consequences for human lives. Although technological risk analysis evaluates environmental vulnerability, it does not reflect the consequences of environmentally exposed elements. This paper’s objective is to propose a conceptual framework and create a multidisciplinary evaluation model for environmental risk analysis in the oil and gas industry. A holistic assessment was carried out based on probabilistic risk analysis methodologies to obtain a holistic environmental risk index, HERi. Moncho’s Equation was adapted by combining ecological risk, ER, and an aggravating coefficient, F. Transformation functions were utilized to represent the risk probability distributions. The results from the holistic environment risk index were standardized in a sigmoidal function using the ALARP criteria. Finally, the methodology was applied in two case studies in Colombia, comparing the results with an alternative model. This study found that Colombian armed conflict is a key factor that increases environmental risk in oil and gas projects. The proposed methodology takes a holistic approach by integrating socioeconomic factors and resilience considerations into the risk assessment process. This approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of the environmental risks associated with oil and gas projects in Colombia and promotes more effective sustainable management actions.

Analysis of Potential Environmental Risks in the Hydraulic Fracturing Operation in the “La Luna” Formation in Colombia

This article presents an in-depth analysis of potential environmental risks associated with hydraulic fracturing operations within the “La Luna” formation in Colombia. Using the Conesa methodology, it assesses the environmental impacts of unconventional reservoir production in Colombia, including water usage, chemical additives, air emissions, and the potential for groundwater contamination. This study incorporates comprehensive data on geological characteristics, operational procedures, and environmental conditions specific to the region. This analysis highlights the need for a proactive approach to managing potential environmental risks associated with hydraulic fracturing in Colombia. The findings underscore the importance of implementing robust regulatory measures, comprehensive monitoring systems, and the industry’s best practices to mitigate and prevent adverse environmental impacts. This research contributes to the ongoing global dialogue on the environmental implications of hydraulic fracturing in regions with sensitive ecological conditions. The environmental impacts of unconventional reservoirs are widely recognized as a general consensus; however, the absence of applied studies with the rigor of an explicit methodology in Andean countries highlights the need for specific research in this region. This article addresses this gap by proposing a detailed and structured methodology to assess and mitigate environmental impacts in unconventional reservoirs. Emphasizing the importance of knowing the characteristics of reservoir fluids, this research highlights that this critical information is only revealed by drilling exploration wells and PVT (pressure, volume, and temperature) analysis. Obtaining this data is crucial for shaping specific mitigation measures, thus allowing for the formulation of a robust environmental management plan tailored to the conditions of the reservoirs in the Andean region. This precise and contextualized approach contributes to closing the knowledge gap and promotes more sustainable practices in the exploitation of unconventional reservoirs in this specific geographical context. The methodology used in this study proved its effectiveness by accurately quantifying the risks associated with each of the environmental alterations inherent to the hydraulic fracturing process in the La Luna formation. The results obtained allowed for the identification of the critical points most susceptible to environmental impacts, serving as a solid basis for the elaboration of an environmental management plan. This strategic approach not only enabled the delineation of specific mitigation measures but also facilitated the selection of the most appropriate locations for the implementation of the plan, maximizing the effectiveness of corrective actions. It is noteworthy that the successful application of the Conesa methodology in this unconventional reservoir context evidences the versatility and applicability of this approach, consolidating it as a valuable tool for environmental assessment and effective planning in the hydraulic fracturing industry.

Методика прогнозирования и вероятностно-статистического анализа экологических рисков в альтернативной энергетике горного региона

Для анализа возможного влияния экологических рисков на генератор-ные установки, использующие возобновляемые источники энергии в горных условиях предложена методика прогнозирования (с помощью стохастической матрицы) и веро-ятностного анализа (с помощью метода Монте-Карло) экологических рисков в альтер-нативной энергетике. Представлен алгоритм реализации методики вероятностного анализа влияния внешних факторов на генераторную установку, который позволяет про-гнозировать мероприятия по уменьшению влияния негативных факторов, тем самым улучшает энергетические возможности повышения качества жизни и безопасности жизнедеятельности в условиях труднодоступных регионов горной местности. For analyze the possible impact of environmental risks on generator sets using renewable energy sources in mountainous conditions, a methodology for forecasting (using a stochastic matrix) and probabilistic analysis (using the Monte Carlo method) of environmental risks in alternative energy is proposed. An algorithm for the implementation of a methodology for probabilistic analysis of the influence of external factors on a generator set is presented, which allows predicting measures to reduce the influence of negative factors, thereby improving the energy possibilities of improving the quality of life and life safety in remote mountainous regions.

