Environmental Nuisance Research Articles

Review of freight high speed railway (HSR)

The e-commerce market is gaining popularity globally every year. This market also entails the need to deliver the purchased goods at a time that is affordable for the user. One of the solutions is the use of High Speed Railway (HSR) for freight purposes, which is characterized by a relatively low rate of environmental nuisance. Based on the latest available market data and a literature review, an extensive review of the use of HSR, including for cargo transport, has been performed. The article presents an analysis of the demand for express freight transport. The potential and the demand for freight HSR have been demonstrated. The activities and analysis concerning the use of HSR for freight transport were described. Rail freight transport in Poland, Europe and China are characterized. Data on the use of the HSR infrastructure in the world are presented. HSR vehicles use for the transport of goods were presented. The potential and possibilities of using freight HSR in Europe were described. Based on the data, the use of this type of transport seems justified for LDHV shipments when the delivery time is crucial for the user and when the railway infrastructure and rolling stock are properly adapted.

A scenario-based desirability function for correlated multi-response optimization problems considering modeling and implementation errors

Simultaneous improvement of multiple quality characteristics is one of the main concerns in today's complex industrial systems. Multiresponse optimization enables us to address this concern and find a compromise solution of design factors that leads to desirable quality outputs. This problem becomes complicated when some degree of uncertainty affects the result of the experiments. In this paper, two sources of uncertainty are included in multi-response optimization problems. The first is experimental errors related to unknown variables, also called environmental nuisances, creating response surface modeling errors. The second source is errors in implementation. In the experimentation, the controllable factors are mainly set at some predefined levels, but after the optimal design has been found, it oscillates around that value during the implementation phase. To handle this problem, a scenario-based two-stage stochastic programming is developed in which desirability functions are aggregated to form the final objective function. Scenarios are generated by sampling from probability distribution functions of the response surfaces' coefficients under normality assumptions. The numerical results show that joint consideration of the error sources leads to a smaller range of desirability values among the different scenarios and a higher value of the total desirability index.

Women Emotional, Cognitive and Physiological Modes of Coping with Daily Urban Environments: A Pilot Study.

Studies on the effect of urban environments on human risk to health and well-being tend to focus on either physiological or cognitive and emotional effects. For each of these effects, several indicators have been proposed. They are determined either by a physiological-emotional theory or by a cognitive theory of direct attention. However, the interrelationships between these indices have not been thoroughly investigated in environmental contexts. Recently, a neuro-visceral model that incorporates all three aspects has been proposed. The present article focuses on understanding the mechanism of coping with urban environments. More specifically, we analyze the interrelations among nine of the more commonly used indices that represent the physiological, emotional and cognitive aspects of coping with urban environments. The data were collected in the following four environments: home, park, city center and residential area. The participants were 72 healthy, middle-class mothers with either high school or postgraduate education. They wherein their fertile age (20–35) with average Body Mass Index (BMI) of 22.2 and S.D. of 0.8 (48 Arab Muslims and 24 Jewish). They were recruited in a snowball method. Path analysis and principal component analysis are used in order to identify the interrelations among the physiological, cognitive and emotional indices and the directions of these interrelations. According to the findings, the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), as measured by Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and primarily the parasympathetic tone (High frequency-HF) is the pivotal mechanism that modulates emotional and cognitive responses to environmental nuisances. The ANS response precedes and may trigger the emotional and the cognitive responses, which are only partially interrelated. It appears that the autonomic balance measured by Standard Deviation of NN interval (SDNN) and HF, the cognitive index of restoration and the emotional indices of discomfort and relaxation are closely interrelated. These seemingly disparate operands work together to form a comprehensive underlying network that apparently causes stress and risk to health in urban environments while restoring health in green environments.

Wool Wax Extraction From Washing Effluent and Effect on Olea europea Germination and Growth.

