Environmental Feedback Research Articles

Evolutionary games with environmental feedbacks under an external incentive mechanism

Compared with the mandatory personal carbon trading, mechanisms that encourage individuals to voluntarily participate in carbon emission reduction are more easily accepted, such as the CGSP (Carbon Generalized System of Preferences) project in Guangdong Province, China. Carbon emission reduction, as a joint effort of multiple generations, involves interest conflicts between individuals and groups in one single generation, as well as multigenerational conflicts. By establishing the interaction between local environmental quality and individual returns, we build a public goods game with environmental feedback to simulate ecological and social coevolution. In this game with the CGSP mechanism, cooperators who reduce carbon emissions receive carbon credits, with which they can exchange for welfare funds to invest in environmental protection (denoted as AC) or for goods to improve their personal payoffs (BC). Individuals who do not contribute anything to improve the environment are called defectors (D). To study the impact of CGSP as an external incentive mechanism on cooperation, we explore the stationary states of three systems. In addition, we study the mechanisms behind some phases and phase transitions by monitoring the spatial distribution of strategies and the environmental quality of each region. The results show that a higher subsidy is not always better, whether cooperators exchange carbon credits for goods or welfare funds. Furthermore, ACs can effectively improve the spatial competitiveness of BC clusters, but BCs as ‘second-order free-riders’ can inhibit the spread of ACs. Indirect territorial competition between two types of cooperators can solve such a ‘second-order social dilemma’.

External Ventricular Drain Placement Teleproctoring Using a Novel Camera-Projector Navigation System: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Teleproctoring is an emerging method of bedside clinical teaching; however, its feasibility has been limited by the available technologies. The use of novel tools that incorporate 3-dimensional environmental information and feedback might offer better bedside teaching options for neurosurgical procedures, including external ventricular drain placement. A platform with a camera-projector system was used to proctor medical students on placing external ventricular drains on an anatomic model as a proof-of-concept study. Three-dimensional depth information of the model and surrounding environment was captured by the camera system and provided to the proctor who could provide projected annotations in a geometrically compensated manner onto the head model in real time. The medical students were randomized to identify Kocher's point on the anatomic model with or without the navigation system. The time required to identify Kocher's point and the accuracy were measured as a proxy for determining the effectiveness of the navigation proctoring system. Twenty students were enrolled in the present study. Those in the experimental group identified Kocher's point an average of 130 seconds faster than did the control group (P < 0.001). The mean diagonal distance from Kocher's point was 8.0 ± 4.29 mm for the experimental group compared with 23.6 ± 21.98 mm for the control group (P= 0.053). Of the 10 students randomized to the camera-projector system arm, 70% were accurate to within 1 cm of Kocher's point compared with 40% of the control arm (P > 0.05). Camera-projector systems for bedside procedure proctoring and navigation are a viable and valuable technology. We demonstrated its viability for external ventricular drain placement as a proof-of-concept. However, the versatility of this technology indicates that that it could be useful for a variety of even more complex neurosurgical procedures.

Physiological selectivity and plant–environment feedbacks during Middle and Late Pennsylvanian plant community transitions

Abstract A series of vegetation changes take place in tropical ecosystems during the Pennsylvanian Subperiod. The most notable change, recognizable from palynology and plant macrofossils at the Middle and Late Pennsylvanian boundary in the Illinois Basin, is the extirpation, or local extinction, of certain lineages of arborescent lycopsids, followed by their replacement by stem group marattialean tree ferns. The leading hypothesis suggests a significant change in precipitation regime as the cause. To test this hypothesis, we examine the vascular anatomy and physiology of key lineages of Pennsylvanian plants: the sphenopsids, tree ferns, cordaitaleans, medullosans, lycophytes and extrabasinal stem group coniferophytes. Using scanning electron and light microscopy of fossilized anatomy, we provide new data on these plants’ vascular systems, quantifying their physiological capacity and drought resistance. We find that three Pennsylvanian plant lineages – the medullosans, arborescent lycopsids and Sphenophyllum – contain high hydraulic conductivity but are vulnerable to drought-induced damage, whereas others are resistant, including stem group tree ferns and coniferophytes. Relative abundance changes among these plants were likely driven by drought, and differences in water use efficiency would have amplified drought events as plant communities changed. The interaction of physiological selectivity and positive feedback between aridity and drought tolerance likely played a significant role in Late Paleozoic floral changes.

