Environmental Management Program Research Articles

Implementation of type III environmental declaration based on ISO 14025: a case study on an ideal and reality of the PROPER program implementation in Indonesia

Environmental management program performance ratings for companies (PROPER) is a public disclosure program for environmental compliance by the Indonesian Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK). PROPER is a type of government policy to enhance the business’ environmental management performance by the law’s requirements. Furthermore, PROPER is an example of how environmental management has become more open and democratic in Indonesia. The application of this instrument is an effort by the KLHK to implement some of the virtues of good governance — transparency, equity, responsibility, and community participation — in environmental management. In 2021, the PROPER Program expanded its activities’ scope by including elements of LCA implementation in the program report. This paper aims to provide recommendations for the PROPER program implementation concerning applying the ISO 14025 standard. The method used in this study are literature studies of related regulations and mapping the existing conditions against the conformity of the ISO 14025 standard. The study shows that the current PROPER program has met several requirements of the ISO 14025, comprising life cycle assessments and environmental product declarations. However, the existing program should have determined that PCR is one of the elements required to assess environmental management performance ratings.

Testing MaxEnt model performance in a novel geographic region using an intentionally introduced insect

Species distribution models (SDM's), such as the popular MaxEnt software, are frequently used to guide conservation programmes, predict the potential distribution of invasive species, forecast the impacts of climate change and develop applied ecological research (e.g., biological control). Many applications of these models require that SDM's be transferred in either space and/or time. However, few studies to date have tested the transferability, and thus usefulness, of MaxEnt models using fully independent data. Moreover, numerous authors have raised concerns over how model complexity (controlled primarily by feature class and regularisation multiplier settings) may affect MaxEnt model transferability. In this paper, we evaluated the usefulness of MaxEnt models when transferred in space using the native Australian insect Dasineura rubiformis Kolesik (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) which has been intentionally introduced as a biological control agent of the invasive plant Acacia mearnsii De Wild (Fabaceae) in South Africa. MaxEnt's models were developed using native-range records only (Australia) and projected over South Africa to identify the potential climatic suitability for the insect, using a range of model parameter configurations. Model transferability was assessed using independent post-release data from South Africa. Our results demonstrated that MaxEnt scores were positively correlated with increased probabilities of recording D. rubiformis at field sites in South Africa. However, the accuracy of the MaxEnt models and their climatic suitability projections depended on the parameter configurations (i.e. features classes and regularisation multipliers) used to calibrate the models. Taken together, MaxEnt models can be useful in predicting where a species may establish, even when projected into a novel geographic area, but users need to be aware of how model parameter configurations and model extrapolation can influence model outputs and uncertainty. We demonstrate how statistical validation of the D. rubiformis MaxEnt models can be used to develop an environmental management programme towards improving the biological control of A. mearnsii using D. rubiformis by selecting optimal release sites.

Towards more sustainable tourism under a carbon footprint approach: The Camino Lebaniego case study

From an economic point of view, the tourism sector is one of the most important in the world with religious tourism, such as pilgrimages, being a growth area. Tourism activities also make a significant contribution to CO2 emissions (roughly 8% of the world's carbon emissions). In this framework, the main objective of this research is to develop an integrated sustainable model by assessing the impact of pilgrimages to the Camino Lebaniego (Lebaniego Way) in the Cantabrian region, which is one of the most popular routes in northern Spain. To do this, it is necessary to quantify the environmental impacts of this activity since this is a key element in establishing appropriate and effective environmental management programmes. This study uses the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, focused on the Carbon Footprint (CF) impact category, to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of this activity considering ‘a pilgrim who completes the route in three days’ as the selected functional unit (FU). In addition, the sub-sectors of accommodation, food and beverages, and waste management are taken into account. Following this route generated a total of 13.69 kg CO2 eq./FU, of which accommodation and the services offered there contributed almost 71.47%, food was 17.08%, and waste management 11.45%. The evening meal and propane consumption were the hotspots in the hostel, accounting for almost 74% of the total impact, so alternatives were proposed to reduce the impacts associated with these. In terms of transport, it was found that for the same destination, it was better to use a car rather than a plane, because the associated CO2 emissions were lower. Finally, these aspects are discussed and improvement measures for reducing GHG emissions are proposed, involving the introduction of good practices and environmental commitments from the pilgrims themselves, as well as enterprises and local communities. Ecolabels and environmental certifications should become a key tool for sending this signal to the market as should the use of public transport to the destination, among other actions. Ultimately, religious and nature tourism seems to be on the upturn, and it is likely that pilgrimage routes could be the next post-COVID travel trend.

