Environmental Health Workers Research Articles

Factors Associated with the Presence of E.coli in Food: Literature Review

Background: Escherichia coli is a gram-negative bacterium of normal flora of the human and animal digestive tracts, and is important in human digestion. These bacteria can live in the stool, and can cause health problems, such as: diarrhea, vomiting, and other digestive problems. E coli bacteria can be pathogenic if the number of bacteria in the digestive tract increases or is outside the intestine. Food Sanitation Efforts include supervision, protection, and improvement of hygiene and sanitation quality specifically for Ready-to-Eat Processed Foods. Food hygiene and sanitation quality supervision is carried out through: surveillance, laboratory tests, risk analysis, and/or follow-up recommendations. Protection of food hygiene and sanitation quality is carried out through: communication, information, and education; health checks of food handlers; use of personal protective equipment; and/or the development of appropriate technology. Improving the quality of food hygiene and sanitation is carried out through: communication, information, and education; and/or food processing technology engineering Objective: The purpose of this literature review is to find out the factors related to the presence of E.coli in food Method: The research method used is a literature study with a search method in a literature review, which searches for literature that is in accordance with relevant social media such as google scholar, garuda, e-journal in the field of diarrhea incidence. Search the literature as a reference from 2014-2024 and get 10 articles or journals that are relevant in the last 10 years. Results: The results of this literature review explain that factors related to the presence of e.coli in food in public places include: personal hygiene of food handlers, how to wash cutlery, PPE of food handlers are not paid attention to, poor food sanitation, food handlers do not pay attention to controlling environmental conditions from the handling of raw materials to the distribution process, the storage place of cutlery is not considered, and improper serving of food. Conclusion: The conclusion of this literature review article is that there are many factors related to the presence of e.coli in food in public places. And recommend to environmental health workers the need to socialize and supervise the hygiene and sanitation of traders in particular. To the general public to pay attention to the cleanliness of what will be consumed.

Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia di Puskesmas Kabupaten Langkat Kecamatan Salapian

The World Health Organization (2006) reported that healthcare workers contribute up to 80% to the success of health development, and one of the best ways to address the healthcare crisis is through training and improving human resource management. Human resource development is an effort to enhance the quality or capacity of human resources through the process of education planning, training, and improving human resource management policies. Healthcare workers are essential for health services, so leaders must consider all their needs, desires, and interests in order to work at their best. To determine the development of human resources in Langkat District, Salapian Subdistrict, this research uses qualitative research. Primary data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews (departmental interviews). Information obtained from in-depth interviews with informants was processed and analyzed using content analysis methods. The types of healthcare workers in Langkat District, Salapian Subdistrict, consist of Health Human Resources (SDMK) which are still dominated by medical personnel, including 7% dental doctors, 11.2% general practitioners, 45% midwives, 21.1% nurses, Meanwhile, public health workers are 5.6%, environmental health workers are 2.8%, pharmaceutical workers are 4.2%, nutrition health workers are 1.4%, and medical laboratory technology experts are 1.4%. The development of SDMK is in accordance with the standards for demand development. The acquisition of human resource development training is limited to medical personnel and its distribution is still uneven.

Quality improvement strategy of implementation community-based total sanitation program in Samarinda, Indonesia

Community-Based Total Sanitation (STBM) is a program that aims to change the behavior of community sanitation hygiene through empowerment programs. The quality of STBM program implementation varies by city. The strategy implemented by the health office of the city influences the quality of the STBM program. Based on these problems, a comprehensive study is needed to find out strategies that can improve the quality of STBM program implementation. This study aims to determine the strategies used by the health department in improving the quality of STBM program implementation in Samarinda City. The stages of data collection in this research were carried out in two ways, namely document-based literature study and interviews. Documents collected are STBM activity reports and health profiles from 2012 – 2018. The implementation of the Community Based Total Sanitation (STBM) program in Samarinda City has involved cross-sectoral. Since 2014, the government of Samarinda City has supported the STBM program by increasing the annual budget for implementing the STBM program. Based on interviews with Samarinda City Health Office informants, the obstacle faced in improving the quality of STBM program implementation was the lack of health workers trained in STBM fields. Samarinda City Government has also provided support for maximizing the STBM program through the Samarinda Mayor Circular. There are four strategies used by the Health Office of Samarinda City in improving the quality of STBM program implementation. The first strategy is the involvement of sub-district heads and natural leaders in organizing and implementing STBM programs. Second, a large increase in the STBM budget every year. Third, improving the quality of environmental health workers in supporting the maximization of the STBM program. Fourth, the making of regulations from the local government related to the implementation of STBM in each district and village.