Techno-economic, environmental risk, and gas path analysis of intercooled recuperated turbofan engine

The growing interest in the intercooled recuperated turbofan engine (IRT) reflects the push towards more fuel-efficient aero-engines. However, several additional questions are raised about the quantification of the benefits of IRT, the aftermath of fault propagation of IRT in life cycle, and the effects of extra heat exchangers volume on gas path analysis in IRT. In this study, a comprehensive assessment of techno-economic analysis based on the energy-exergy method is introduced to clarify the advance of IRT in comparison to the conventional cycle turbofan engine (CCTE). The results indicate that IRT decreases the fuel exergy flow and improves the exergy efficiency by approximately 23.53 % and 2.58 %, respectively. Furthermore, the techno-economic and environmental risks are evaluated to demonstrate the effect of fault propagation on engine performance by a succession of exergy-based environment and sustainability indicators during the engine’s life cycle. After the fault propagation, the environmental effect factor and sustainability index worsen by 4.70 % and 4.94 %, respectively. In addition, the proposed gas path analysis method could diagnose the concurrent faults of both intercooler and recuperator together with rotating components in real-time, even with sudden failure. The maximum diagnostic errors for steady-state conditions, transient conditions with constant fault, and transient conditions with sudden failure are lower than 0.052 %, 0.168 %, and 0.186 %, respectively. Correspondingly, the average calculation time is less than 0.0053, 0.0071, and 0.0074 s, respectively. Therefore, this study should be of value to practitioners wishing to investigate the intercooled recuperated turbofan engine in techno-economic, environmental risk, and gas path analysis aspects.

Environmental Risk Analysis of Different Segments of The Arctic Northeast Route

There are huge differences in the sea ice conditions, climate and environment, geographical conditions and communication conditions in the Arctic waters, and the equipment and navigation requirements of ships are also different. In order to ensure the safety and success of the ships, through the route, this paper using fuzzy level analysis (Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, FAHP), build the northeast arctic route risk evaluation index system, targeted analysis of different segments, the results show that: (1) although the sea risk point is different but the natural environment risk has a significant impact on the arctic waters.(2) The risk coefficient of Arctic route is higher than that of traditional ordinary routes. Among the five sea areas in this study, Chukchi Sea is the highest, followed by East Belia Sea. The crew need to pay more attention when sailing.(3) The research in this paper can provide a reference for the navigation safety of the northeast Arctic shipping route.

Predicting environmental risks of pharmaceutical residues by wastewater surveillance: An analysis based on pharmaceutical sales and their excretion data

Pharmaceutical residues are increasingly becoming a significant source of environmental water pollution and ecological risk. This study, leveraging official national pharmaceutical sales statistics, predicts the environmental concentrations of 33 typical pharmaceuticals in the Tianjin area. The results show that 52 % of the drugs have a PEC/MEC (Predicted Environmental Concentration/Measured Environmental Concentration) ratio within the acceptable range of 0.5–2, including atenolol (1.21), carbamazepine (1.22), and sulfamethoxazole (0.91). Among the selected drugs, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and acetaminophen had the highest predicted concentrations. The EPI (Estimation Programs Interface) biodegradation model, a tool from the US Environmental Protection Agency, is used to predict the removal efficiency of compounds in wastewater treatment plants. The results indicate that the EPI predictions are acceptable for macrolide antibiotics and β-blockers, with removal rates of roxithromycin, spiramycin, acetaminophen, and carbamazepine being 14.1 %, 61.2 %, 75.1 %, and 44.5 %, respectively. However, the model proved to be less effective for fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The ECOSAR (Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships) model was used to supplement the assessment of the potential impacts of drugs on aquatic ecosystems, further refining the analysis of pharmaceutical environmental risks. By combining the concentration and detection frequency of pharmaceutical wastewater, this study identified 9 drugs with significant toxicological risks and marked another 24 drugs as substances of potential concern. Additionally, this study provides data support for addressing pharmaceutical residues of priority concern in subsequent research.

Flood Susceptibility Assessment with Random Sampling Strategy in Ensemble Learning (RF and XGBoost)

Due to the complex interaction of urban and mountainous floods, assessing flood susceptibility in mountainous urban areas presents a challenging task in environmental research and risk analysis. Data-driven machine learning methods can evaluate flood susceptibility in mountainous urban areas lacking essential hydrological data, utilizing remote sensing data and limited historical inundation records. In this study, two ensemble learning algorithms, Random Forest (RF) and XGBoost, were adopted to assess the flood susceptibility of Kunming, a typical mountainous urban area prone to severe flood disasters. A flood inventory was created using flood observations from 2018 to 2022. The spatial database included 10 explanatory factors, encompassing climatic, geomorphic, and anthropogenic factors. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) were selected for model comparison. To minimize the influence of expert opinions on model training, this study employed a strategy of uniformly random sampling in historically non-flooded areas for negative sample selection. The results demonstrated that (1) ensemble learning algorithms offer higher accuracy than other machine learning methods, with RF achieving the highest accuracy, evidenced by an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.87, followed by XGBoost at 0.84, surpassing both ANN (0.83) and SVM (0.82); (2) the interpretability of ensemble learning highlighted the differences in the potential distribution of the training data’s positive and negative samples. Feature importance in ensemble learning can be utilized to minimize human bias in the collection of flooded-site samples, more targeted flood susceptibility maps of the study area’s road network were obtained; and (3) ensemble learning algorithms exhibited greater stability and robustness in datasets with varied negative samples, as evidenced by their performance in F1-Score, Kappa, and AUC metrics. This paper further substantiates the superiority of ensemble learning in flood susceptibility assessment tasks from the perspectives of accuracy, interpretability, and robustness, enhances the understanding of the impact of negative samples on such assessments, and optimizes the specific process for urban flood susceptibility assessment using data-driven methods.

