Environmental Instability Research Articles

Enhanced environmental stability of n-type polymer transistors with nickel contacts

N-type organic field-effect transistors have suffered from poor environmental instability. Here, we report that, by using nickel (Ni) instead of the commonly used gold (Au) as contact electrodes, n-type polymer transistors showed much improved stability upon annealing in nitrogen and exposure to air. In particular, Au-contacted devices exhibited pronounced ambipolar conduction whereas Ni-contacted devices retained fairly good unipolar properties. The results are important to build stable n-type polymer transistors at low cost.

Discordant pattern between realised and fundamental saline niches in two supralittoral Ochthebius species (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae)

Abstract Determining the saline niche of the congeneric and co‐existing species that inhabit supralittoral rockpools subjected to extremely fluctuating saline conditions is a crucial concern to understand their spatial distributions and occurrence, and to predict their ability to face increasing environmental instability due to climate change. Therefore, we compared the realised and fundamental saline niches of Ochthebius quadricollis and Ochthebius lejolisii (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae) on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula. A realised niche was determined using field data on the abundance of the adults and larvae of both species. A fundamental niche was addressed with laboratory experiments by measuring the survival of the adults and larvae and the egg‐hatching success exposed to different salinity treatments (35, 60, 90, 110, 140 and 170 g L−1). Our study found a discordant pattern between realised and fundamental niches. Both species are euryhalines and support extreme salinity fluctuations from 1.80 to almost 140 g L−1, and O. quadricollis larvae in the field withstand up to 180 g L−1. However, physiological tolerance was greater in O. lejolisii than in O. quadricollis, and O. lejolissi adults survived in the laboratory at 170 g L−1 for more than 3 days with 30% egg‐hatching success, whereas O. quadricollis showed a maximum survival time of 2 days and no egg‐hatching success at that salinity. The larvae and eggs of both species were more tolerant than adults. The two studied species exhibited high physiological capacity to tolerate extremely fluctuating salinity, which will be exacerbated by climate change.

Terahertz transfer characterization for composite delamination under variable conditions based on deep adversarial domain adaptation

For the reliability assessment of composite materials, the data-driven terahertz nondestructive evaluation (THz NDE) technique has emerged attractive potentials for automatic and intelligent identification of composite damages. Most previous data-drive methods depend on the sufficient labeled damage data and work under the strict assumption that the training data (source domain) and the testing data (target domain) must conform to similar distributions. However, in the actual THz NDE scenario, due to different testing conditions such as environmental changes, equipment instability and system noise etc., the collected THz signals may exhibit different variations in both of the amplitude and phase, which will result in the domain shift between the source domain and target domain and thus highly degrade the robustness and generalization performance of data-driven methods. A large training dataset can alleviate this issue, however the collection and labeling of the dataset composed of all possible damage scenarios is cumbersome and inaccessible for the practical industrial applications. Herein, an intelligent THz 3D characterization system based on the deep adversarial domain adaptation (DADA) strategy is proposed to automatically locate and image the hidden delamination defects in the composite under different operation conditions. Specifically, the unsupervised CNN-DADA model is established to address the domain shift problem between different THz datasets by adversarial learning. A series of experiments verify the superior generalization performance of the CNN-DADA model on different THz datasets. Compared with the traditional deep learning models, our proposed method can fulfill the automatic localization and imaging of delamination defects with high accuracy and resolution even for the THz datasets with significant distribution discrepancies, which will further facilitate the deployment of the data-driven THz intelligent characterization in practical industrial scenarios.

Ambient-stable MXene with superior performance suitable for widespread applications

MXenes, as attractive two-dimensional materials, have shown extraordinary potential for applications, however, their instability severely limits further research and applications on a large-scale and industrial level. Here, we overcome the environmental instability of MXene-Ti3C2Tx by an optimized synthetic route, including the synthesis of high-quality MAX phase (Ti3AlC2) and the post-treatment of Ti3C2Tx. The optimized Ti3C2Tx (O-Ti3C2Tx) achieves a dramatic improvement in stability. Even at low concentrations (∼0.1 mg/mL), the dark green aqueous dispersion of monolayer O-Ti3C2Tx showed no oxidation and degradation when aged under ambient conditions for two months, while conventional Ti3C2Tx required only ∼ 10 days for complete oxidative degradation under the same conditions. More importantly, compared with the conventional Ti3C2Tx, O-Ti3C2Tx exhibits higher conductivity, better nonlinear optical properties, excellent thermal stability, and comparable biocompatibility. In the application of pulsed laser with MXene as a saturable absorber, the conventional Ti3C2Tx leads to severe degradation of Q-switching performance due to its instability, while O-Ti3C2Tx shows excellent Q-switching performance in long-term operation. This work achieves a substantial solution to the instability problem of MXene-Ti3C2Tx without compromising its excellent performance, paving the way for the development of its practical applications.

