Environmental Health Laboratory Research Articles

Environmental exposure to multiple chemical elements in Peruvian populations: a review of selected studies

Background Population-based exposure assessments for heavy metals and metalloids (by governmental and private institutions) are common in Peru, but most studies generally focus on the analysis of a single chemical element, like lead or mercury, and lack an appropriate reference regarding the health impact on the exposed population. The complex/mixed chemical interactions within the human body have not yet been studied for all long-term health effects. Methods We reviewed laboratory results from five studies, between 2005-2013, that analysed multiple elements (between 13 and 17 chemical elements in each study) in spot urine samples from Peruvian communities considered exposed and not exposed. All laboratory analysis were performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the Environmental Health Laboratory Division of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States. Results Six chemical elements (total arsenic, caesium, cobalt, lead, molybdenum, and thallium) were present in almost all spot urine samples (>98% of participants), evidencing exposure (qualitative assessment). Exposure to other chemical elements like barium, cadmium, tungsten, antimony and uranium, varied among localities, while chemical elements like beryllium and platinum were rarely detected (<3% and <10% of participants, respectively) in spot urine samples. Most geometric means of urine concentration for total arsenic, lead, cadmium and mercury are higher for the Peruvian locations than for national estimates in Canada and the United States, but not in all locations. Conclusion Comparing averages across different populations can be misleading but comparing periodic values from the same population in the future could evidence an exposure trend. Future studies are needed to develop reference levels for exposed Peruvian populations. This study highlights potential health risks from exposure to environmental chemical elements and can be the first step towards understanding and mitigating human exposure to heavy metals and metalloids for known exposed populations in Peru.

Effectiveness of Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cadmium (CD) and Mercury (HG) Levels on Green Mussels in Jakarta Bay by Absorption Coconut Shell Charcoal and Rice Husk Charcoal

Perna viridis otherwise known as “green mussel" is a shellfish that has high economic value, consumption of green mussels in Indonesia reaches 50,000 tons per year, and most of it comes from Jakarta Bay. Apart from being nutritious, shellfish are also often a source of food poisoning, research results on green mussels in Jakarta Bay almost all heavy metals are in it. The aim is to determine the Effectiveness of Adsorption of Heavy Metal Cadmium (Cd) and Mercury (Hg) Levels in Jakarta Bay Green Mussels Using Coconut Shell Charcoal and Rice Husk Charcoal at the Environmental Health Laboratory in 2023, this research method is experimental to determine the effectiveness of using variations of activated charcoal from coconut shells and rice husks in absorbing heavy metals in green kerrang from Jakarta Bay, this research was carried out in 2 stages over 2 years. Phase I of the research tested the effectiveness of variations in activated charcoal absorbent and the results of phase I showed that variations in the composition of activated charcoal from coconut shells and husks rice are as follows: A (control) B (100% CS), C (100% RH,) D (75% CS, 25% RH) E (50% CS, 50% RH), F (25% CS, 75% RH) with varying lengths of soaking time in water (0 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes) produced the most effective value in absorbing Cd (Cadmium) in all variations of activated charcoal composition and produced <0.033 mg/l in all research time variations are by SNI-06-6989.16-2004, while the results of statistical tests for the most effective absorption of mercury are in Variations A6, A9, B3, B6, B9, C3, C6, C9, D3, D6, D9 results < 1 mg / l meets the requirements according to SNI-06-6989.16-2004. It can be concluded that the higher the % composition of Rice Husk, the less effective it is in absorbing mercury levels in green mussels.