Extending eco-evolutionary theory with oligomorphic dynamics.

Understanding the interplay between ecological processes and the evolutionary dynamics of quantitative traits in natural systems remains a major challenge. Two main theoretical frameworks are used to address this question, adaptive dynamics and quantitative genetics, both of which have strengths and limitations and are often used by distinct research communities to address different questions. In order to make progress, new theoretical developments are needed that integrate these approaches and strengthen the link to empirical data. Here, we discuss a novel theoretical framework that bridges the gap between quantitative genetics and adaptive dynamics approaches. 'Oligomorphic dynamics' can be used to analyse eco-evolutionary dynamics across different time scales and extends quantitative genetics theory to account for multimodal trait distributions, the dynamical nature of genetic variance, the potential for disruptive selection due to ecological feedbacks, and the non-normal or skewed trait distributions encountered in nature. Oligomorphic dynamics explicitly takes into account the effect of environmental feedback, such as frequency- and density-dependent selection, on the dynamics of multi-modal trait distributions and we argue it has the potential to facilitate a much tighter integration between eco-evolutionary theory and empirical data.

A household-scale life cycle assessment model for understanding the food-energy-water nexus

The household is an important locus of decision-making regarding food, energy, and water (FEW) consumption. Changes in household FEW consumption behaviors can lead to significant reductions in environmental impacts, but it can be difficult for consumers to compare the relative impacts of their consumption quantitatively, or to recognize the indirect impacts of their household consumption patterns. We describe two novel tools designed to address this problem: A hybrid life cycle assessment (LCA) framework to translate household consumption of food, energy, and water into key environmental impacts including greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and water use; and a novel software application called HomeTracker that implements the framework by collecting household FEW data and providing environmental impact feedback to households. We explore the question: How can a life cycle assessment-based software application facilitate collection and translation of household consumption data to meaningful environmental impact metrics? A case study in Lake County, Illinois is presented to illustrate use of the HomeTracker application. Output data describing environmental impacts attributable to household FEW consumption in the study area are shown in order to illustrate key features and trends observed in the case study population. The framework and its associated output data can be used to support experimental research at the household scale, allowing for examination of what users purchase and consume over an extended period of time as well as increased understanding of household behavior trends and environmental impacts, and as future work.

Design and Assessment of Survey in a 360-Degree Feedback Environment for Student Satisfaction Analysis Applied to Industrial Engineering Degrees in Spain

The number of students enrolled in engineering studies in Spain is in decline, mainly due to the difficulty in passing the subjects, whose factors may be linked to the science-related content of the subject, a very demanding evaluation system or a lack of active participation of students. The main objective of this study is to provide the student with a 360-degree feedback tool and a survey, from which lecturers can extract the degree of satisfaction of students in its application in a standardized way in scientific-technological activities of BSc/MSc in industrial engineering to quantify learning and motivation. The involvement of students in the assessment process was carried out in three phases: peer-assessment (among students), self-assessment (student himself) and hetero-assessment (teaching staff). After that, a survey was designed, which was validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Ninety-nine percent of the students valued this evaluation experience very positively with respect to the objectivity of the criteria used in the methodology and the material provided by the teaching staff. The fact that only 37.5% of the students considered this experience very favorable for their learning and self-training shows the importance of the teaching staff in their learning process and suggests a need to find complementary improvements to this evaluation system in industrial engineering degrees.