Neurocognitive function in adult residents of a mining district in Mexico after reducing manganese exposure: Follow-up after 11 years

BackgroundLittle is known about the neurotoxic effects of chronic exposure to airborne Mn once exposure has been reduced. The environmentally exposed and the reference adult populations evaluated in 2002 were followed, after an environmental management program (EMP) was implemented to reduce the exposure in a mining district in Mexico. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to compare the association between exposure to Mn and neurocognitive performance in environmentally exposed and reference groups of adults before and after EMP implementation. MethodsIn 2013, the same battery of neurocognitive tests used in the initial study (2002) was applied to 58 adults exposed to airborne Mn and 30 adults from the reference community. A cumulative exposure index (CEI) was estimated for the study population before and after the EMP. Categorical outcomes were analyzed using logistic regression, and the resulting ORs were compared between studies. Continuous outcomes were analyzed using linear regression. All models were adjusted for age, years of education, socioeconomic status and blood lead levels. ResultsExposed adults from the post-EMP study showed an improvement in fine motor and verbal regulation of motor skills (OR < 1) compared to the exposed adults from the pre-EMP study (OR > 1). In both pre- and post-studies, the exposed adults showed a deterioration in their dynamic organization of motor activity compared to the reference group (p < 0.05); however, they showed no significant change in attention and working-memory performance. DiscussionAfter four years of a significant reduction in airborne Mn levels resulting from EMP implementation, chronically exposed adults showed an improvement in fine motor and verbal regulation of motor skills; however, the remaining areas of their motor and cognitive functions remained impaired.

The effects of fire on Pinus sylvestris L. as determined by dendroecological analysis (Sierra de Gredos, Spain)

Iberian populations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) have been declining since the late-glacial period; among those that remain, relict stands have great biological and ecological value. This paper investigates the effects of a 2009 fire on tree growth in one of these small populations in the Sierra de Gredos (Spain) by examining the responses recorded in the tree-ring width series of the surviving trees. The current status and distribution of these surviving trees reveal the severity of the fire; indeed most show scars or other evidence of fire damage. Dendroecological analysis revealed narrower tree rings, indicating negative pointer years for the year of the fire and the following year. A very significant reduction in growth was recorded for the years after the fire, both in terms of tree-ring width and basal area increment; incomplete and even absent rings were also recorded. No relationship was seen between these effects and climatic events. The dates and geographical extension of former possible disturbances were also investigated, using the data from these same trees plus information collected from others in the region. The vulnerability of these populations to past fires was evident. Lastly, given the problems affecting the regeneration of these relict populations, it is strongly suggested to urgently include all these populations in conservation and environmental management programs.

The Sustainability in Civil Construction Waste Management in Brazil

By the year 2050, there is a projected growth of 66% in the world urban population, and in the year 2030, 41 megalopolises are estimated with more than 10 million inhabitants. Considering the accelerated urbanization and the amount of waste generated in the cities only increases, the disposal of construction waste in inappropriate places contributes to the degradation of the environmental quality. In the 2010-2019 period, there was a quantitative increase in these residues, from 33 million tons in 2010 to 44.5 million in 2019. The large volume has led city halls to spend a large amount of public resources on their collection, treatment and final disposition. Despite the existence of laws, those responsible ignore it, harming the environment and increasing the amount of illegal dumps. The main objective of this article is to study the sustainable development of waste management generated by civil construction in Brazil through a bibliographic review gathering the ideas and information in a single document. In addition, there are negative environmental impacts and their assessment helps environmental management programs and quantifies how much they can impact environmental quality and human health. Likewise, it was evidenced that the integration of technology and smart solutions in the waste management process brings with its innovations that facilitate the tasks of the projects and decision-making, generating value for each project related to the civil construction and construction activities. Contribute efforts to achieve the goals of sustainable development, especially those directly related to the construction sector.