Enhancement of CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells with dual functional passivator 4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzaldehyde

All-inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 is an attractive light-absorbing layer material owing to its excellent light-absorbing ability and suitable band gap. However, as the research of perovskite progresses, the negative effects of the defect are further revealed. The uncoordinated Pb2+ and I− vacancies within the perovskite film could inevitably lead to irreversible decay in the power conversion efficiency (PCE) as well as environmental instability for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), impeding the their commercialization process and further improvement in photovoltaic performance. Therefore, the new additive 4-Fluoro-3-phenoxybenzaldehyde (PB) containing fluorine and carboxyl groups is introduced as a dual functional passivator within the perovskite film. Under the cooperative passivation by carboxyl groups and fluorine, the optimized CsPbI3 film exhibits denser morphology, lower density of defect states, as well as enhanced carrier transport properties. Ultimately, a high-performance PSC efficiency of 18.01% with enhanced stability is achieved. The optimized CsPbI3 PSC still maintains 80% of original PCE after 1000 h of illumination with no encapsulation. The key to improving device performance is to fabricate the perovskite film with good morphology, large grain size, and low defect by utilizing the dual passivator of PB.

Flavonoids and Devosia sp SL43 cell-free supernatant increase early plant growth under salt stress and optimal growth conditions.

Salt stress is a major threat to modern agriculture, significantly affecting plant growth and yield, and causing substantial economic losses. At this crucial time of increasing climate change conditions, soil salinity will continue to develop and become an even more serious challenge to crop agriculture. Hence, there is a pressing need for sustainable techniques in agricultural production that could meet the dual challenges of crop productivity and environmental instability. The use of biostimulants in agricultural production has greatly influenced plant health and global food production. In particular, the application of bioactive materials produced by beneficial microbes is becoming a common practice in agriculture and provides numerous benefits to plant growth and resistance to stressful conditions. In this research two biostimulants; a type of plant secondary metabolite (flavonoids) and a microbe-based material (CFS: Cell-Free Supernatant) containing active compounds secreted by a novel bacterial strain isolated from Amphecarpaea bracteata root nodules (Devosia sp - SL43), have been utilized to improve the growth and stress resistance of two major oil seed crops; canola and soybean, under optimal and salt stress conditions. Our findings suggested significant improvements in crop growth of canola and soybean following the application of both biostimulants. Under optimal growth conditions, soybean growth was significantly affected by foliar spray of flavonoids with increases in shoot fresh and dry weight, and leaf area, by 91, 99.5, and 73%, respectively. However, soybean growth was unaffected by flavonoids under salt stress. In contrast, CFS with a meaningful capacity to mitigate the negative effects of salinity stress improved soybean shoot fresh biomass, dry biomass, and leaf area by 128, 163 and 194%, respectively, under salt stress conditions. Canola was less responsive to both biostimulants, except for canola root variables which were substantially improved by flavonoid spray. Since this was the first assessment of these materials as foliar sprays, we strongly encourage further experimentation to confirm the findings reported here and to determine the full range of applicability of each of these potential technologies.

The Impact of Instability in the Business Environment on the Competitiveness of Enterprises Using the Example of the Apparel Industry

Recently, many disruptions have occurred in the environment of companies, mainly caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, but also, for example, by the war in Ukraine and by the sharp increase in fuel prices. The aim of the article was to present the competitive strategies of chosen companies from the garment industry and the impact of environmental instability on the competitiveness of enterprises using the example of the clothing industry in Poland. The author has been conducting comprehensive research in Polish clothing companies since mid-2017, using, first of all, the method of interviews with company management. This article presents partial results of these studies concerning the competitiveness of companies, especially in terms of the instability of the environment. On the basis of the conducted research, it can be concluded that the instability in the environment has a significant impact on the competitiveness of clothing enterprises. In the initial period, the COVID-19 pandemic had a negative impact on the level of logistic customer service. Because of this, availability of clothing in some stores and quality of deliveries to online customers deteriorated. The war in Ukraine also caused a temporary deterioration of the availability of clothing in the case of companies that outsourced production to Ukraine. Instability in the environment resulted in an increase in logistics and production costs, which in many cases resulted in an increase in the price of clothing for the end customer. The COVID-19 pandemic and the increase in fuel prices have reduced the efficiency of outsourcing clothing production in low-cost countries, but in the surveyed companies, this had not caused a shift of production from global to local. The problems resulting from the instability of the environment were more quickly overcome by those companies that were more flexible and that earlier on had diversified their sales channels (i.e., sold both in the stores and via e-commerce customers) and the sources of supply (production not only in low-cost countries but also in the local sewing factories). The research confirmed the significant impact of instability in the environment on the ability to compete with the level of logistic customer service and price. The instability in the environment did not affect the ability to compete with the quality of clothing in the surveyed companies.