HUBUNGAN FAKTOR STRESS, KETERATURAN MAKAN DAN KONSUMSI MAKANAN ATAU MINUMAN IRRITATIF TERHADAP KEJADIAN SINDROM DISPEPSIA

Dyspepsia syndrome is one of the many digestive tract disorders which is often a complaint and is a public health problem. The incidence of dyspepsia in 2021 is expected to increase from 10 million to 28 million people, accounting for 11.3% of the total population in Indonesia. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between stress factors, eating regularity, and consumption of irritative food or drinks on the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome in final year students of D.IV Study Program, Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar.This research is an analytical research with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted online at the Department of Physiotherapy, Dental Nursing, partly for the Department of Environmental Health, Medical Laboratory Technology, Pharmacy and Nutrition and offline partly for the Department of Environmental Health, Nutrition, Pharmacy and Medical Laboratory Technology. The research was conducted in November 2022 - February 2023. The research sample was final year students of the Makassar Ministry of Health Poltekkes with a total of 198 people using a random sampling system. Data on stress factors, eating regularity, consumption of irritative food or drinks and dyspepsia syndrome were obtained using a questionnaire. Data from the results of this study were processed by statistical tests using the chi-square test.The results showed that there was a relationship between stress level and the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome (P = 0.00), there was no relationship between eating regularity and the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome (P = 0.257), there was no relationship between consumption of irritative food or drink with the incidence of dyspepsia syndrome (P = 0.440).Suggestions for students to motivate themselves to consume food regularly, reduce consumption of irritating foods or drinks, and habits that can cause stress in order to avoid dyspepsia syndrome.Keywords : irritative , stress, dyspepsia syndrome.

Characteristics of Nitrate Pollution in Shallow Groundwater on the South Slope of Mount Merapi, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Groundwater is the primary clean water source for most Indonesian society. The increasing use of groundwater is inevitable due to the rapid development in Indonesia, particularly in Yogyakarta. Shallow aquifers are vulnerable to contamination due to anthropogenic influences. Therefore, this research aims to determine shallow groundwater's physicochemical and chemical characteristics on the southern slope of Mount Merapi, specifically focusing on nitrate and chloride concentrations in groundwater. This research collected monthly data from eighteen dug wells or springs and rainfall data in the study area during the rainy and dry seasons from August 2022 to January 2023. The analyzing sample used argentometry to determine chloride concentration and ultraviolet spectrophotometric to determine nitrate concentration in Yogyakarta Environmental Health and Disease Control Technical Center (BBTKLPP) laboratory. The physicochemical parameters were tested directly in the field using Hanna instruments. The results indicate that a significant portion of shallow groundwater has high nitrate concentrations, corresponding to the growing settlements in the research area. Furthermore, according to the comparison graph between nitrate and chloride, the nitrate source was indicated as anthropogenic. Fecal matter from sanitation practices using septic tanks will likely influence the nitrate increase.

Predicting Legionella contamination in cooling towers and evaporative condensers from microbiological and physicochemical parameters.

Inhalation of Legionella-containing aerosols generated by cooling towers (CT) and evaporative condensers (EC) where water risk management is not performed correctly has been linked to a high percentage of community outbreaks of Legionnaires' disease (LD). Likewise, microbiological and physicochemical characteristics of the water in these facilities have been associated with this bacterium. The main aim of this study was to assess the risk of Legionella colonization in CT and EC based on the data for microbiological and physicochemical water quality provided by the Environmental Health Department and Laboratory of the City Council of L'Hospitalet de Llobregat (Barcelona, Spain). Legionella was analysed in 789 samples collected from 127 CT and EC in 46 companies in Catalonia from 2002 to 2019. A two-step logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the risk of colonization by Legionella in the studied facilities according to the microbiological (aerobic heterotrophic bacteria) and physicochemical (pH, alkalinity, hardness, turbidity, conductivity, total iron and Langelier Index) water parameters. The optimal cut-off points for the water parameters predictive of Legionella contamination were defined as the values on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve where sensitivity and specificity were jointly maximized. Legionella was isolated in 8.49% of the 789 analysed samples, 22.39% of which were heavily contaminated (with counts higher than 1.0×104CFU/l). L. pneumophila was isolated in 82.09% of the samples, with 41.82% belonging to serogroup 1. Logistic regression analysis revealed that aerobic heterotrophic bacteria concentrations ≥6.90×102CFU/ml [Odds ratios (OR) (95% CI)=3.56 (1.39-9.43), p=0.01], a pH≥8.70 [OR (95% CI)=3.60 (1.34-10.09), p=0.01], and water hardness ≥5.72×102mg/l [OR (95% CI)=6.30 (2.34-18.56), p<0.001] were each independently associated with a higher risk of CT and EC colonization by Legionella. The present study shows the importance of risk assessment for improving the control measures aimed at preventing or reducing Legionella populations in CT and EC, thus minimizing potential dangers for public health.