Effluents from textile industry using wool pose serious environmental nuisances in Tunisia that are mainly due to their pollutant load and the release of unpleasant odors. In order to minimize these hazards and to take advantage of these wastes for the sake of our environment, the present work consists on valuating wool wax from washing effluent on olive (Olea europea), germination and growth. Extraction was made in water at 70°C or hexane using sonication followed by concentration of the extracts in soxhlet apparatus. Results showed that this waste is characterized by its richness in total lipid content with extraction yields of 60.7 and 95.6%, respectively. GC-MS analysis of wax showed its richness on fatty acids. Six saturated fatty acids ranking from 15 to 27 carbon atoms were characterized. Furthermore, diluted wax at a dose of 1.25 mg/g significantly improves germination of olive seeds by germination index calculation, to reach a maximum of 150 ± 17%. In fertigation experiment, the use of the same dose of diluted wax promotes plant length to reach 45.7 ± 2.52 cm. GC-MS analysis after derivatization showed significant enhancement of auxin production in plants treated with 1.25 mg of wax/g of soil compared to control with a concentration of 1.1 ± .1 and .7 ± .2 ng/mg, respectively. This leads us to valuate wool wax as environmental friendly natural product in agricultural and fertigation practice of olive plant.

Valorizing waste PET bottles into Li-ion battery anodes using ionothermal carbonization

Waste poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottles (WPBs) are fast becoming an environmental nuisance, and their valorization to carbon anodes could be a sustainable method to manage this waste and also develop cheap and high-performance carbon materials for lithium (Li)-ion batteries (LIBs). Carbonaceous materials derived from WPBs were prepared using an ionothermal carbonization (ITC) method in a choline chloride–urea deep eutectic solvent system. The ITC-derived materials were subsequently annealed in air to obtain carbonaceous materials. The ITC-derived carbon displayed ultra-high nitrogen doping but less carbonization and graphitic ordering compared with the equivalent carbon material obtained using hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Therefore, higher-temperature annealing/pyrolysis was recommended for the ITC-derived carbon. The HTC-derived carbon was investigated as an anode material for an LIB with promising electrochemical performance. The LIB displayed a stable reversible capacity of about 130 mAh/g at a current density of 0.1 A/g after 20 cycles and an increasing coulombic efficiency that reached 98% after the 50th cycle. This work shows that a facile and sustainable synthesis method can be used to produce PET-derived activated carbon with potential applications in energy-storage systems such as LIBs.

Energy innovations and pathway to carbon neutrality in Finland

Given the determination to maintain the status of a low-carbon energy and clean energy technology country, Finland has remained committed to facing out coal energy and subsequently halve the domestic utilization of fossil oil all by 2030. To assess these laudable national targets, this study applies a two-scenario approach to examine the environmental effects of Finland’s disaggregated energy mix for the period between 1974 and 2019. The first scenario of analysis focuses on the environmental effect of the disaggregated energy mix with environmental technologies, while the second scenario explores the case of without environmental technologies. The application of the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique for the analysis revealed some insightful results. Firstly, the deployment of environmental technologies in coal energy development will yet exert a significant environmental cost. Secondly, with innovations in the development of oil, natural gas, and nuclear energy sources, a statistically significant environmental benefit is attainable. Thirdly, without the deployment of environmental technologies, the utilization of the disaggregated energy forms (coal, natural gas, nuclear, and oil) will continue to constitute an environmental nuisance. Furthermore, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis is only valid for Finland when the environmental technologies deployed in the country’s disaggregated energy utilization are considered. Lastly, the independent deployment of environmental technologies mitigates carbon emission with an elasticity of 0.1 in the long run. Intuitively, the result suggests that energy and climate financing policy that promotes innovation via research and development is vital to achieving the decade-long target.

Properties of eco-friendly concrete produced by partial replacement of sand with sawdust with emphasis on water-cement ratio

There is environmental nuisance and degradation occasioned by indiscriminate disposal of sawdust. There is also growing concerns about the depletion of non-renewable natural resources like sand. In response to these problems, researches have been carried out on the usage of sawdust to supplement sand as fine aggregate in concrete. This research examines the effects of water-cement ratio on the engineering properties of concrete produced using sawdust as partial replacement for sand. Standard mixes were prepared without sawdust to serve as control and then sawdust mixes were prepared using 20% replacement of sand with sawdust. The mixes were prepared for varying water cement ratios of 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55 and 0.6 with the corresponding mix ratios of 1:1.1:2.6; 1:1.3:3; 1:1.5:3.4; 1:1.6:3.8 and 1:1.8:4.2 respectively. A total of 120 cubes of concrete were cast in triplicates for each water-cement ratio and each curing period for both 0 % and 20 % replacement. The results revealed that the slump values increased as the water-cement ratio increased. The results indicate that for a water cement ratio of 0.4 and 0.5, the sawdust concrete attains good properties with compressive strength values of 22.82 N/mm2 and 21.56 N/mm2 respectively at 28 days. However, by increasing the water cement ratio to 0.6, the sawdust concrete recorded a low value for the various properties of concrete with compressive strength value of 14.15 N/mm2 at 28 days. This is due to the decomposition of lignocellulolytic components such as carbohydrates, lignin, cellulose, etc. Therefore, at 20% replacement of sand with sawdust, it is recommended to use water-cement ratio not exceeding 0.5 due to the water absorption rate of the sawdust concrete.