Public health concerns surrounding the cVDPV2 outbreak in Africa: Strategies for prevention and control with a special focus on Nigeria.

Poliovirus is a global health issue that affects children in different parts of the world. Despite the efforts of national, international, and nongovernmental organizations to eradicate the disease, it is re-emerging in Africa due to poor sanitation, vaccine hesitancy, new ways of transmission, and poor surveillance among others. Circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cVDPV2) is a major step in eradicating poliovirus and preventing outbreaks in developing countries. Strengthening African healthcare systems, increasing surveillance, hygiene and sanitation, and proper mass vaccination to achieve herd immunity are required in the fight against polio disease. This paper discusses the outbreak of cVDPV2, public health challenges, and recommendations in Africa with a special emphasis on Nigeria. We searched for articles documenting the incidence of cVDPV2 in Nigeria and other African countries on Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Scopus. A total of 68 distinct cVDPV2 genetic emergences were found across 34 nations between April 2016 to December 2020, and in Nigeria, three cVDPV2 emergences were found. Also, 1596 instances of acute flaccid paralysis linked to cVDPV2 outbreaks were reported in four areas of the World Health Organization where Africa contributed 962 cases out of 1596 cases. Available data indicate that Africa has the most cVDPV2 cases and is associated with various challenges like the unidentified virus source, poor sanitation system, and inability to achieve herd immunity of the cVDPV2 vaccine. Collaborative efforts of stakeholders are crucial in combating infectious diseases, especially those transmitted via environments such as water and air, like poliovirus. Therefore, a collaboration between environmental health workers, veterinarians, community health workers, laboratory scientists, policymakers, and other professionals is required.

Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia di Puskesmas Kabupaten Langkat Kecamatan Salapian

The World Health Organization (2006) found that health workers contribute up to 80% to successful health development and one of the best ways to solve the health worker crisis is education, along with improved human resource management policies. and training. Health care workers are needed in health care services, so those who manage them need to take into account all their needs, wants and interests so that they can perform at their best. Exploring human resource development in Sarapian and Langkat districts.This type of research is qualitative research. Primary data are collected by in-depth interviews(Dept. Interview). Data from in-depth interviews with informants it was processed and analyzed using a content analysis approach. The types of health workers consist of Health Human Resources (HRD) in Langkat District, Salapian District, which are still dominated by medical personnel, including: 7% of dentists, 11.2% of general practitioners, 45% of midwives, 21.1% of nurses, while Community Health Workers are 5.6%, Environmental Health Workers are 2.8%, Pharmacy Staff are 4.2%, Health Nutrition Workers are 1.4%, and Medical Laboratory Technologists are 1.4%. HRH development is in accordance with needs development standards. Provision of training for HRH development isconfined to healthcare workers and its distribution is still uneven.
 Keywords: Health Human Resources, Development.

Epidemiology of Q-fever in domestic ruminants and humans in Africa. A systematic review