Linking the dust and chemical evolution: Taurus and Perseus

Context. HCN, HNC, and their isotopologues are ubiquitous molecules that can serve as chemical thermometers and evolutionary tracers to characterize star-forming regions. Despite their importance in carrying information that is vital to studies of the chemistry and evolution of star-forming regions, the collision rates of some of these molecules have not been available for rigorous studies in the past. Aims. Our goal is to perform an up-to-date gas and dust chemical characterization of two different star-forming regions, TMC 1-C and NGC 1333-C7, using new collisional rates of HCN, HNC, and their isotopologues. We investigated the possible effects of the environment and stellar feedback in their chemistry and their evolution. Methods. We used updated collisional rates of HCN, HNC, and their isotopologues in our analysis of the chemistry of TMC 1-C (Taurus) and NGC 1333-C7 (Perseus). With millimeter observations, we derived their column densities, the C and N isotopic fractions, the isomeric ratios, and the deuterium fractionation. The continuum data at 3 mm and 850 µm allowed us to compute the emissivity spectral index and look for grain growth as an evolutionary tracer. Results. The H13CN/HN13C ratio is anticorrelated with the deuterium fraction of HCN, thus it can readily serve as a proxy for the temperature. The spectral index (β ~ 1.34–2.09) shows a tentative anticorrelation with the H13CN/HN13C ratio, suggesting grain growth in the evolved, hotter, and less deuterated sources. Unlike TMC 1-C, the south-to-north gradient in dust temperature and spectral index observed in NGC 1333-C7 suggests feedback from the main NGC 1333 cloud. Conclusions. With this up-to-date characterization of two star-forming regions, we found that the chemistry and the physical properties are tightly related. The dust temperature, deuterium fraction, and the spectral index are complementary evolutionary tracers. The large-scale environmental factors may dominate the chemistry and evolution in clustered star-forming regions.

3D Printing in LMICs: Functional Design for Upper Limb Prosthetics in Uganda

Meeting the needs of persons with upper limb loss in Uganda requires an understanding of the needs and desires of the local population. The limitations of resources and accessibility for the individual gave rise to a focused design methodology for delivering a culturally acceptable solution using 3D Printing technology. A series of co-design activities were held in Uganda and provided direct feedback to drive the design of two prototypes based on acceptable aesthetics and priority Activities of Daily Living. Two terminal device prototypes were 3D printed in the UK. These can be directly attached to a standard proximal socket thread. The passive hand was printed in a flexible filament and the prehensor was printed in a durable impact resistant material. Local researchers in Uganda have similar 3D printers, filaments, and assembly hardware, which allowed for concurrent development and refinement of the prototypes. Local participation provides a rich user feedback environment to understand which elements of prosthetic device design are integral to delivering acceptable prosthetics solutions for fabrication in Uganda. 3D printing can provide a viable route to addressing the needs of the user. The proposed terminal devices are now in the process of being printed locally for field testing.

The role of the feedback environment in expatriate adjustment

PurposeThe purpose of the present study is to examine the role of the feedback environment in expatriate adjustment and subsequent performance. Based on newcomer adaptation and sensemaking theories, the authors proposed that the supervisor and coworker feedback environments would serve as informational resources, reducing the ambiguity associated with the expatriate's new setting.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted with a broad sample of assigned expatriates (N = 95) originating from 33 different countries and currently working in 35 different host countries. Mediation analysis using a bootstrapping methodology was conducted to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe authors found that the supervisor feedback environment and coworker feedback environment were both related to expatriate adjustment through role clarity. The authors also found that the supervisor feedback environment was indirectly related to expatriate job performance and intent to leave the international assignment through both role clarity and adjustment.Originality/valueThis study examines the extent to which the supervisor and coworker feedback environments enable expatriates on an international assignment. Expatriates face challenges that may be ameliorated by constructive feedback practices. The authors discuss how organizations can improve expatriate sensemaking and adjustment through improved feedback practices.

Integration of Dynamic Models and Virtual Reality for the Training of Steam Generator Operators

Abstract The goal of the PITSTOP (Immersive platform for structured operator training) project is to overcome the limits of traditional workplace training on dangerous systems and reduce the related risks, using an innovative integration of engineering simulation models and virtual reality (VR) tools. This article specifically presents the first VR platform for training on small-scale industrial steam generators, representative of a vast class of hazardous industrial equipment. The dynamic model of the steam generator was developed in matlab-simulink using a mixed physics-based and data-driven approach. The generator model includes the main engineering components, actuators and measuring equipment, as well as control logic and emergency procedures. It can simulate normal operations and emergency situations. The model was calibrated using experimental data collected from the real system at various operating conditions to align simulated performance with the real behavior. The VR environment was developed in Unity, a graphics engine widely adopted by the videogame industry, using three-dimensional computer-aided design models of the steam generator and its surroundings. The user can access this immersive system wearing an HTC Vive headset. Unlike most existing training systems, learners can interact with the actuators using bare hands gestures, without controllers, making the experience intuitive and easily accessible. By connecting the dynamic model with the VR environment, the user's interactions are directly provided to the steam generator model, which in turn directly outputs the steam generator response to the VR environment, providing audio and visual feedback to the user, as if they were actually acting on the real generator. The results from this study could boost the further development of training platforms to safely train operators and certify their competence.