Oil Spill in Brazil—Analysis of Vulnerabilities and Socio-Environmental Conflicts

The 2019 oil spill was considered the largest environmental disaster in the Brazilian Northeastern coast. It was associated with mostly ineffective government actions, thus intensifying historical vulnerabilities faced by local populations. We aimed to analyze the environmental conflicts and injustices and the socio-environmental, economic, and health vulnerabilities arising from the oil spill, considering the COVID-19 pandemic, impacting artisanal fishing communities of the Northeastern coast. A document-based, qualitative, cross-sectional research was carried out between September 2019 and October 2022, in open access secondary databases, and using field diaries from research of the Environmental Health and Work Laboratory (LASAT) of the Aggeu Magalhães Institute of the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation. The disaster caused situations of injustice and environmental conflicts that had negative repercussions in the territories with socioeconomic impacts, on the environment, and on the health of the population. The entire marine environment was affected, resulting in physical and chemical alterations. The health vulnerabilities faced by local people were intensified, influencing the social determination of the health–disease process. The local economy was extremely affected, generating job insecurity and several socio-cultural problems. It is essential to build environmental and health diagnoses for remedial measures in disasters such as the oil spill.

The Assessment of Heavy Metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd) in Selected Vegetables in Kota Bharu Kelantan

Most heavy metals are naturally occurring [1] and some are derived from human activities [2]. Because of the widespread dispersion of these heavy metals in Kelantan's soil [3-8], there is a need to monitor their amounts, particularly in foods. This is due to heavy metals in soil being taken up by crops via transfusion [9]. Heavy metals are biomagnified and bioaccumulated in the bodies of humans and animals who consume heavy metal-contaminated plants [10]. Hence, this study aimed to assess the heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd) in chili, cucumber, round cabbage, and okra.&#x0D; The samples were transported to the Environmental and Occupational Health Laboratory in Universiti Sains Malaysia Kubang Kerian using a cold box. The samples were cut into small pieces and oven-dried at 60°C-70°C for three days. The dried samples were then crushed into powder and processed using the acid-wet digestion method. Finally, the samples were analysed for the heavy metals' concentration (Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, and Cd) using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (GFAAS). A Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the heavy metals concentration in vegetables (chili and cucumber) between Kampung Binjai and Bunut Payung.&#x0D; &#x0D; The result showed that chili in Kampung Binjai had a higher Pb (p=0.001) and Cd level (p=0.006); whereas cucumber in Bunut Payung had a higher Pb (p=0.001), Zn (p=0.002) and Cd level (p=0.002). The Kruskal Wallis test also showed that Zn (p=0.001), Cu (p=0.020), and Cd concentrations (p=0.001) were significantly different among the vegetables. A posthoc test was performed to determine further the pairs of vegetables that were significantly different from each other. The heavy metals concentrations in the vegetable samples were then compared with the permissible limit set by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)/ World Health Organisation (WHO) and Malaysian Food Regulation 1985. Among all the vegetables tested, Pb concentration (mean ± SD) in chili (0.1189 mg/kg ± 0.02), round cabbage (0.06589 mg/kg ± 0.01) in Kampung Binjai, and cucumber (0.1564 mg/kg ± 0.06) and okra (0.0677 mg/kg ± 0.02) in Bunut Payung had exceeded the permissible limit set by the FAO/ WHO. However, the heavy metals in these vegetables were within the permissible limit set by Malaysia Food Regulation 1985.&#x0D; &#x0D; Even though Pb concentration in some samples exceeded the standard level, most samples were safe to consume. However, traces of Pb and Cd are not supposed to be present in the vegetables. This is due to human body does not require these heavy metals, as they will harm the human body [11]. Therefore, various agencies should address this issue. Consumers should also be mindful of the consumption frequency and variation of vegetables, especially children, because they have a higher nutrient absorption capacity than adults and engage in the hand-to-mouth activity.