Abstract Q-fever is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by the gram-negative, intracellular, spore-forming bacterium Coxiella burnetii . Infected ruminants (cattle, sheep, and goats) are the reservoirs of the pathogen and thus an important source of infection in humans. This systematic review aims to consolidate the knowledge and awareness of Q-fever in Africa and identify future research opportunities and possible interventions in low-resource settings. We review information on Q-fever epidemiology and the diagnostic challenges in humans and domestic ruminants in Africa from the last 23 years. Six databases including university repositories were searched for relevant articles. A total of 84 studies and 4 theses met the selection criteria and were thus included in the review. They include serological and molecular studies of Q-fever in humans or domestic ruminants in 24/54 African countries. The mean seroprevalence estimates were 16% (95%CI 11–23%) in humans; 14% (95%CI 10–20%) in cattle; 13% (95%CI 9–18%) in sheep; and 21% (95%CI 15–29%) in goats. The mean prevalence for molecular detection of the pathogen were 3% (95%CI 0–16%) in humans; 9% (95%CI 4–19%) in cattle; 16% (95%CI 5–41%) in sheep; and 23% (95%CI 20–80%) in goats. The number of studies that identified risk factors for exposure among domestic ruminants was: sex (n = 6), age (n = 17), contact with other animals (n = 5), lack of quarantine of newly purchased animals (n = 1), extensive grazing system (n = 4), herd size (2), history of abortion (n = 5), absence of vaccination (n = 2), and high temperature (n = 1). The number of studies that reported protective factors was: sanitation (n = 2), burying and/ or burning the aborted foetus (n = 2), and young (age) (n = 2). The studies that identified risk factors for human disease infection included: close contact to animals (n = 7), age (n = 3), and gender (n = 5), while those identifying protective factors included: living in non-irrigated areas (n = 1), awareness/knowledge about zoonosis (n = 1), rodent control (n = 1), sanitation/disinfection of equipment after and before use (n = 1), occasional grazing (n = 1), and do nothing to aborted materials (n = 1). Diagnostic challenges such as poverty, lack of a well-equipped laboratory with biosafety level 3 specific for Q-fever testing, unspecific and self-limiting clinical signs/symptoms, lack of gold standard test, and variation in test specificity and sensitivity were identified. The disease is likely to be widespread in Africa and of public importance and underreported thus ‘One Health’ approaches to future studies are recommended. Further studies should focus on concurrent studies of human and livestock populations. One Health Impact Statement This review applies to One Health stakeholders including, the public, players in the livestock value chain, animal/ human/ environmental health workers, policy makers, and other implementers. This review summarizes the available information regarding Q-fever ( Coxiella burnetii ) in animals and humans in Africa, providing new information on the magnitude of the disease, and risk factors for infection. This information highlights the need for collaboration among One Health stakeholders and multisectoral cooperation towards achieving the One Health goals. The sharing of knowledge generated through research from academic, non-academic, and local/ indigenous knowledge will allow a new foundation for disease control that is applicable and beneficial to all stakeholders under the One Health umbrella rather than academic scientists alone.

Feasibility Study of Public Health Center X

Public Health Center X is the first level health facility service provider in subdistrict X. Established in 1975, UPT Puskesmas X has never conducted a feasibility study which has been regulated since 2014. Based on these problems, this study aims to conduct a feasibility study on a new building. Aspects contained in Permenkes No. 75 of 2014 namely aspects of location, buildings, facilities and infrastructure, health equipment, personnel, and organization. There is a health center design stage which is made in accordance with the criteria of the Minister of Health No. 75 of 2014. Based on the results of research conducted on the new building of Public Health Center X, it is known that the location aspect meets 87.5% of the location criteria, the building aspect meets 100% of the building suitability, the facilities and infrastructure aspect meets 100% of the eligibility criteria, the equipment aspect only meets 34% of the equipment that must be owned, the manpower aspect fulfills 73% of the total workforce owned, and the organizational aspect meets 100% of the conformity of the organizational structure, so that overall Public Health Center X has a feasibility percentage of 82.4%. Public Health Center X needs to evaluate and improve. Improvements were made to the location aspect, namely, parking facilities by increasing the capacity of the parking lot. Then do the procurement and purchase of medical equipment because there are still 66% of equipment that is lacking, as well as adding health workers to the positions of public health workers, environmental health workers, and workers.

Mobbing, organizational trust, voice and deviance behaviour among environmental health and safety professionals in Nigeria

This paper aims at assessing the present circumstances strongly associated with healthcare workers in Nigeria. Particular reference is to the recognition of the fact that mobbing and/or bullying stressors are being meted on environmental health workers by other medical and paramedical workers in the field in Nigeria. The study used environmental health workers as sampled population as well includes different actors from the healthcare work force to identify certain key elements associated with mobbing and/or bullying in a set of job-related organizational contexts. The data were obtained using an adopted questionnaire used by previous researchers. In line with this topic three objectives were developed Mobbing and Organizational Trusts, Mobbing and Voice Behaviour, Mobbing and Deviance behaviour. The total number of questionnaires distributed was 220 out of which 200 were dully filled and return for analysis. The results indicated that there is significant relationship between environmental health workers precisely working in the primary, secondary and tertiary healthcare being mobbed or bullied. The identified scene for such act has been identified to be when patients or guest are present in the facility where they work, at meetings or work briefing and during special area inspections. Worst still, was the non-inclusion of environmental health workers in the scheme of building plan, supervision, approval and smooth handing over of projects after completion for lifecycle inspection. The act tends to discourage their job performance and increase the prevalence of diseases related to environmental factors and conditions in the country. Chances are that an environmental health worker may be bullied if the officer insisted on inspecting sites where other professionals (Civil, mechanical, electrical, architects, surveyors amongst other) are in charge during construction. These led to the environmental health workers to suffer from psycho-industrial ailments or work stress, enjoy little satisfaction from their working conditions, and failed to perceive opportunities for promotions in their organizations and future progression in the profession. The implications of these findings could assist in reassuring environmental health workers enviable future, greater challenges and hopes, reduction IN environmentally driven diseases, policy recognition and medical family reintegration by facilitating, good social professional relationships among healthcare workers in the country.