The experimental evolution of human culture: flexibility, fidelity and environmental instability.

The past 2 Myr have seen both unprecedented environmental instability and the evolution of the human capacity for complex culture. This, along with the observation that cultural evolution occurs faster than genetic evolution, has led to the suggestion that culture is an adaptation to an unstable environment. We test this hypothesis by examining the ability of human social learning to respond to environmental changes. We do this by inserting human participants (n = 4800) into evolutionary simulations with a changing environment while varying the social information available to individuals across five conditions. We find that human social learning shows some signs of adaptation to environmental instability, including critical social learning, the adoption of up-and-coming traits and, unexpectedly, contrariness. However, these are insufficient to avoid significant fitness declines when the environment changes, and many individuals are highly conformist, which exacerbates the fitness effects of environmental change. We conclude that human social learning reflects a compromise between the competing needs for flexibility to accommodate environmental change and fidelity to accurately transmit valuable cultural information.

Interfacial decoration of desalted duck egg white nanogels as stabilizer for Pickering emulsion

Pickering emulsions, stabilized by food-grade protein colloidal particles, have demonstrated potential in food, cosmetics, and medical applications, while their environmental instability remains serious challenges. Herein, in this study, we have prepared a simple but effective interfacial decoration method based on the noncovalent interaction between desalted duck egg white nanogels (DEWN) and natural polyphenol for enhancing the interfacial and environmental stability of Pickering emulsions. As demonstrated, the introduction of tannic acid (TA) tuned near neutral wettability (θo/w∼90°) of the DEWN-TA (named DEWN-Tn) colloidal particles and significantly lowered the interfacial tension. Subsequently, the emulsions with distinct TA concentrations were further investigated. The results presented a decrement in the droplet sizes by adding appropriate concentrations of TA and long-term storage stability. The rheological behavior explored that the addition of TA did increase in both G′ and G″ compared with a solely DEWN-based system. Furthermore, it was worth noting that the decoration of TA under optimized conditions could also increase heat and pH stability and effectively inhibit “salting-out” effects of the Pickering emulsions system. Our study implies a possibility of fabricating interfacial architecture on the oil-water interface, which possesses great potential to be used as excellent food-grade emulsifiers.

Comprehensive Evaluation on Urban Water Security Based on the Novel DPEBLR Concept Model and the Cloud Matter-Element Model: A Case Study of Chongqing, China

Urban water security problems such as water scarcity, water pollution, and flood disasters have restricted the sustainable development of cities. In order to scientifically evaluate the urban water security situation, this study combined the DPSIR (driver, pressure, state, impact, response) model and HEVD (the hazard of disaster-causing factors, the vulnerability of disaster-affected bodies, the instability of the disaster-pregnant environment, and population loss) model to propose a new conceptual framework for DPEBLR (driver, pressure, environment, insecurity-affected body, loss, response). Based on this conceptual framework, 35 indicators were selected to establish an urban water security evaluation index system. In order to solve the problem of randomness and fuzziness of the boundary values of urban water security classification levels, the cloud matter element model was applied. Chongqing was used as an example for verification, and the results showed that the water security status of Chongqing City improved from 2011 (Ⅴ) to 2019 (Ⅱ). This indicates that the water ecology restoration project, centralized water source protection project, centralized water supply project, water-saving society transformation, and flood and drought prevention system construction project implemented in Chongqing has achieved significant results. However, Chongqing still faces the problem that the construction of an urban flood control system cannot meet the speed of urban development. The government should slow down the urbanization and allow the urban flood control system to be ready before the area is occupied. In addition, the awareness of water conservation for industrial use in Chongqing has been formed, and citizens’ awareness of water conservation for domestic use should be enhanced in the future.