Interlaboratory performance and quantitative PCR data acceptance metrics for NIST SRM® 2917

Surface water quality quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technologies are expanding from a subject of research to routine environmental and public health laboratory testing. Readily available, reliable reference material is needed to interpret qPCR measurements, particularly across laboratories. Standard Reference Material® 2917 (NIST SRM® 2917) is a DNA plasmid construct that functions with multiple water quality qPCR assays allowing for estimation of total fecal pollution and identification of key fecal sources. This study investigates SRM 2917 interlaboratory performance based on repeated measures of 12 qPCR assays by 14 laboratories (n = 1008 instrument runs). Using a Bayesian approach, single-instrument run data are combined to generate assay-specific global calibration models allowing for characterization of within- and between-lab variability. Comparable data sets generated by two additional laboratories are used to assess new SRM 2917 data acceptance metrics. SRM 2917 allows for reproducible single-instrument run calibration models across laboratories, regardless of qPCR assay. In addition, global models offer multiple data acceptance metric options that future users can employ to minimize variability, improve comparability of data across laboratories, and increase confidence in qPCR measurements.

Test for Bacterial Content in Soy Sauce and Tomato Sauce at Masomba Market, Palu City

The development of industrial food products that are growing rapidly and are ready-to-eat, make people increasingly fond of complementary food products, namely sauces and soy sauce. Even the food consumed is of particular concern because it causes many losses, such as patients who are poisoned or whose digestion is disrupted due to the food being consumed has been contaminated by materials or microorganisms. This study aims to determine the bacterial content of various brands of soy sauce and tomato sauce in Masomba market, Palu City. The method used in this research is descriptive research using an observational approach where in practice this study aims to determine the presence or absence of bacteria in soy sauce and tomato sauce of various brands in Masomba Palu market. Based on the results of research conducted on ten samples of soy sauce and tomato sauce sold at the Masomba market in Palu which was carried out at the Environmental Health Laboratory of Poltekkes, the Ministry of Health, Palu, it was found that one positive sample contained Eschercia coli and Staphlococcus bacteria, namely the soy sauce sample E with MPN number 43, and Staphlococcus. aureus with 12 colonies. This study suggests that soy sauce producers should increase the selection of good raw materials and improve the sanitation of soy sauce making. For the community, it is expected to be more careful in choosing the soy sauce snacks that will be consumed. For further researchers, it is hoped that they will be able to examine other pathogenic bacteria and check the content of other food additives contained in soy sauce such as preservatives, thickeners.

Rotten Fruit and Cow Rumen as Local Microorganisms for Producing High-Quality Compost

Compost is an organic fertilizer that is utilized for farming to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizer. Compost utilization can improve the characteristics of soil and soil microbiology. Experiments were conducted in the Environmental Health Laboratory at Surya Mitra Husada Academy of Health, Kediri, Regional Health Laboratory of Kediri City, and Biology Laboratory and Soil Laboratory at Brawijaya University in May 2017. This study aims to discover the effects of concentration and fermentation period of rotten fruit and cow rumen on the quality of local microorganisms and compost. This study used a factorial Randomized Block Design (RBD) and 2 levels of rotten fruit and cow rumen concentration, 150 grams and 250 grams. These were fermented for different periods, 10 days and 20 days. The observed parameters were biological characteristics (bacterial population) and chemical characteristics (pH, Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K).and carbon/nitrogen (C/N)). The results show that the concentration levels and fermentation periods had significant and insignificant values. The largest bacterial populations of cellulolytic microbes were 6.65 x 106 (local microorganisms) and 5 x 106 (compost). The highest pH levels were 3.11 (local microorganisms) and 7 (compost). The highest temperature was 29.50C (local microorganisms and compost). The highest levels of Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K) were 7.26, 0.146, 0.067, and 0.409 respectively in Local microorganisms, while in compost, the values were 8.47, 0.81, 0.36, and 0.81 respectively. The highest carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios were 86 local microorganisms and 11 (compost).