A Survey of the Public Awareness on Environmental and Public Health Laws in Ebonyi State Nigeria

The level of environmental degradation caused by human activities can no longer be absorbed by the environment. This has weighed negatively on the environment of which man is part of. For over decades [1] , there has been some unfolding scenario of national efforts at industrialization, increase in the upstream and downstream sectors of the oil industry and problems associated with consumption pattern of the populace in their overall interactions with matters of public health and environmental laws [2] . In an effort to checkmate the excesses of man that degrades the environment and encourage those aspects of man’s life that promotes a healthy environment and prevents diseases, environmental and public health laws were enacted. Regrettably, none of these laws have properly addressed environmental abuse and its related problems. This research therefore aimed at identifying the level of awareness on the existing environmental and public health laws in Nigeria particularly in Ebonyi State. To achieve this, a survey research method was adopted for this study. A total of 800 respondents comprising 500 stakeholders in the environmental and public health sectors, 200 employees of environmental and public health workers and 100 law enforcement agents were randomly selected from different geo-political zones that make up the state. Data collection was done using a self structured questionnaire titled Environmental and Public Health Laws Awareness Questionnaire (EPHLAQ) comprised of 15 question items. Data collected was analyzed using a four-scaled likert with criterion acceptance mean of 2.0. Findings revealed that the level of awareness on the existing environmental and public health laws in Nigeria particularly in Ebonyi state is very low and sanctions imposed on the defaulters of the environmental and public health laws were inadequate. Moreover, there is lack of resource to adequately address awareness need by the environmental and public health workers, health information technicians and the law enforcement agencies. It is therefore recommended among others, a heightened awareness on the existing environmental and public health laws in every sector of the economy, particularly in Ebonyi State, increase in human and material resources to adequately address awareness need in Nigeria and in particular, Ebonyi State and stiffer penalties imposed on offenders to deter intending defaulters. Keywords: Survey, Public Awareness, Environmental and Public Health Laws. DOI: 10.7176/JLPG/110-06 Publication date: June 30 th 2021 [1] Since the Nigerian Civil War which ended in 1970, Oil activities have increased in Nigeria and these activities has led to Pollution, depleted the Ozone layer, and ultimately global warming. [2] Bola Ajibola, “The Protection of the Nigerian Environment through Law” in F. Shyllon (ed).the Law and Environment in Nigeria (Ibadan Vantage) Publisher 1989 P.7

Maternal Environmental Factors as Predictors of Occurrence of Gastroenteritis among Under - five Children in Akure South Local Government Area, Ondo State

Aim: To examine maternal environmental factors as predictors of the incidence of gastroenteritis among under-five children in Akure South Local Government Area, Ondo State. Materials and Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in two state-owned hospitals between April and August 2019 using a purposive and convenience sample of 120 mothers of under-five children. Data collected were analyzed using PPMC and regression to test the hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. Results: The study shows that three out of four environmental predictors were potent predictors of the incidence of gastroenteritis. They include: quality of water source (β = .387, t = 7.638, P 0.05) was not a potent predictor. Area of residence, quality of water source, hygienic practices and method of sewage disposal had a significant joint contribution used to predict the incidence of gastroenteritis. Conclusion: Area of residence, quality of water source, hygienic practices and method of sewage disposal all increase the incidence of gastroenteritis when proper attention is not paid to them. Education about handwashing is necessary for mothers and environmental health workers in collaboration with the Ministry of Health, and the Ministry of Environment should ensure that every house has the proper means to dispose of sewage, especially a septic tank (flush toilet); this will help reduce the disposal of feces in the environment.