Modelling fine scale route choice of upstream migrating fish as they approach an instream structure

This study used pattern-oriented modelling (POM) to investigate the space use and behavioural response of upstream migrating European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis) to the two-dimensional hydrodynamic conditions created by an instream structure (triangular profile gauging weir). Passive Integrated Transponder (PIT) and acoustic telemetry were used to map the spatial-temporal distribution patterns of lamprey as they migrated upstream. Acoustic Doppler velocimetry and computer modelling were used to quantify the hydrodynamic environment. In adherence with the POM methodology, multiple movement models, incorporating increasingly complex environmental feedback mechanisms and behavioural rules were created and systematically assessed to identify which factors might reproduce the observed patterns. The best model was a spatially explicit Eulerian-Lagrangian Individual Based Model (IBM) that included two simple behaviours: 1) tortuous non-directed swimming when in low flow velocity (< 0.1 m s−1) and 2) persistent directed (against the flow) swimming in moderate to high flow velocity (≥ 0.1 m s−1). The POM indicated that flow heterogeneity was an important influence of lamprey space use and that simple behavioural rules (i.e. two separate movement behaviours in response to flow velocity) were sufficient to reproduce the main movement pattern observed: avoidance of flow recirculating regions near the banks. The combination of field telemetry, hydrodynamic modelling and POM provided a useful framework for systematically identifying the key factors (hydrodynamic and behavioural) that governed the space use of the target species and would likely work well for investigating similar relationships in other aquatic species.

Respiratory rhythm affects recalibration of body ownership

Change in body perception requires recalibration of various sensory inputs. However, it is less known how information other than sensations relates to the recalibration of body perception. Here, we focused on the relationship between respiration and cognition and investigated whether respiratory rhythms are related to the recalibration of hand perception. We built a visual feedback environment, in which a mannequin hand moved in conjunction with its own respiratory rhythm, and participants performed an experiment under conditions in congruency/incongruency for spatial and temporal factors. The temporal and spatial congruency between own respiratory rhythm and the mannequin hand markedly facilitated the phenomenon of hand ownership sense transfer to the mannequin hand, while incongruency had little effect on the change in hand ownership. The finding suggests that an internal model in the brain allows respiratory rhythms to be involved in the adaptation of the body’s neural representations.

Evaluation of global gridded crop models in simulating sugarcane yield in China

Sugarcane provides around 80% of the world's sugar production and is also one of the most efficient bioenergy crops. China is the third largest sugarcane-producing country in the world, and skillful simulation of the sugarcane yield in China is thus vital for global production and the trade of sugar and ethanol. Global Gridded Crop Models (GGCMs) are commonly used to predict global and regional crop yield as well as to assess the impacts of climate, environment, and agronomic management changes and feedbacks of crop growth. So far, two GGCMs (CLM5-crop and LPJmL) have been able to model sugarcane, but their performance in China remains unknown. In this study, the authors comprehensively evaluated the sugarcane yield simulations of these two models for the period 1980–2009 using the crop yield statistics collected from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. Results showed that these two models substantially underestimate the multi-year average sugarcane yield, with simulated yields less than one quarter of observations. In addition, CLM5-crop successfully simulates the spatial pattern, while LPJmL does not. In terms of temporal variability, the two models can reproduce the significant upward trend for the national average and in most provinces, but underestimate the magnitude. They also fail to simulate the pattern of interannual variability. The two models underestimate the sugarcane yield partly because they incorrectly set the sugarcane yield coming from the grain as other grain crops, which is inconsistent with the fact that the stem is harvested.摘要中国是全球第三大甘蔗生产国, 中国甘蔗产量模拟可服务于全球食糖和乙醇的生产和贸易. 全球格点作物模式CLM5-crop和LPJmL已实现对甘蔗的模拟, 但它们在中国的模拟能力未知. 本文评估结果表明: 两个模式均严重低估了甘蔗产量, 模拟均不足观测的1/4. CLM5-crop能有技巧地模拟产量的空间分布特征, 而LPJmL不能. 两个模式均不能合理模拟产量的年际变化, 且低估了产量的上升趋势. 模式低估甘蔗产量的部分原因是模式假设收割的是甘蔗的穗而非茎.