Management of Expired Liquid Chemicals in Gunung Batu’s Chemistry Laboratory of Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Bandung in 2018

Introduction: Hazardous waste materials can be generated from laboratory use sourced from expired chemicals. The purpose of this study examines how the management of expired chemicals in Gunung Batu’s chemistry laboratory of Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Bandung. Method: This study used descriptive case study observational design. The study population was all chemistry laboratory managers and all expired liquid chemicals of Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Bandung in 2018 with a total sampling method. The variables studied were volume, the amount based on its characteristics, reduction stage, packaging stage, storage stage, collection stage, utilization stage, processing stage, and accumulation of liquid chemicals. The laboratories studied were the environmental health, nutrition, and health analyst laboratory. The result of interviews and observations collected data collection, and then it was used to analyze. Result and Discussion: The results of the expired liquid chemical volume measurement at Gunung Batu’s chemistry laboratory Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Bandung in 2018, were 108,138 milliliters. The expired liquid chemical measurement results based on their characteristics obtained results as many as 4.2% explosive, 50% flammable, 33.3% corrosive, and 12.5% toxic. According to observations and interviews, the chemistry laboratory has not implemented seven stages of chemical management correctly. Conclusion: The management of expired liquid chemicals in Gunung Batu’s chemistry laboratory at Health Polytechnic of the Ministry of Health Bandung in 2018, does not fulfill the requirements.

Risk Analysis of Occupational Disease and Accident in Environmental Health Laboratory

Risk analysis is a process to identify hazards by calculating the size of the risks and determining whether a risk is acceptable or not. The purpose of this study is to do hazard identification and risk assessment in environmental health laboratories at Faculty of Public Health at Universitas Airlangga. This study was included in an observational and cross sectional study based on the time of his research. Primary data is obtained through laboratory observations and interviews with reports presented in the form of tables and diagrams then analyzed descriptively. The results of this study indicate that in environmental health laboratories Faculty of Public Health Universitas Airlangga there are 10 potential hazards with 12 risks out of 4 activities. Based on the results of the risk assessment, from 12 risks there are 5 types of risks with low risk category, 4 types of risk for with moderate risk category, and 3 types of risk with high risk category. The conclusion of this study is that the greatest risk level in environmental health laboratories is low risk category of 41.67%. While for the moderate risk category was 33.33% and the high risk category was 25%. Risks with high risk categories include power failure, fire, and explosion at a time caused by the flow of electric current and chemical reactions carried out in the laboratory.

The Role of the iPad Tablet in Higher Education Science Teaching

At the University of Applied Health Sciences, the iPad tablets are used at the undergraduate professional study programs Environmental Health Engineering and Laboratory Medical Diagnostics as part of the practical classes in Biology and Chemistry. Four applications are used within the framework of the unit titled “Preparing Solutions”, “Periodic Table”, “Molarity”, “Chemist” and “Beaker”. Within the class on Biology, tablet computer applications are used to cover subject matter dealing with Genetics and Cell Structure (application “Cytogenetics”, “Diseases and disorders”, “Gene Screen”, “Population Genetics” and “Cell World”). Though e-teaching certainly cannot replace the classic course teaching, it is greatly beneficial for easier acquiring of the course subject matter.

PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH SAYURAN MENJADI KOMPOS DENGAN METODE TAKAKURA

The increasing household activity is increasing also the amount of vegetables waste produced will cause a pile of decomposed waste, so that proper waste management is needed. The processing of waste done by the Community is still conventional that takes a long time so needed an innovation by re-utilizing garbage into compost with the method Takakura. This research aims to determine the comparison of physical parameters (temperature, pH, humidity, smell, color and texture) between the control group and the treatment group in making compost with Takakura method. This research method utilizes an experimental semi-quasi design with a control group and a treatment group conducted in the Environmental Health Laboratory of PSDKU Airlangga University in Banyuwangi during February-April 2019. The results showed that the parameters of physical quality compost vegetable waste without the addition of bioaktivator is the temperature of 29oC, pH 6.8, humidity 45%, colored blackish, smelling soil and texture like soil. While the parameters of physical quality compost vegetable garbage with the addition of Bioaktivator EM4 is 30oC temperature, pH 6.8, humidity 50%, colored blackish, smelling soil and texture like soil. Conclusion of making compost with vegetable garbage method Takakura obtained the temperature parameter of the treatment group higher than the control group, the pH of both groups, the humidity of the treatment group is higher or moist than With the control group as well as the color, smell and texture of both groups in accordance with the guidelines SNI 19-7030-2004.&#x0D; Keywords: compost, EM4, vegetable waste, takakura

FAKTOR YANG BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN KINERJA PETUGAS DALAM MENERAPKAN STANDAR OPERASIONAL PROSEDUR DI UPT LABORATORIUM KESEHATAN DAN LINGKUNGAN DINAS KESEHATAN PROVINSI RIAU

Standard Operating Procedure is a guideline for performing job tasks in accordance with the function and tool of government performance appraisal based on technical, administrative and procedural indicators in accordance with work procedures, working procedures and work system in the work unit concerned. UPT Labor Health Environment Dinas Kesehatan Riau Province, is one of the health laboratory in Pekanbaru City and has implemented Standard Operating Procedure. However, there are still many officers who do not perform their duties in accordance, this affects the quality of services provided by the health laboratory to the community. This study aims to determine the related factors associated with the performance of officers in applying in the Integrated Service Unit of the Environmental Health Laboratory of the Riau Province Health Office. This type of research is quantitative using Cross-sectional design. The study was conducted on November 2017 at UPT Health Laboratory of Health Department of Riau Province. Population in this research is all officer in UPT Health Laboratory of Health Department of Riau Province with amount of sample counted 52 people and sampling in total sampling. The measuring tool used is the questionnaire. The analysis was done univariat and bivariate. The results showed that there was a relationship between the initiative, discipline, training and the authority with the performance of the officers at UPT Environmental Health Laboratory of the Riau Province Health Office. It is expected that the officers at UPT Environmental Health Laboratory of the Riau Province Health Office Laboratoorium to improve their performance so that improve the work quality.

Label Identification And Bacteriological Quality Assessment Of Sambel Pecel (Peanuts Dressing Sauce) Product In Madiun City

Food product requirements before distribution to consumers are including of the proper food labeling, and zero count of Eschericia coli bacteria. This study aims to identify the labeling process and bacteriological examination (Eschericia coli) on javanese peanut dressing sauce (sambel pecel) product in Madiun city. The research is an observational research whereas data is analyzeddescriptively by cross sectional study design. This study used observations andinterview in obtaining data regarding the completeness of labeling. bacteriological examination (Eschericia coli) was performed by Environmental Health Laboratory of Health Polytechnic of Ministry of Health Surabaya for the total sample of 15 sambel pecel products. All of sambel pecel products in Madiun are without a complete label andwere inconsistent with the standards of the Governmental Regulations of food label and advertisement regulation.Each product is required to implement eleven label component such as product name, composition, net weight, expiration date, name and address of producer, label of halal, and consument information for disability occurs. Five out of 15 products were positively contain Eschericia coli bacteria while the products based on regulation about food, that it must be 0 (zero). Thus it can be suggested for Trade and Industry Service of Madiun toimplement stringent selection and monitoring process before distribute the product to general population.

Trace Metals Screening Process of Devices Used for the Collection, Analysis, and Storage of Biological Specimens

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) Environmental Health Laboratory uses modified versions of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) analytical methods to quantify metals contamination present in items that will come into contact with patient samples during the pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical stages. This lot screening process allows us to reduce the likelihood of introducing contamination which can lead to falsely elevated results. This is particularly important when looking at biomonitoring levels in humans which tend to be near the limit of detection of many methods. The fundamental requirements for a lot screening program in terms of facilities and processes are presented along with a discussion of sample preparation techniques used for lot screening. The criteria used to evaluate the lot screening data to determine the acceptability of a particular manufacturing lot is presented as well. As a result of lot testing, unsuitable manufactured lots are identified and excluded from use.