Stunting Pada Anak Usia Dini

Malnutrition and stunting are two interrelated problems. Stunting in children is the result of nutrient deficiency during the first thousand days of life. This causes irreversible disturbances in the physical development of the child, causing a decrease in work performance. Stunted children had a mean Intelligence Quotient (IQ) score, eleven points lower than the average IQ score in normal children. Disorders of growth and development in children due to malnutrition if they do not get intervention from an early age will continue into adulthood. The research method used is a phenomenological qualitative method. Researchers will examine cases of stunting in Mirat Village, Lewimunding District, Majalengka Regency. Sample 2 children who were stunted in Mirat Village, Lewimundin District. Research data source UPTD Puskesmas Lewimunding District. Based on the results of researchers' interviews with nutritionists and environmental health workers (Kesling), as well as observations of two stunted children as well as interviews with parents, it was found that the factors that influence stunting are as follows: a diet that does not fulfill a balanced nutrition during the pregnancy process. and after the baby is born, the child's diet from birth to two years of age, exclusive breastfeeding for less than 6 months, complementary feeding (complementary feeding) too early (less than six months), improper parenting (often yelling at children, less close to children, taking actions that make children away from their parents), poor environmental sanitation, not introducing toilet training to children early on, and genetics does not have a significant role in the incidence of stunting
 Abstrak
 Kurang gizi dan stunting merupakan dua masalah yang saling berhubungan. Stunting pada anak merupakan dampak dari defisiensi nutrient selama seribu hari pertama kehidupan. Hal ini menimbulkan gangguan perkembangan fisik anak yang irreversible, sehingga menyebabkan penurunan performa kerja. Anak stunting memiliki rerata skor Intelligence Quotient (IQ) sebelas poin lebih rendah dibandingkan rerata skor IQ pada anak normal. Gangguan tumbuh kembang pada anak akibat kekurangan gizi bila tidak mendapatkan intervensi sejak dini akan berlanjut hingga dewasa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah metode kualitatif fenomenologi. Peneliti akan meneliti kasus stunting di Desa Mirat Kecamatan Lewimunding Kabupaten Majalengka. Sampel 2 anak yang mengalami stunting di Desa Mirat Kecamatan Lewimundin. Sumber data Penelitian UPTD Puskesmas Kecamatan Lewimunding. Berdasarkan hasil wawancara peneliti dengan ahli gizi dan petugas kesehatan lingkungan (kesling), serta dilakukan pula observasi kepada dua anak stunting juga wawancara kepada orangtua, ditemukan bahwa faktor-faktor yang memengaruhi stunting ialah sebagai berikut: pola makan yang tidak memenuhi gizi seimbang selama proses kehamilan dan setelah bayi lahir, pola makan anak sejak lahir sampai usia dua tahun, pemberian ASI eksklusif yang kurang dari 6 bulan, pemberian Makanan Pendamping ASI (MPASI) terlalu dini (kurang dari enam bulan), pengasuhan orangtua yang kurang tepat (sering membentak anak, kurang dekat dengan anak, melakukan tindakan yang membuat anak menjauh dari orangtua), sanitasi lingkungan yang kurang baik, tidak mengenalkan toilet training kepada anak sejak dini, dan genetic tidak memiliki peran signifikan terhadap kejadian stunting

LEPTOSPIROSIS PREVENTION AND CONTROL STRATEGIES ONE HEALTH BASED IN KARANGTENGAH DEMAK INDONESIA

Leptospirosis transmission is closely related to the low behavior of clean and healthy living in humans. Leptospirosis occurs every year in Indonesia including Karangtengah Demak which has 2 cases with 1 death in 2016, 2017 there are 2 cases, 2018 there are 12 cases with 3 deaths. The target IR is ≤ 3 / 100,000 population and CFR ≤ 10%. In 2018 IR Karangtengah 16.82 / 100,000. and CFR is very high, namely 25%, because only the health sector is engaged in preventing leptospirosis. The research method is qualitative with an active participatory design using OH-SMART which aims to obtain a strategy / model for the prevention and control of leptospirosis with a one health approach. The research subjects are public health center health workers such as surveillance, health promotion personnel, environmental health workers, doctors, private clinics, village health post midwives, the Coordinator of the Agricultural Extension Center, the Head of the Technical Implementation Unit of the Education and Culture Office, the Islamic Religious Education Office, the Principal of the School. Junior High School, Senior High School, Head of the Subdistrict Family Welfare Empowerment Team, 4 Village Heads. Collecting data by means of Focus Group Discussion (FGD) for two days. Results from OH-SMART: The strategy for leptospirosis prevention and control resulted from OH-SMART is the formation of a one health team in Karangtengah sub-district, advocacy to the Karangtengah sub-district head, coordination through the Whattaps group, cross-sector monitoring, cross-sector activity reports, evaluation of OH team activities, OH team training, dissemination of early diagnosis of leptospirosis to clinics, monitoring and evaluation of leptospirosis detection carried out by clinics, counseling on safe rat control to farmer groups by Bapeluh, eradicating rats by the community, routine chlorination, monitoring chloritization, leptospirosis counseling in schools , Discipline application of Clean and Healthy Behavior in schools, installation of leptospirosis promotional media, monitoring of the implementation of Clean and Healthy Behavior in schools.