Analysis of factors affecting environmental audit (EA) implementation with DEMATEL method

PurposeIncreasing environmental pollution and destruction have damaged sustainability in polluting societies and organizations. For this reason, various environmental management programs have recently been developed by governments and the environmental protection agencies (EPAs) to control and reduce environmental pollution. One of these programs is environmental audit (EA), which has not been fully implemented yet in developing countries and it has many disadvantages. It seems that one of the reasons for the lack of perfect implementation of EA in these countries is the lack of adequate review of the factors affecting its implementation. The purpose of this paper is to identify the factors affecting EA implementation and then analysis of causal relationships between them.Design/methodology/approachDecision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique was used to identify causal relationships of factors affecting EA implementation. Based on the literature review and interviewing nine experts in EA, 17 factors were identified to influence EA implementation. Six experts were selected for the evaluation using snowball sampling method. Using the DEMATEL approach, a cause and effect relationship diagram was generated through which the effect of factors was analyzed.FindingsSeventeen factors were categorized in terms of cause and effect, and the interrelationships of factors were also analyzed. “Reducing environmental impacts and improving environmental performance,” “obtaining environmental management system certificates” and “contributing to the environmental goals of investment projects” are the most prominent factors on the basis of their prominent score.Research limitations/implicationsAnalysis in the research is highly dependent on expert judgments and opinions may be biased. However, the initial matrix obtained from the experts is hindered by the ambiguity about some relationships. But this can be improved by using fuzzy and gray set theories. The factors used for the analysis may not be comprehensive and other researchers may find other factors.Practical implicationsIdentifying the factors affecting EA implementation and analyzing causal relationships between them can be a guide and help governments to improve the implementation of EA or even develop this policy by being aware of the effect of the factors analyzed.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, no comprehensive study of factors affecting EA implementation has been undertaken; this study is the first to identify these factors and analyze them using DEMATEL. Therefore, it is suggested that governments and EPAs in the policies focus on the significant factors.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING EFFORTS (UKL-UPL) FOR OIL AND GAS SECTOR

Environmental monitoring is an integrated activity of the environmental management in general. Normally, any activity or industry has a written environmental management program called Environmental Management Plan or Rencana Pengelolaan Lingkungan (RKL). This document that has to be legalized or approved by the government describes an environmental management program that shall be implemented by the industry following the establishment of a project. Eventually, success of the RKL implementation can be monitored through environmental monitoring program that has been described in a document defined as Environmental Monitoring Plan or Rencana Pemantauan Lingkungan (RPL). Both RKL and RPL are the environmental management system planning documents that are established following the environmental impact assessment (EIA) AMDAL (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan) study for a new project. Regulation regarding with the compulsory for conducting AMDAL is defined in the Government Regulation (Peraturan Pemerintah, PP) No. 29/1986, which is then revised by PP No. 51/1993, and finally by PP. No. 27/1999. Many questions are launched by the oil and gas industries in Indonesia, since these industries have been started their activity long before the AMDAL regulation being put into effect. Moreover, the recent ministerial decree" (Ministerial Decree of Environment No. 17/ 2001) describing the scale limit of the project that has to be preceded by AMDAL study has added confusion to the oil and gas industries. This is not surprising since many of the contracting parties for oil and gas industries in Indonesia have handed over their concession area of oil and gas fields to other parties. The new contracting parties have some difficulties in interpreting the regulations, especially when they intend to develop their contracting area. Shall they conduct EIA/AMDAL study or just Environmental Management and Monitoring Ef forts (Upaya Pengelolaan Lingkungan dan Upaya Pemantauan Lingkungan, UKL-UPL) before implementing the activities? In order to give information especially to the new contracting companies of oil and gas exploration and production those who have bought the concession from the previous companies, the author eager to write this paper describing environmental study that shall be conducted prior the implementation of a new project. Mechanism for requesting a government permit is also included in this paper focusing on upstream activity.