High-resolution flexible X-ray luminescence imaging enabled by eco-friendly CuI scintillators.

Solution-processed scintillators hold great promise in fabrication of low-cost X-ray detectors. However, state of the art of these scintillators is still challenging in their environmental toxicity and instability. In this study, we develop a class of tetradecagonal CuI microcrystals as highly stable, eco-friendly, and low-cost scintillators that exhibit intense radioluminescence under X-ray irradiation. The red broadband emission is attributed to the recombination of self-trapped excitons in CuI microcrystals. We demonstrate the incorporation of such CuI microscintillator into a flexible polymer to fabricate an X-ray detector for high-resolution imaging with a spatial resolution up to 20 line pairs per millimeter (lp mm-1), which enables sharp image effects by attaching the flexible imaging detectors onto curved object surfaces.

The Main Directions of Transformation of the Resource Provision of the Risk Management System of the Organization

In the conditions of uncertainty of doing business, special importance is attached to the risk management of the organization. Effective risk management is impossible without competent resource support of the risk management system. In turn, the rational allocation of the organization’s resource potential is also impossible without a risk management system. The instability of the external environment constantly generates new risks, and to manage them, it is necessary to transform the resource complex of the organization in accordance with new trends. Identification of such trends that can signifi cantly change the approach to the resource provision of the risk management system is the purpose of this work. Approaches to the defi nition of such basic concepts as “risk” and “resource potential” were considered, diff erences in the main standards in the field of risk management on the issue of risk management stages were described. Also, the need to create and take into account recommendations on the side of the risk management system when making decisions, in particular, the use of a risk-based approach when using resource potential, was justifi ed. In addition, three main trends in the development of modern business were identifi ed: the strengthening of the infl uence of geopolitical risks, business consolidation and the introduction of the concept of sustainable development based on ESG principles. Th e key risks were identifi ed, the appearance of which may become or has already become a consequence of the above-mentioned directions of business transformation, and the necessary resource support for the implementation of measures to manage these risks was described.

Methodological approaches to the diagnostic and assessment of the probability of business bankruptcy

Introduction. Methodological approaches to forecasting the financial state of enterprises from the point of view of possible bankruptcy are generalized and systematized. The classification of crisis diagnosis methods was studied and the stages of the crisis were considered. The modern practice of using foreign models for diagnosing the probability of the threat of insolvency of business entities is analyzed, with the identification of their advantages and disadvantages. Recommendations for improving approaches to assessing the probability of bankruptcy of national enterprises using foreign methods have been formulated, aimed at increasing the objectivity of the results of such an assessment. An algorithm for diagnosing and assessing the probability of bankruptcy for Ukrainian enterprises is proposed. The purpose of the paper is to study the methodological approaches of forecasting the bankruptcy of the enterprise. Results. The application in Ukraine of foreign multi-factor methods of assessing potential bankruptcy based on a qualitative approach is complicated by the need to adapt them to the domestic realities of doing business by specifying the critical values of relevant indicators by industry, which requires the processing of a significant layer of accumulated statistical data. Therefore, painstaking scientific research in this direction cannot be dispensed with. In addition, the use of similar methods at the level of a specific enterprise will require the involvement of highly qualified financial analysts, the payment of whose services will have a negative impact on the cost of the bankruptcy proneness diagnosis process. Methodical approaches to assessing the state of bankruptcy of enterprises were studied, which made it possible to classify the methods of diagnosing a crisis state from three positions: quantitative, qualitative, combined. Each of the methods is used depending on the types of crisis phenomena (local, systemic). Such phenomena can be detected on the basis of the viability assessment model. The vast majority of methods are based on the assessment of financial stability and financial balance. Conclusion. It was also determined that foreign models should not be used for Ukrainian enterprises, because they will not give a reliable result. This is due to the instability of the Ukrainian macroeconomic environment. Tereshchenko's model should be used for Ukrainian enterprises.