What Is a Dingo? The Phenotypic Classification of Dingoes by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Residents in Northern Australia.

Dingo classification and management is complicated by hybridisation with domestic dogs. Northern Australia is a relatively high-risk zone for a rabies incursion, and in the event of an incursion, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples who reside in this region would prioritise the protection of dingoes. Therefore, the classification of dingoes in this context is important. Twelve pictures of canids with features associated with both dingoes and domestic dogs from camera traps in the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA), northern Queensland, were shown to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander rangers (n = 3), biosecurity officers (n = 2), environmental health workers (n = 2), and residents (n = 39) in the NPA. Nearly all pictures (10/12) were classified as dingo or domestic dog (none as hybrid) and two were inconclusive (no overall agreement). Dingoes were consistently identified as medium to large-framed dogs, with a long nose, pointed ears, narrow abdomen, a bushy or feathered tail, and smooth coats of a single base colour. Some hybrid features were acceptable, including sable coats, lack of white tail tip or feet, and curled tail. These findings are a preliminary guide for identifying canids in the NPA region for whom management might be controversial. Building on this approach via further consultation with residents is needed to inform rabies response policy. Our approach using locally acquired camera trap pictures could also be extended to other regions in which dingoes have value but their management is controversial.

Perceived Effects of Adoption of Recommended Practices among Rural Farmers of Nigeria

The study assessed the perceived effects of recommended practices on levels of hygienic practices,health-care Expenditure, and productive time for Agricultural Activities and children school attendances among the rural farmers in Mokwa Local Government area of Niger State, Nigeria. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 311 of rural populace. Data were collected using structured questionnaire as well as interview schedule and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The mean age of the respondents was 46 years while the mean household size was 9 persons. Also, the mean years of experience was 20.8 years while 41.4% of the respondents had primary education. The mean household income was Nigerian Naira N175,500.00. The serious constraints to adoption of recommended practices were bad attitude and lack of credit facilities It is recommended that environmental health workers should be empowered to enforce sanctions on noncompliance with adoption of recommended practices and efforts should be made by stakeholders to sustain this channel of sensitization.

Occupational exposure to HIV among healthcare workers in PMTCT sites in Port Harcourt, Nigeria

BackgroundRivers State is among the states with high HIV prevalence in Nigeria. Occupational exposure to HIV through blood or body fluids of HIV/AIDS patients is a recognised risk factor of HIV infections among healthcare workers. We identified the determinants of occupational exposures to HIV among healthcare workers in Prevention of Maternal to Child Transmission (PMTCT) sites within Port Harcourt metropolis in Rivers State.MethodsA descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted and multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 341 healthcare providers from 22 public and 22 private health facilities in PMTCT sites in Port Harcourt metropolis. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression models (p-value = 0.05).ResultsRespondents’ mean age was 35.9 ± SD8.4 years, 270 (80.1%) and 171(50.7%) were females, and from public health facilities respectively. Prevalence of occupational exposure of healthcare workers to HIV in the past 12 months was 153 (45.0%), and 96 (63.3%) experienced such exposure more than once. Contacts with potentially infectious body fluid accounted for the largest proportion 51 (33.3%); followed by needle stick prick 49 (32.6%). About 189 (56.1%) had safety information at their disposal and this serves as a reminder on safety precautions. The likelihood of occupational exposure was significantly higher among doctors (AOR = 2.22, 95% C.I = 1.16–4.25,) but lower among environmental health workers (AOR = 0.10, 95% C.I = 0.02–0.46,) than nurses/midwives when other factors were included in the model.ConclusionOccupational exposure to blood and body fluids remains a frequent occurrence among healthcare workers; highest among doctors in PMTCT sites in the study area. Provision of protective safety materials, training and enforcement of adherence to universal precaution strategies are highly recommended.

PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN PROGRAM ODF DI PUSKESMAS SIDOARJO KABUPATEN SIDOARJO TAHUN 2019

Abstract : Management is a process that consists of planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising to achieve goals or objectives effectively in achieving through the implementation of well-implemented and correct and quality, based on the results of situation analysis supported by accurate and efficient data and information as utilize available resources. This study aims to determine the implementation of ODF program management carried out by Puskesmas in order to achieve performance targets in improving the program. This research is a descriptive study with a cross sectional approach. The object of research is the management of the implementation of environmental health programs for villages that have not yet ODF. The subjects of this study were respondents consisting of leaders of the Puskesmas, environmental health workers and other personnel involved in managing environmental health. Data collection techniques were carried out by questionnaires and interviews. The results of the Sidoarjo Community Health Center have been good at implementing the ODF program. The results of the ODF program management function for observation got a value of 85.4% and the interviewee scored 72.5%. The results of recapitulation based on economic level in two villages received a score of 59.09% and 48.03%, for the education level in two villages the scores were 36% and 43%, the level of knowledge of the two villages was 56% and 41%. In conclusion, the results of management at the puskesmas get good results and the results from the community get quite good results. It is recommended for the community to find information about STBM and cooperate with village facilitators and the government.Keywords : Management, ODF Program

Profile of inhalable bacteria in PM2.5 at Mt. Tai, China: Abundance, community, and influence of air mass trajectories

Bacteria are ubiquitous in the near-surface atmosphere where they constitute an important component of aerosols with the potential to affect climate change, ecosystems, atmospheric process and human health. Limitation in tracking bacterial diversity accurately has thus far prevented the knowledge of airborne bacteria and their pathogenic properties. We performed a comprehensive assessment of bacterial abundance and diverse community in PM2.5 collected at Mt. Tai, via high-throughput sequencing and real-time PCR. The samples exhibited a high microbial biodiversity and complex chemical composition. The dominating populations were gram-negative bacteria including Burkholderia, Delftia, Bradyrhizobium, and Methylobacterium. The PM mass concentration, chemical composition, bacterial concentration and community structure varied under the influence of different air-mass trajectories. The highest mass concentration of PM2.5 (61 μg m−3) and major chemical components were recorded during periods when marine southeasterly air masses were dominant. The local terrestrial air masses from Shandong peninsula and its adjacent areas harbored highest bacterial concentration loading (602 cells m−3) and more potential pathogens at the site. In contrast, samples influenced by the long-distance air flow from Siberia and Outer Mongolia were found to have a highest richness and diversity as an average, which was also marked by the increase of dust-associated bacteria (Brevibacillus and Staphylococcus). The primary research may serve as an important reference for the environmental microbiologist, health workers, and city planners.

Job satisfaction and associated factors among health professionals working at Western Amhara Region, Ethiopia

BackgroundIn Ethiopia assuring the satisfaction of health care provider with their job is a major challenging problem. Job satisfaction is a worker’s emotional response to different job related factors resulting in finding pleasure, comfort, confidence, rewards, personal growth and various positive opportunities, including upward mobility, recognition, and appraisal done on a merit pattern with monetary value as compensation. Professionals, whose needs and expectations are satisfied, tend to be more productive compared to their colleagues. Thus, study is aimed at assessing job satisfaction and associated factors among health professionals working at Western Amhara region, Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross sectional study was conducted on March 2016 at Western Amhara region among 575 health professionals selected using simple random sampling. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors related to job satisfaction. Variables which have p-value less than or equal to 0.05 with corresponding AOR at 95 confidence interval was considered to declare the significance association.ResultsThis study revealed that job satisfaction of health professional working at Western Amhara region was 31.7%. The mean age of respondent was 27.13 years. Majority of them, 79.3% and 95.3% were less than 30 years in age and orthodox Christian religion followers respectively. The presence of health professionals’ reference manual/guide, alcohol drinking, workload, experience, educational status and profession types were identified as significant factors associated with health care professionals’ job satisfaction level. Professional being laboratory technicians, pharmacists and Environmental health workers were 4.86 times more likely to satisfy themselves than nurses, midwives and Public health officers. Similarly, in their educational status, degree and above holders were 5.64 times more likely to satisfy themselves than below degree holders. Health professionals whose experience with > 3 years were 2.83 times more likely to satisfy themselves than counterpart. Health professionals who had high workloads were 3.99 times more likely to satisfy than those professionals whose workload was low. Professionals who did not drink alcohol were 3.55 times more likely to satisfy themselves than professionals who drank. Professionals who consult health reference manual/guide were 15.96 more likely to satisfy themselves than those professional who did not.ConclusionOnly one third of health professionals working at Eastern Amhara Region were satisfied on their job. The presence of health professionals’ reference manual/guide, alcohol drinking, workload, experience, educational status and profession types were identified as important predictors for job satisfaction.