Effects of Open Space Characteristics on the Spatial Distribution of Street Children: Experience from Ibadan, Nigeria

Against the background of seemingly uncontrollable social menace and environmental nuisance of street children, this study examined the effects of open space characteristics on the spatial distribution of street children in Ibadan, Nigeria. With open space types in the city as spatial units of data collection, enumeration of street children was carried out in each space type within 7 weekdays in the morning, afternoon and evening. Observation was also conducted to know the socio-economic and physical characteristics of the urban environment attracting the children. The study, which employed z-scores to compare the intensity of street children incidence across the spatial units, confirmed that the incidence was a function of the uses to which open space types were put as well as the disorderliness of urban physical environment (indiscriminate parking, formal and informal economic activities, and so on). The most important open space types that attracted street children were markets, mosque premises and junctions. Although, incidence of street children was a daily affair in Ibadan, it was highly pronounced in the evening on Saturday, Friday and Monday. The study recommended development of policy measures for regulating the use of open spaces, and giving adequate planning attention to roundabouts, religious centres (mosques in particular) and markets in urban centres. It also recommended public education and enlightenment programme on the negative effects of street children incidence by all stakeholders, and that the aspect of culture of the people that encourages child begging and alms giving should be discouraged in its entirety.

TOXIC EFFECT OF A CERTAIN MEDICINAL PLANT EXTRACTS AGAINST LARVAE OF MOSQUITO SPECIES Culiseta longiareolata (MACQUART, 1838)

The domestic mosquito Culex pipiens and Culiseta longiareolata are considered to be the most important mosquito species in Algeria, due to their large geographical distribution and abundance. Instead of causing environmental nuisance, they transmit diseases to the animals. The mosquito control, using conventional insecticides becomes harmful to human and to the environment and in addition mosquitoes have developed a resistance against these products. These reasons have encouraged scientists to propose new eco-friendly and effective alternatives to control insects. Plants extracts have showed a promising agents for pest treatments. In order to test a botanical larvicide against mosquito, extracts were prepared from the leaves of Marrubium vulgare, Laurus nobilis, Eucalyptus globulus, and Myrtus communis and the extractions were done with methanol, using a Soxhlet extractor. Bioassay was carried out, using different concentrations against the fourth mosquito larvae of the C. longiareolata. The toxicity of the tested extracts was evaluated and the lethal concentrations, LC50 and LC90) values were estimated. The obtained results indicated a sensitivity of Cs. longiareolata larvae to the four plants species, with dose-response relationship mortality. The lethal concentrations were calculated with their confidence limits and their values were for LC50 of 6.13, 7.03, 9.60 and 17.84g/l, while the LC90’s were 22, 37.19, 75.69 and 92.76g/l for M. vulgare, L. nobilis, E. globulus, and Myrtus communis respectively. These toxicological assays, using these autochthon plant extracts could be developed as an alternative compound for mosquito control programme.

Exposome and Social Vulnerability: An Overview of the Literature Review.