Intrinsic Ion Migration Dynamics in a One-Dimensional Organic Metal Halide Hybrid

Metal halide perovskites possess many physical properties amenable to optoelectronic applications, whereas the realization of these potentials has been hampered by their environmental and electronic instabilities. The morphological and molecular low dimensional perovskites and perovskite related materials have shown much promise in enhancing the chemical stability due to their unique molecular structures. Here we report on robust and reproducible four-terminal (4T) electrical measurements in a one-dimensional (1D) organic metal halide hybrid, (R)-{\alpha}-methylbenzylammonium lead triiodide ((R-{\alpha}-MBA)PbI3) made possible by its chemical stability. The results reveal a distinct intrinsic ion migration dynamic of single exponential, which underlies the unique 4T I-V characteristics. The dynamic is directly verified by real-time measurements of the transient ionic current. Our observations are consistent with photo-activation and field-assisted ion migration. The elucidated intrinsic ion dynamics may provide the physical basis for understanding and modelling the ubiquitous hysteresis in metal halides based electronic devices and new insights into the dynamics of ion migration in metal halide perovskites and hybrids in general.

Devonian upper ocean redox trends across Laurussia: Testing potential influences of marine carbonate lithology on bulk rock I/Ca signals

The Devonian is characterized by major changes in ocean-atmosphere O2 concentrations, colonialization of continents by plants and animals, and widespread marine anoxic events associated with rapid δ13C excursions and biotic crises. However, the long-term upper ocean redox trend for the Devonian is still not well understood. This study presents new I/Ca data from well-dated Lower Devonian through Upper Devonian limestone sections from the Great Basin (western Laurussia) and the Illinois Basin (central Laurussia). In addition, to better address potential influences of lithology and stratigraphy on I/Ca redox signals, I/Ca data are reported here as carbonate lithology-specific. Results indicate that lithologic changes do not exert a dominant control on bulk carbonate I/Ca trends, but the effects of some diagenetic overprints cannot be ruled out. For the Illinois Basin, low I/Ca values (more reducing) are recorded during the Pragian to Emsian and increased but fluctuating values are recorded during the Eifelian to Givetian. The Great Basin I/Ca trends suggest local upper oceans were more reducing in the Lochkovian, more oxic in the Pragian-Emsian, return to more reducing in the Eifelian, then to increasingly more oxic, but fluctuating in the Givetian-Frasnian. The local I/Ca variations at Great Basin likely share more similarity with global upper ocean condition (compared to the Illinois Basin) based on its position adjacent to the Panthalassic Ocean and its temporal co-variation with global environmental volatility trends. The overall reducing and variable redox conditions of local upper ocean (if not a diagenetic signal) during the Middle and Late Devonian of Great Basin coincide with evidence of increased global environmental volatility suggesting seawater redox may have been an important part of environmental instability at this time.

Design and Responsible Innovation. Ethics and Caring as Keys to Addressing Contemporary Crises

Current global crises have generated profound environmental, social and economic instability, exacerbating the so-called “North–South divide”. To cope with increasing uncertainty and complexity, design has faced profound structural changes and reviewed its approaches. Design has come to the Responsible Innovation concept to define perspectives on how to develop products and services with a positive impact and create new forms of individual and collective knowledge. Based on ethical values of caring, Responsible Design focuses on ideas and practices that enable designers to address complex eco-socio-political wicked problems. At the intersection between Responsible Innovation and design cultures and practices, several examples of local and global initiatives can be identified. To better understand the state of the art and envision possible developments of Responsible Design, a selection of case studies was analysed, and action research was carried out. Thus, two perspectives emerge: 1) Design for Responsible Innovation; 2) and Responsible Innovation applied to Design. In both views, design becomes ethically responsible, empowering people to take care of themselves, their communities and the environment.

Exploring physical education teachers’ perceptions of sustainable development goals and education for sustainable development

ABSTRACT The world, society and education are constantly evolving, and to respond to these changes, the main governmental institutions have been proposing different global strategies to focus efforts in the same direction. Currently, the United Nations and its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) have presented a series of indicators that could help to minimise the environmental, economic and social instability we are experiencing. In this sense, Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) has been described as a fundamental factor. Specifically, in previous work, we argued that physical education (PE) could be a good tool to contribute to SDGs. Based on this, no research analysing the voices of Physical Education Teachers (PET) on how this contribution could be made has been identified in previous literature. Therefore, the objectives of this research are: (1) to analyse the voices and opinions of active PETs in terms of the knowledge they have about Sustainable Development (SD); (2) to determine their opinions about the contribution that PE could make to SDGs; and finally, (3) to identify the challenges and limitations of pedagogical action of SD in PE. For this purpose, a qualitative analysis through a semi-structured interview with 41 active PETs was carried out. The main findings will be presented and discussed around four themes: (a) agreement on the concept of sustainability; (b) PE can contribute to the achievement of SDGs; (c) ambiguity in applying SDGs to PE lessons; and (d) teachers’ constraints on how to implement SDGs in PE. It seems to indicate that PETs do not have a multidimensional vision of sustainable development. While they recognise the potential of PE to contribute to SDGs through awareness raising and student learning, they point to its pedagogical and formative constraints as the main barriers to being able to contribute. They pointed to a lack of knowledge on how to do so, guidelines on how to integrate ESD, lack of involvement, shortage of time or resources in school physical education.