Analysis of rural peat environmental risk using PROMETHEE method in Riau province, Indonesia

Future global economic stability is under significant threat from environmental risks. Rural peat areas are particularly susceptible due to their elevated levels of hazard, vulnerability, and limited capacity. Acknowledging these risks is pivotal for fostering a low-carbon development trajectory. This study analyzes the environmental risk in rural peat areas within Riau Province. The PROMETHEE method, incorporating Shannon Entropy weighting for data analysis, was employed. The findings reveal that four regencies are exhibiting favorable environmental risk conditions and five regencies facing adverse conditions. The criteria influencing the environmental risk of rural peat in Riau Province showcase various positive and negative contributions across each regency. The sensitivity analysis underscores the resilience of forest fires and the social forest program in three regencies. Recognizing environmental risk can serve as a foundation for decision-makers to formulate sustainable development policies.

Localized regional environmental risk in mountainous urban areas of Southwest China: identification, assessment, and management strategies in Kunming.

In recent decades, the escalating frequency of environmental risk events, arising from sources such as industrial accidents, chemical spills, or other anthropogenic activities, has intensified threats to the ecological environment. The targeted identification of high-risk areas, formulation of control lists for key risk sources within regions, and the implementation of differentiated management strategies remain significant challenges. This study employed an administrative region environmental risk assessment and gridded environmental risk analysis method to comprehensively evaluate the environmental risks in the city of Kunming, China. The results indicated a fourfold increase in the number of environmental risk sources from 2012 to 2022. The sources were found to be widely distributed across the entire region but exhibited localized clustering. The environmental risk receptors were primarily concentrated around a local lake, in densely populated counties, and near rivers and drinking water sources. Risk hotspot areas within the target region were identified using the gridded environmental risk analysis method. A list of 29 key control areas was proposed, including nine industrial parks and 20 streets. Measures were proposed for handling unexpected incidents. The findings provide data useful for policy formulation and environmental management in similar regions of mountainous cities.

Analisis Risiko Gangguan Saluran Pernapasan Pada Pedagang Akibat Paparan Debu Total Suspended Particulate Udara Ambien

The dense volume of traffic on the Pitameh Tanjung Saba highway has the potential to increase air pollution. The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of respiratory tract disorders for traders due to exposure to total suspended particulate dust in ambient air on Highway Pitameh Tanjung Saba, Lubuk Begalung District, Padang City in 2023. This type of research uses a descriptive analytic design with an environmental health risk analysis approach. Which was carried out from January to May 2023. The sample for this study was dust measuring ≤100 µm taken at 3 measurement points and a sample of 43 traders. The research data were obtained by measuring dust levels and interviews using a questionnaire. The results of the study stated that the TSP dust content at point 1 which was located at the Indarung by-pass traffic light intersection was 242.42 µg/m3, at point 2 which was located in front of the Muhammadiyah Great Mosque of 211.44 µg/m3 and at point 3 which was located at Intersection Pitameh of 232.39 µg/m3 . Based on the calculation of the TSP exposure risk analysis performed, it can be seen that as many as 8 respondents to real time exposure and 1 respondent to life time exposure with an exposure duration of 30 years had a risk characterization value of > 1 and as many as 74.4% experienced symptoms of respiratory tract disorders while trading in Highway Pitameh Tanjung Saba, Lubuk Begalung District, Padang City.

Methodological Approaches to the Classification of Risks to Sustainable Development of the Agro-food Complex of Russia

The relevance of the proposed topic is due to the need to develop the theory and methodology to improve the sustainability of the Russian agro-food complex (AIC) in the face of various kinds of risks. The article describes the agro-food complex as a complex and open socio-ecological and economic system in which socio-economic processes are closely related to the biophysical environment. A methodical approach to the classification of risks of the agro-food complex based on the principles of sustainable development, combining social, economic and environmental components, is proposed. A meaningful analysis of economic, social and environmental risks in the Russian agro-industrial complex has been carried out. A comparative analysis of the list of risks in the current regulatory and legislative framework that determines the development of the agro-food complex is presented. It has been established that as macroeconomic trends and internal priorities of socio-economic development change, so do the directions of agri-food policy. The strengthening of the influence of external destabilizing factors required a focus on solving the problem of maintaining the sustainability of agri-food systems, which is expressed primarily in maintaining the integrity of food chains, ensuring the physical and economic availability of high-quality food by intensifying reproduction processes. Environmental priorities have faded into the background. It is substantiated that, regardless of belonging to a classification group, the total set of risks inherent in agri-food systems does not change. Economic, social and environmental risks are interconnected, therefore, the importance of each of the considered types of risks in the development of the agro-industrial complex is not reduced.