Background—The exposome concept refers to the totality of exposures from internal and external sources, including chemical and biological agents from conception throughout the lifetime. Exposome is also made up of psychosocial components such as socio-economic status (SES), which will focus on in this review. Despite exposures to the same environmental nuisances, individuals and groups are impacted differently. According to the literature, health inequalities exist among different socioeconomic groups, and SES may influence the association between environmental nuisances and health outcomes. However, the variation of this interaction across ages has rarely been studied. There is a need to adopt a life course approach to understand the history of diseases better. Objective—The main objective of this review is to document how SES could modify the association between environmental nuisances and health outcomes, across different ages, as a first crucial step introducing the emerged concept of social exposome. Methods—The PubMed database was searched from January 2010 to August 2021 for systematic reviews published in English addressing the interaction between SES, environmental nuisances, and health outcomes. Socio-economic indicators considered include education, level of income, neighborhood environment. Environmental nuisances considered many environment nuisances, mainly air pollution and noise. Results—Among 242 literature reviews identified, 11 of them address the question of the effect modification. Overall, our work reveals that environmental nuisances were mostly associated with poorer health outcomes and that SES modified this association, increasing the health risk among the poorest. Very interestingly, our work reports the existence of this interaction across different ages, including pregnancy, childhood, and adulthood, and for various environmental nuisances. Conclusion—In conclusion, our work confirms that we are not all equal to face environmental nuisances. The poorest are more vulnerable to the health effect of environmental nuisances. Policy decisions and interventions should target this high-risk population as a priority. Further investigations are needed to formalize the concept of social exposome more precisely and then communicate about it.

The Usefulness of Ozone-Stabilized Municipal Sewage Sludge for Fertilization of Maize (Zea mays L.)

Sewage sludge generated in the wastewater treatment process is a waste material and a serious environmental nuisance. Due to its specific properties, the management and final disposal of sewage sludge is a considerable problem also in Poland. Ozonation of sewage sludge is the most commonly used process based on the use of oxidizing agents for stabilization of the waste. This process results in substantial reduction of the sludge volume and simultaneous production of small amounts of toxic by-products. Despite the effectiveness of ozone in sanitation and reduction of sludge amounts and in improvement of many parameters, still little is known about the use of ozonated sewage sludge for agricultural purposes, e.g., fertilization of arable crops. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to evaluate the effect of ozone-stabilized sewage sludge on maize development in initial stages of growth in pot experiment conditions. We analyzed the effect of ozone-stabilized sewage sludge in soil on dry matter yields of aboveground parts of maize. We also conducted physiological measurements of chlorophyll content, fluorescence, and exchange. Additionally, the content of macro- and microelements and toxic heavy metals in aboveground maize biomass was determined. The ozone-stabilized sewage sludge exerted a positive impact on all maize parameters in the initial stage of growth. Compared to the control, plants fertilized with this type of sludge were characterized by a 50% higher yield of aboveground biomass and over 80% higher content of chlorophyll. Furthermore, the content of most macro- and microelements in the aboveground biomass was generally higher in plants fertilized with the ozonated sludge than in plants from the other experimental variants. The chlorophyll fluorescence and gas exchange parameters in plants fertilized with ozonated sludge were improved. No excessive accumulation of Pb and Cd was detected. The present results have confirmed that ozone-stabilized sewage sludge can be used for cultivation of agricultural plants, as it improves utilization of deposited nutrients. The improved bioavailability of nutrients was associated with ozonation-induced initial degradation of organic matter and release of deposited plant nutrients.

Experimental Study of the Usability of Recycling Marble Waste as Aggregate for Road Construction

The road construction industry consume a considerable amount of natural aggregates in the world. As a consequence, the increase in the natural aggregates demand increases the construction cost. On the other hand, marble spoil waste, generated from marble cutting and polishing process, is an environmental nuisance in the world. Indeed, an economical solution to this problem is the reuse of these wastes as an aggregates for road construction. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the usability of aggregate, obtained by crushing marble waste, as a conventional aggregate for road construction using an experimental investigation. To achieve this objective, these experimental tests were carried out on fine and coarse marble aggregate samples: sieve analysis, Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, calcium carbonate content, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-Ray- diffraction (XRD), densities, water absorption, equivalent of sand, Los Angeles, Micro Deval, flakiness index, and shape index. Finally, experimental test results show that the chemical composition and the physical and mechanical properties of marble aggregate recommend it to be used as a conventional aggregate for road construction.

MobiliSense cohort study protocol: do air pollution and noise exposure related to transport behaviour have short-term and longer-term health effects in Paris, France?

IntroductionMobiliSense explores effects of air pollution and noise related to personal transport habits on respiratory and cardiovascular health. Its objectives are to quantify the contribution of personal transport/mobility to air...