How to characterize the public health workforce based on essential public health operations? environmental public health workers in the Netherlands as an example.

BackgroundPublic health workforce planning and policy development require adequate data on the public health workforce and the services provided. If existing data sources do not contain the necessary information, or apply to part of the workforce only, primary data collection is required. The aim of this study was to develop a strategy to enumerate and characterize the public health workforce and the provision of essential public health operations (EPHOs), and apply this to the environmental public health workforce in the Netherlands as an example.MethodsWe specified WHO’s EPHOs for environmental public health and developed an online questionnaire to assess individual involvement in these. Recruitment was a two-layered process. Through organisations with potential involvement in environmental public health, we invited environmental public health workers (n = 472) to participate in a national survey. Existing benchmark data and a group of national environmental public health experts provided opportunities for partial validity checks.ResultsThe questionnaire was well accepted and available benchmark data on physicians supported the results of this study regarding the medical part of the workforce. Experts on environmental public health recognized the present results on the provision of EPHOs as a reasonable reflection of the actual situation in practice.All EPHOs were provided by an experienced, highly educated and multidisciplinary workforce. 27 % of the total full-time equivalents (FTEs) was spent on EPHO ‘assuring governance for health’. Only 4 % was spent on ‘health protection’. The total FTEs were estimated as 0.66 /100,000 inhabitants.ConclusionsCharacterisation of the public health workforce is feasible by identification of relevant organisations and individual workers on the basis of EPHOs, and obtaining information from those individuals by questionnaire. Critical factors include the operationalization of the EPHOS into the field of study, the selection and recruitment of eligible organisations and the response rate within organisations.. When existing professional registries are incomplete or do not exist, this strategy may provide a start to enumerate the quantity and quality of the public health within or across countries.

Environmental Surveillance for Poliovirus in Polio High Risk States of Nigeria, 2011- 2012

Introduction: Nigeria is one of the three polio endemic countries in the world along Pakistan and Afghanistan. The detection of persons with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) and testing of stool specimens from these patients is the surveillance standard for detection of poliovirus. World Health Organization recommends complementary surveillance by testing sewage samples and stool of healthy children. Kano is the epi-center of polio in Nigeria. Environmental surveillance was introduced in June 2011 in Kano State and in April 2012 in Sokoto State. Methods: Grab method was used to collect sewage samples by trained environmental health workers. The samples were tested in Ibadan Polio Laboratory which is part of the Global Polio Laboratory Network. The Samples were concentrated using the two-phase separation method. Isolation of Poliovirus was carried out in RD and L20B cell lines. Poliovirus identification was done using the micro neutralization techniques. Results: In Kano State, from week 28 of 2011 to week 52 of 2012, a total of 60 samples were collected. In Sokoto State, from week 13 – 52 of 2012, a total of 80 sewage samples were collected from four sewage sites. In Kano and Sokoto, 62 and 93 single or mixed isolates were detected from the samples. In Kano, 39 (63%) of the isolates were Sabin viruses, 16 (26%) were circulating vaccine derived polio viruses type 2 (cVDPV2), 2 (3%) were wild polio virus type 1 (WPV1), 4 (6%) were non polio enteroviruses (NPENT) and 1 (3%) were wild polio virus type 3 (WPV3). In Sokoto, 33 (35%) of the isolates were cVDPV2, 27 (29%) were Sabin viruses, 16 (17%) were wild virus type 1 and 17 (18%) were non polio enteroviruses. No wild virus type 3 was detected from AFP cases and environmental samples in Sokoto State in 2012. Conclusion: The results confirm the prevailing immunity gap in polio high risk areas of Nigeria and pronounced immunity gap against type 2 polio virus in Sokoto. Long distance travelers such as nomads play important role in disseminating poliovirus. Special focus should be given to reach and vaccinate such underserved and migrant communities. In addition to the national campaigns with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) and trivalent oral polio vaccine (tOPV), an aggressive strategy should be adopted to mop up any detection of cVDPV in cases, contacts, or the environment.