Coordination Anchoring Effect Promoting the Interfacial Stability and Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 Cathode Material for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811), as a typical nickel‐rich ternary material, has attracted wide attention due to its high discharge specific capacity. However, the strict storage environment and interface instability caused by residual alkali on the surface limit the further development. Surface coating is usually used to modify the surface of cathode materials to improve interface stability. However, traditional inorganic coating is easy to fall off due to a lack of stable chemical bonding, and the interaction force of previous organic coating has not been thoroughly studied. Herein, polyvinyl pyrrolidone with carbonyl functional groups is introduced on the surface of NCM811, and the carbonyl group forms strong coordination bonds with transition metal ions, that is, the organic coating layer forms stable coordination anchoring with the cathode material, which greatly reduces the situation where the coating layer is easy to fall off. At the same time, the implanted organic coating can inhibit the dissolution of transition metal ions and mitigate the side reaction. The results show that the capacity retention rate of the modified material reaches 86.82% after 50 cycles at 1 C rate. This novel surface modification strategy provides a new insight for the modification of high‐nickel cathode materials.

THEORETICAL BASICS OF THE RESILIENCE OF SYSTEMS COMMODITY MARKETS IN THE COORDINATES OF NATIONAL SECURITY

Topicality. The instability of the external environment is becoming a permanent condition for the functioning of commodity market systems, to which it is necessary to quickly adapt. Ensuring the reproduction development of systems of vertically adjacent commodity markets requires the acquisition of a certain stability (resilience) by the market system, which makes it necessary to study the essence of this category in the market dimension. In the war and post-war period, studies of the stability of commodity markets in the context of national security become especially relevant.Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the theoretical foundations of the resilience of commodity market systems based on a reproducible approach in conditions of instability. The following methods were used during the research: dialectical, theoretical generalization and comparison, structural-logical method.Research results. Based on the content analysis of the "economic stability" category, it was established that in peacetime the essence of stability was determined by the preservation and improvement of the parameters of the economic system, while in the wartime the key component is their restoration, that is, resilience. The connection and mutual influence of the stability of functioning on the stability of the development of systems of adjacent markets is substantiated, the author's definition of the category "stability of reproduction development" is given. The essence of the basic principles of regulating the resilience of commodity market systems is defined: preventiveness, alternativeness and priority of the economic interests of the state. The relationship and mutual influence of the resilience of commodity markets, as a component of the national resilience system, on national security is substantiated.Conclusion. The scientific novelty of the conducted research consists in the development of the theoretical foundations of the resilience of commodity market systems based on a reproduction approach by transforming the theoretical provisions of economic stability in the market dimension, taking into account the conditions of the wartime period. The theoretical foundations of market resilience developed in the article form a scientific basis for the justification of adaptive mechanisms for regulating the stability of functioning and development of commodity market systems, which can be implemented by state authorities at different levels of management.

Additive and non-additive epigenetic signatures of natural hybridization between fish species with different mating systems

ABSTRACT Hybridization is a major source of evolutionary innovation. In plants, epigenetic mechanisms can help to stabilize hybrid genomes and contribute to reproductive isolation, but the relationship between genetic and epigenetic changes in animal hybrids is unclear. We analysed the relationship between genetic background and methylation patterns in natural hybrids of two genetically divergent fish species with different mating systems, Kryptolebias hermaphroditus (self-fertilizing) and K. ocellatus (outcrossing). Co-existing parental species displayed highly distinct genetic (SNPs) and methylation patterns (37,000 differentially methylated cytosines). Hybrids had predominantly intermediate methylation patterns (88.5% of the sites) suggesting additive effects, as expected from hybridization between genetically distant species. The large number of differentially methylated cytosines between hybrids and parental species (n = 5,800) suggests that hybridization may play a role in increasing genetic and epigenetic variation. Although most of the observed epigenetic variation was additive and had a strong genetic component, we also found a small percentage of non-additive, potentially stochastic, methylation differences that might act as an evolutionary bet-hedging strategy and increase fitness under environmental instability.