USE OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: A REVIEW

In the present day, Indian Economy is developing very fast paralleled to other countries in the world. Construction segment is the major contributor for this growth. It is one of the largest employers in India, employs 18 and 14 million people directly and indirectly respectively. In addition, migration from rural to urban areas in developing countries has increased significantly due to employment and other opportunities. Due to increasing urban population, the demand for housing has also increased exponentially. Building components such as foundation, floor, slab, columns, beams and masonry require a large amount of construction materials such as concrete, steel, bricks, mortar, etc. which directly or indirectly affects the environment and economy. This sector not only contributed in employment but also more than 250 industries such as cement, steel, wood and bricks and building materials are dependent on this sector. In construction sector, the use of cement is very extensive and it affects directly or indirectly on environment and economy. For every ton of cement production, about 900 kg of CO2 emits, which contributes to 5-7 % of total CO2 emission over the globe. Due to which, as an alternative solution, geo-polymer made from alkali activation of alumina silicates with lesser environmental impact and desired performance were investigated by researchers. These source materials are obtained from industrial wastes generated by agro industries, mine waste, construction and demolition waste, etc. Use of geo-polymer based construction materials has been increased significantly due to its high strength, eco-friendly and durable nature. Masonry is one of the important parts of building that consists of masonry unit, which is joined and finished by mortar. Application of geo-polymer mortar in masonry construction enhances the performance of the building as well it makes the masonry construction eco-friendly. Utilization of waste materials for partial or full replacement of cement in masonry mortar gives the sustainable solution. Use of sustainable materials derived from solid waste has been suggested through many studies. Human and industrial activities generate vast variety of solid waste. It becomes necessary to identify and characterize these waste which will create nuisance in environment, if left unattended. Keywords: construction materials, cement production, geo-polymer, sustainable materials, Co-firing

Channeling Biomass Waste as An Alternative Industrial and Domestic Energy with Pollution Effects Mitigation in Nigeria: An Overview

This write-up provides an in-depth analysis of major anthropogenic activities contributing to environmental pollution in Nigeria. It identifies and discusses environmental problems associated with fossil fuel (petroleum products, gases), heavy metal, dye, domestic and industrial wastes in Nigeria. It describes the world reserve of fossil fuel as being scarce, limited and non-renewable but provided a suitable alternative (biomass) as renewable material with potential of drastically reducing reliance on fossil fuel and removing environmental nuisance in Nigeria. It discusses the models and mechanisms of using biomass waste for environmental remediation. The common demerit of crude bio-oil is its low heating value that limit its use as engine fuel, the write-up discusses methods of upgrading crude bio-oil to be fit as engine fuel. This write-up proffers how one environmental problem (biomass waste) could be used as a cheaper and sustainable solutions for energy generation and pollution control in Nigeria.

Mechanical impact evaluation of natural fibres with LDPE plastic composites: Waste management in perspective

There is increased enthusiasm towards the use of natural hair fibers for plastic reinforcement due to their toughness and light weight. In this research, low density polyethylene (LDPE) was reinforced using 0.25 ​M NaOH treated cow tail, human and sheep hair fibers at 2, 4, 6 and 8% concentration respectively prior to injection moulding. The average densities, diameters and lengths of hair fibres were assessed The results obtained from the analysis of reinforced LDPE composites indicated that cow tail hair gave the highest average density and diameter. Sheep hair had the highest length after grinding. The study also analyzed the ultimate tensile strength and modulus, flexural strength and modulus, elongation, impact and hardness test on the polymer and their composites as well as the morphology and statistical analysis of the composite. This study indicated that human hair LDPE composites achieved highest flexural strength, flexural modulus, ultimate tensile strength and tensile modulus at 8% fibre loading whereas elongation at break and hardness were at 4% fibre loading while impact strength was at 2%. The cow tail hair LDPE composite gave the best impact strength at 8% fibre loading and sheep hair at 6%. The SEM results showed no serious manufacturing defects on the composites. The analysis of variance indicated that only the means of the composites’ flexural properties were statistically significant. This study shows that short animal hair fibres could be effectively used to reinforced LDPE, and therefore suggest an alternative waste management strategy of these natural fibres that are currently viewed as environmental nuisance in the study area.