Description of Shrimp Consumption Contains Chlorine to Gastrointestinal Health Effects among Sub Contract Workers in Company X

One type of chlorine that is commonly used in industry is sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is not included into one of permitted food additives because it can cause of health effects such as burns of the mouth and throat, gastrointestinal irritation, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. This research was purpose to analyze the description of shrimp consumption containing chlorine and gastrointestinal health effects in sub contract workers’s in Company X’s sub contract worker. This study was used cross sectional as design study with descriptive analysis. Sample was determined by using total population of 9 workers. The level of chlorine in shrimp was measure in the Environmental Health Laboratory, Public Health Faculty of Universitas Airlangga. Worker characteristics and gastrointestinal health effects had been known by questionnaires. The results of chlorine test in shrimp were positive and the largest residual levels were 1.5 ppm. Result showed that 77.8% of respondents had low category of gastrointestinal health effects and 22.2% of respondents had moderate category of gastrointestinal health effects. It can be concluded that gastrointestinal health effects were higher in sub contract workers with low category, at age 35–44 years old with 4–14 years of working experience, has been 9–23 years consuming shrimp that boiled 2 times with clean water, frequency of consumption is 4–7 times each month and volume of each consumption is 0.5–1.05 grams. Workers should eliminate their habit of consumption chlorinated shrimp at X Company, while X company should reinforce the regulation with sanctions related eating shrimp which exposed by chlorine.

HUBUNGAN PERSEPSI MUTU PELAYANAN DENGAN KEPUASAN PELANGGAN

This study aims to determine the impact of service quality on customer satisfaction in UPT. The Environmental Health office and Laboratory Riau Province. Respondents in this study were patient in Laboratory of Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Riau of 96 people. Based on the results of hypothesis testing using simple linear regression analysis method and processed by using SPSS program version 16.0, the results obtained that In the coefficient of determination (R²), obtained value R = 0.585 this means the influence of independent variables (Service Quality) to the dependent variable (Customer Satisfaction) is 58.5%. While the remaining 41.5% is influenced by other variables that are not included in this regression model.Keywords: Service Quality, Customer Satisfaction

Kualitas Kimia Air Sumur di Perum Pondok Baru Permai Desa Bulak Rejo Kecamatan Sukoharjo Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Tahun 2015

The standard thresholds for drinking water and clean water for domestic needs are regulated by The Decree of Minister of Health No. 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010. The condition of water quality in Pondok Baru Permai Dwelling Complex at Bulak Rejo of Sukoharjo regency is poor. Physically, the water is having putrid odor, turbid and leaving yellowish and brownish color both in the wa-ter itself and also on bathrooms’ walls. Those indicate that the water contains Fe that exceeding the threshold. The research was an analytical observational study with cross sectional design. The data collected were primary quantitative ones as the measurement results of physical and chemical parameters of the water that consisted of: color, TDS, iron, total hardness, chloride, manganese, nitrite, pH, and sulphate. The measurements were conducted at the Environmental Health Laboratory of Sukoharjo Regency. Twenty artesian wells in the study location were se-lected by total sampling technique. The variables under study were environmental factors, i.e. distance from well to pollutant source, number of pollutant source for each well, well’s physical condition and type, and well’s water quality. Bivariate analysis was conducted by using Chi-Square test. The results show that most of the existing artesian wells have fulfilled the requisite for clean water source. However, one well is identified as under standard for drinking and clean water source because containing Fe, and five wells have Mn level that exceeding the thre-sholds for both drinking and clean water. Distance to pollutant, number of pollutant, well’s phy-sical condition and type correlate significantly with color, manganese level, pH and organic sub-stance of the wells.