Measuring the Efficiency of Alternative Biodiversity Monitoring Sampling Strategies

Monitoring is a crucial tool for measuring the progress and success of environmental policies and management programs. While many studies have evaluated the effectiveness of biodiversity sampling methods, few have compared their efficiency, which is crucial given the funding constraints present in all conservation efforts. In this study we demonstrate how existing analytical tools can be applied to (i) assess the relationship between sampling effort and resulting confidence in biodiversity metrics, and (ii) compare the efficiency of different methods for monitoring biodiversity. We tested this methodology on data from marine fish surveys, including: roving surveys within permanent areas, randomly placed belt transects, and randomly placed transects conducted by citizen scientists using a reduced species list. We constructed efficiency curves describing how increasing effort spent on each method reduced uncertainty in biodiversity estimates and the associated ability to detect change in diversity. All programs produced comparable measurements of species diversity for all metrics despite substantial differences in the species being surveyed by each method. The uncertainty of diversity estimations fell faster and reached a lower level for the roving diver method. Strikingly, the transect method conducted by citizen scientists performed almost identically to the more taxonomically resolved transect method conducted by professional scientists, suggesting that sampling strategies that recorded only a subset of species could still be effective, as long as the excluded species were chosen strategically. The methodology described here can guide decisions about how to measure biodiversity and optimize the resources available for monitoring, ultimately improving management outcomes.

Beyond a tokenistic inclusion of indigenous knowledge systems in protected area governance and management in Okhahlamba-Drakensberg

ABSTRACT This paper explores the perception of indigenous communities towards the co-management framework and whether or not this empowered them to utilise their indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in the management and governance of the Protected Area (PA) in Okhahlamba-Drakensberg. IKS is excluded from the political systems of PA governance but this can be remedied through participation of indigenous communities in the agenda-setting around environmental management programmes. Indigenous community members should be co-managers at every level of the political power hierarchy of the PA if entrenched asymmetrical power relations are to be dismantled and replaced by meaningful partnership that transcends tokenistic normativity.

Rethinking Condition: Measuring and Evaluating Wetland Vegetation Responses to Water Management

Environmental water management is increasingly used to restore riverine, wetland and floodplain ecosystems and requires an understanding of what the flow regime or restoration objectives are, why these objectives are being targeted and how outcomes will be evaluated. This perspective paper focuses on non-woody vegetation, an important component of river-floodplain ecosystems and a targeted outcome for many environmental flow management programs, such as the Basin wide environmental watering strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin in Australia. Effective management of non-woody vegetation using environmental water requires identifying a suite of measurable condition outcomes (the “what”), understanding how these relate to broader functions and values (the “why”) and developing clear cause-and-effect relationships between management and outcomes (the “how”). A critical component of this process is to characterise what constitutes management success, which requires reimagining current definitions of condition to better incorporate dynamic functions and diverse values. We identify the need to characterise condition in a structured framework using both ecological data and societal values. This approach will not only help inform the development of benchmarks, watering objectives and monitoring metrics, but will also facilitate engagement by a broader spectrum of the community with the management and outcomes of environmental watering.