Development of Sustainable assessment Model of solar hydrogen production techniques: An integrated MCDM approach

Energy has a critical role in human survival and societal progress. Hydrogen is a possible energy carrier for long-term power generation. Known as both an environmental nuisance and an essential hydrogen source, Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) may be found in large quantities in the waters of the Black Sea. The primary goal of this research is to determine which breakdown processes, such as thermal, thermochemical, electrochemical, plasma, photochemical and thermal suit sustainability requirements better than others. The most acceptable hydrogen generation technique is chosen based on characteristics such as financial viability, environmental viability, effectiveness, simplicity of the process, energy consumption, safety and dependability, application and operational adaptability, and technological maturity. This paper proposes innovative additions to the CoCoSo approach. The COCOSO method is used to compute the weights of criteria and rank the alternatives. This paper proposed 8 criteria and 5 alternatives.

Wasteland and Empty Plots Trivialization in the Maradi City (Niger): Between Environmental Degradation and Consequent Nuisance, Quality of life and Sustainability of Biodiversity

The trivialization of empty spaces has long been practiced in the city of Maradi (Niger), particularly in the Zaria 2 (Commune II) and Ali Dan Sofo (Commune III) districts. With stalls in the streets and illegal dumping grounds, empty plots and the surrounding areas are fairly privileged sources of various wastes. This study aims at analyzing the impact of these empty plots on the local population, through several aspects, especially in terms of the modes of occupation, internal and surrounding practices, physical environment and biodiversity, sanitation and elimination of waste. To do so, two methodological approaches were used: a survey on local population and in situ observation of these spaces. The results not only reveal a difficult proximity situation to the unbuilt but also showed that empty plots constitute not only a form of vegetation conservation for the future as well as clean surfaces which would be called upon to characterize the potential recharge of groundwater. The most potentially useful organic waste would be that of Kadro, especially feathers from poultry that could be used as compost in the fields. In addition to the degradation of urban environments (63% of respondents), the unbuilt area also contributes to poverty reduction and increases food security (69% of respondents). To reduce the negative impacts, the rewarding strategies would be awareness-raising and monitoring measures coupled with a policy of protection and environmental remedies.

A Case Study on Annoyance Noise Caused by Metro Railway at a TOD Developed Depot

As an importance strategy to finance the transport infrastructure investment, transit‐oriented development (TOD) for railway depot is rapidly growing in China. However, railway‐induced noise emerged as the leading environmental nuisance triggering one of the most common public complaints. In order to discuss the influence of railway‐induced noise on the neighbourhood residents in a TOD developed depot, a special case study is provided in this study. Measurement campaigns were conducted for responding to the complaints, and noise map was calculated for finding out a noise control solution. Based on the recommendation awakening threshold value of 42 dB (A) summarized from the Night Noise Guidelines for Europe (WHO, 2009), the measurement results confirmed that the neighbourhood residents were indeed suffering from the instantaneous railway noise, and the sleep disturbance correlated indicator LAmax was more than 56 dB (A) at outside of buildings. Furthermore, calculation results indicated that the lower office buildings became mirrors which reflected the noise across over the cover structure to the higher stories of residents’ buildings. At the ends, a kind of dissipative splitter muffler was proposed as a potential solution, and its performance was also simulated.

Pathways for Sustainable Utilization of Waste Chicken Eggshell

Chicken eggshell is one of the most common wastes generated from households, restaurants and other food processing outlets. Waste Chicken Eggshells (WCES) also constitutes an environmental nuisance and ends up discarded at dumping site with no consideration of further usage. The main constituent of WCES is calcium carbonate from which calcium or calcium oxide can be extracted for various applications. This current effort reviews recently published literature on the diverse applications of WCES. The considered utilization avenues include catalysts for biofuel production, construction industry, wastewater purification, industrial sector, food industry, medical, and agricultural applications. The specific areas of application apart from the transesterification reactions include cement additives and replacement in concrete, asphalt binder, adsorbent of metals and dyes, production of hydroxyapatite, food supplement and fortification, dentistry, therapeutics, bone formation, drug delivery, poultry feeds as well as organic fertilizer. For most of the identified applications, the WCES is subjected to pretreatment and other modification techniques before utilization. The conversion of WCES to valuable products is a cost-effective, safe, environmentally friendly, non-toxic and viable means of waste disposal and utilization. More investigations are needed to further explore the benefits derivable from this bioresource.