Inclusion of nature in self and pro-nature beliefs: utilizing psychological scales in environmental management to Further understand if interconnectedness with nature supports sustainable outcomes – A case study in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand

ABSTRACT It has been asserted that to overcome nature degradation, environmental managers need to understand the ways in which people view themselves in relation to nature as this influences their beliefs and actions toward nature. To examine this assertion, this study explored how 960 subjects in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand reported themselves in relation to nature, and whether the way in which they viewed themselves in relation to nature influenced their pro-nature beliefs. Results suggested that most respondents perceive some degree of connectedness with nature despite viewing a distinction between themselves and nature. Results further indicate that respondents who perceived complete interconnectedness with nature were more likely to hold pro-nature beliefs. Conversely, respondents who perceived complete separation between self and nature were less likely to hold pro-nature beliefs. The findings suggest that positive environmental management outcomes may be more achievable if environmental managers focus on increasing individuals’ feelings of interconnectedness with nature to prompt and/or enhance pro-nature beliefs. The study calls attention to the merit of deployment of psychological scales in environmental management contexts, which are currently lacking, to understand the divergent ways in which people relate to nature to contribute to more effective environmental management programmes and policy.

Disclosure of environmental sustainability activities by large ski lift firms

This study investigates how environmental sustainability practices and reporting are disclosed by a group of six large ski lift operators across the world (Compagnie des Alpes, CDA (France), Silvrettaseilbahn AG (Ischgl) (Austria), Skistar (Sweden/Norway), Vail resorts (United States), Whistler Blackcomb (Canada) and Zermatt (Switzerland). Different types of practices are assessed. Results show that ski lift operators are highly active even if the extent of disclosure varies across resorts. Publicly listed ski lift operators in France and Sweden provide a detailed sustainability report and have also implemented environmental management programmes. Other firms develop their own sustainability strategies (Whistler Blackcomb, Vail resorts and Zermatt Bergbahnen AG). The practices range from monitoring of greenhouse gas emissions, 100 per cent green electricity, zero emission goals, energy reduction, fuel switching, water consumption, waste management and adaptation measures to climate change. Two ski lift operators show a decreasing trend in Co2 emissions per skier day or energy costs. Some operators report water usage in snowmaking per visitor which ranges between 250 to 1400 litres per skier day. Carbon offsetting and environmentally friendly diesel are also common tools. No ski lift operator actively participates in the UN global compact programme while three provide a sustainability report following the Global Environmental Reporting Initiative. There is an overemphasis on the use of easily available renewable energy sources, while other more complicated environmental concerns such as climate change risk are de-emphasised. Information on the main source of locally generated emissions, the fuel consumption of “piste” vehicles and snowmobiles is scarce.

Trade-offs between efficiency, equality and equity in restoration for flood protection

Conservation decision-makers and practitioners increasingly strive for efficient and equitable outcomes for people and nature. However, environmental management programs commonly benefit some groups of people more than others, and very little is known about how efforts to promote equality (i.e. even distributions) and equity (i.e. proportional distributions) trade-off against efficiency (i.e. total net outcome per dollar spent). Based on a case study in the Brigalow Belt Bioregion, Australia, we quantified trade-offs between equality, equity, and efficiency in planning for flood protection. We considered optimal restoration strategies that allocate a fixed budget (a) evenly among beneficiary sectors (i.e. seeking equality among urban residents, rural communities, and the food sector), (b) evenly among local government areas (LGAs) within the Brigalow Belt (i.e. seeking spatial equality), and (c) preferentially to areas of highest socioeconomic disadvantage (i.e. seeking equity). We assessed equality using the Gini coefficient, and equity using an index of socioeconomic disadvantage. At an AUD10M budget, evenly distributing the budget among beneficiary sectors was 80% less efficient than ignoring beneficiary groups, and did not improve equality in the distribution of flood protection among beneficiary sectors. Evenly distributing the budget among LGAs ensured restoration in four areas that were otherwise ignored, with a modest reduction in efficiency (12%–25%). Directing flood protection to areas of highest socioeconomic disadvantage did not result in additional reductions in efficiency, and captured areas of high disadvantage for the rural and urban sectors that were missed otherwise. We show here that different ways of targeting equity and equality lead to quite different trade-offs with efficiency. Our approach can be used to guide transparent negotiations between beneficiaries and other stakeholders involved in a planning process.

Mengukur Tingkat Keterikatan Masyarakat Kampung Atas Air, Kota Balikpapan

This research originated from the theory of community attachment based on social relationships which can cause emotional feelings towards their place of residence as a result of their journey of living together. There is also the term Gemeinschaft (intimate community) for people who know each other and develop so that they have a sense of density, friendship, and personal emotional bonds between them. One of the living environments that is characterized by gemeinchaft is the urban hometown. The urban village is an informal village, unplanned and not served by adequate housing infrastructure. One of the efforts made by the government to improve the quality of urban villages is through the Community-Based Settlement Environmental Management (PLPBK) program. The village over the water of Kelurahan Baru Tengah is one of the areas targeted by the PLPBK program. This program is a program to improve the quality of the settlement environment using a participatory approach, so that the role of the community is very important in its implementation. This study aims to determine the level of community engagement in urban village settlements, namely Kampung Atas Air, Baru Tengah Village, using Social Network Analysis (SNA). This paper shows that the level of community engagement in Kampung Atas Air, Baru Tengah Village is high. The high level of community engagement is expected to become social capital that can support community-based government programs.

Reaksi Pasar Atas Pengumuman Anugerah Program Penilaian Peringkat Kinerja Perusahaan dalam Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup

This study aims to examine the market's reaction to information regarding the announcement of a company performance rating assessment program award in environmental management. Market reaction is measured by abnormal return around the announcement date of the environmental management program. This research is conducted at the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The population in this study are all publicly listed companies receiving PROPER awards listed on the IDX in 2018 for a total of 51 companies. Samples that met the purposive sampling criteria are 50 companies. The analysis technique used is one sample t-test and independent samples t-test. The results of this study indicate that there is a market reaction around the PROPER rating announcement date, and there is no different market reaction between companies with good ratings and companies with bad ratings. &#x0D; Keywords: Event Study; Abnormal Return; PROPER.

Ecological and Health Risk Assessments of an Abandoned Gold Mine (Remance, Panama): Complex Scenarios Need a Combination of Indices.

The derelict Remance gold mine is a possible source of pollution with potentially toxic elements (PTEs). In the study area, diverse mine waste has been left behind and exposed to weather conditions, and poses risks for soil, plants and water bodies, and also for the health of local inhabitants. This study sought to perform an ecological and health risk assessment of derelict gold mining areas with incomplete remediation, including: (i) characterizing the geochemical distribution of PTEs; (ii) assessing ecological risk by estimating the pollution load index (PLI) and potential ecological risk index (RI); (iii) assessing soil health by dehydrogenase activity; and iv) establishing non-carcinogenic (HI) and carcinogenic risks (CR) for local inhabitants. Soil health seems to depend on not only PTE concentrations, but also on organic matter (OM). Both indexes (PLI and RI) ranged from high to extreme near mining and waste accumulation sites. As indicated by both the HI and CR results, the mining area poses a health risk for local inhabitants and particularly for children. For this reason, it will be necessary to set up environmental management programs in the areas that are most affected (tailings and surrounding areas) and accordingly establish the best remediation strategies to minimize risks for the local population.

PAYING THE PIPER (IN PRAESENTIA) Xstrata South Africa (Pty) v SFF Association 2012 (5) SA 60 (SCA)

This decision is an appeal from the decision of the South Gauteng High Court in SFF Association v Xstrata (2011 JDR 0407 (GSJ)). The court a quo decided incorrectly that the holder of an old-order mining right, which was converted into a (new) mining right in terms of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 (the “Act”), remains liable upon conversion for the payment of (contractual) royalties in terms of a mineral lease, which was concluded prior to enactment of the Act. The appeal was upheld by the Supreme Court of Appeal (“SCA”) (2012 (5) SA 60 (SCA) par 27). The decision was rendered by Wallis JA with the other judges concurring with his judgment. Prior to the Act mineral-right holders could grant a mining right to a miner against payment of royalties or other forms of consideration. At issue on appeal was whether the obligation to pay royalties in terms of a mineral lease “survives the introduction of the new regime in respect of mining rights brought about by the Act”. As indicated by the SCA, the Act fundamentally changed the legal basis upon which rights to minerals are acquired and exercised. Previously mineral rights were vested in the owner of land or the holder of mineral rights, which rights could be exercised upon acquisition of a statutory authorization to exploit the minerals. In terms of the new regime, common-law mineral rights were destroyed and “all mineral resources vested in the state as the custodian of such resources on behalf of all South Africans”, whereupon the state could confer the right to exploit such resources to applicants. Upon granting a mining right in terms of the Act (statutory) royalties have become payable to the state since 1 March 2010 of the Act and the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Royalty Act 28 of 2008. In order to prevent disruption of the mining industry, provision was made in the Act for the continuation of old-order rights for different transitional periods ranging from one to five years and conversion of such rights during the periods of transition. The transitional arrangements in Schedule II of the Act (“transitional arrangements”) inter alia ensured security of tenure of prospecting rights and mining rights and enabled holders thereof to comply with the Act. In particular, an old-order mining right remained valid for five years “subject to the terms and conditions under which it was granted” (item 7(1) of the transitional arrangements) and could be converted into a new mining right (item 7(2) of the transitional arrangements) if certain requirements were met. The applicant had to have: (a) met the requirements for lodgement of application for conversion; (b) conducted mining operations in respect of the mining right; (c) indicated that he would continue to conduct such mining operations upon conversion of the mining right; (d) had an approved environmental management programme; and (e) paid the prescribed conversion fee (item 7(3) of the transitional arrangements). To recap, the Xstrata decision dealt with an old-order mining right that had been converted into a (new) mining right and the effect of these statutory changes on rights to royalties which accrued to a former holder of mineral rights by virtue of a mineral lease.

Review: Land of Nuclear Enchantment: A New Mexican History of the Nuclear Weapons Industry, by Lucie Genay

Book Review| August 01 2021 Review: Land of Nuclear Enchantment: A New Mexican History of the Nuclear Weapons Industry, by Lucie Genay Land of Nuclear Enchantment: A New Mexican History of the Nuclear Weapons Industry. By Lucie Genay (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2019, 344 pp., $65.00 hardcover). Melanie Armstrong Melanie Armstrong Melanie Armstrong is the Public Lands Coordinator for the Masters of Environmental Management Program at Western Colorado University. Her forthcoming book, Germ Wars: The Politics of Nature and America’s Landscape of Fear, examines the politics enabled by the belief that nature—in this case microbes—can be managed through cultural practices. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Southern California Quarterly (2021) 103 (3): 352–355. https://doi.org/10.1525/scq.2021.103.3.352 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Melanie Armstrong; Review: Land of Nuclear Enchantment: A New Mexican History of the Nuclear Weapons Industry, by Lucie Genay. Southern California Quarterly 1 August 2021; 103 (3): 352–355. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/scq.2021.103.3.352 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentSouthern California Quarterly Search This content is only available via PDF. © 2021 by The Historical Society of Southern California. All rights reserved.2021 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Impacto de agua residual de una fábrica en los agricultores bananeros del sitio Lira de Oro

In order to identify and demonstrate the impact generated by industrial wastewater on the population of the Lira de Oro neighborhood in the Pasaje canton, this study was conducted with the implementation of closed-ended analytical surveys with a total of ten questions. Farmers and workers in a state of direct and indirect affectation were identified, that is, those whose agricultural soils are a direct deposit of wastewater and those whose health is affected by the proliferation of insects and the emission of bad odors. The optimum number of surveys was estimated by means of the finite sample equation, taking into account that the size of the study population is 150 people, a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 3%. The results showed that there is no environmental management program at the site to solve the problems caused in society. 93% of the population believes that the best solution is the integration of a wastewater treatment and drainage system to significantly reduce the environmental, social and economic impact.