An In-Depth Study Of Machine Learning In Artificial Intelligence

Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence that enables algorithms to uncover hidden patterns within datasets, allowing them to make predictions on new, similar data without explicit programming for each task. Traditional machine learning combines data with statistical tools to predict outputs, yielding actionable insights. This technology finds applications in diverse fields such as image and speech recognition, natural language processing, recommendation systems, fraud detection, portfolio optimization, and automating tasks. For instance, recommender systems use historical data to personalize suggestions. Netflix, for example, employs collaborative and content-based filtering to recommend movies and TV shows based on user viewing history, ratings, and genre preferences. Reinforcement learning further enhances these systems by enabling agents to make decisions based on environmental feedback, continually refining recommendations. Machine learning’s impact extends to autonomous vehicles, drones, and robots, enhancing their adaptability in dynamic environments. This approach marks a breakthrough where machines learn from data examples to generate accurate outcomes, closely intertwined with data mining and data science.

How Leader’s Arrogance affects Subordinates’ Morale, Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, and wellbeing: The Mediatory Role of Feedback Environment complemented by Organizational Support and Feedback orientation

How Leader’s Arrogance affects Subordinates’ Morale, Burnout, Emotional Exhaustion, and wellbeing: The Mediatory Role of Feedback Environment complemented by Organizational Support and Feedback orientation

체육수업에서 지각된 피드백 환경과 그릿의 관계에서 형성적 피드백의 매개효과 분석

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between feedback environment, formative feedback, and grit. subjects of this study were 400 students from 5 middle schools located in Chungcheongnam-do, and 371 copies were used as the final valid samples. data were analyzed using SPSS WIN Ver. 20.0 for frequency analysis and correlation analysis, and AMOS 20.0 was used for confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation model analysis. In addition, Bootstrapping method was applied to verify the mediating effect of the formative feedback. Analysis results, First, feedback environment had a significant effect on formative feedback. Second, formative feedback had a significant effect on grit. Third, the feedback acceptance environment of the feedback environment was found to have a significant effect on the grit, but the feedback utilization environment did not affect the grit. Fourth, monitoring and scaffolding of formative feedback mediated the relationship between feedback environment and grit. This feedback environment, formative feedback, and grasping the relationship of grit are expected to provide important reference points for feedback evaluation and planning by providing information on feedback processing and achievement behavior.

Marketing Risk Path Identification of Small and Medium-sized Energy Enterprises Based on ISM-MIMAC

To explore the path identification of marketing risk factors in small and medium-sized energy enterprises, this study extracts 16 factors influencing marketing from 3 aspects of the external environment, internal management and information feedback through literature analysis and expert interviews. In this paper, the interpretative structural model (ISM) is used to construct the multi-level structural diagram of influencing factors and the influencing factors are divided into three layers: direct factors, intermediate factors and fundamental factors. Then the matrix impact of cross multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) is used to analyze the factors affecting the risk of small and medium-sized energy enterprises, and then the driving force and dependency classification diagram of marketing risk factors is drawn. The results show that the dependence and driving force of financing risk, partners, marketing personnel and other factors are relatively weak, and risk treatment can be prioritized. The factors such as lack of policies, sudden factors and organizational structure have high driving forces, which are the key factors that constitute the marketing risks of energy enterprises, and should be focused on. This study takes the marketing risk factors of small and medium-sized energy enterprises as the research object, and the research results have certain universality, which can provide new solutions for small and medium-sized energy enterprises to face marketing risks.

For Better or Worse?: The role of cognitive flexibility in the association between nonsuicidal self-injury and suicide attempt

Nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) has been repeatedly associated with increased suicide risk. However, the transition from NSSI to suicidal thoughts and behaviors still remains as an enigma. One possible construct that may influence this relationship is cognitive flexibility, which refers to the ability to adapt responses/strategies based on environmental feedback. It may be that greater cognitive flexibility increases one's cognitive accessibility to suicide, making it a more viable option upon distress especially for those with a prior history of NSSI. Conversely, it may be that less cognitive flexibility creates a negative bias that exacerbates the effects of NSSI on suicide. Thus, in this study, we examined how NSSI characteristics (i.e., frequency and methods) interact with cognitive flexibility to predict lifetime suicide attempt (SA) history. Participants were 505 individuals with a lifetime history of NSSI who completed a survey assessing for their NSSI experiences, cognitive flexibility, and SA history. Moderation analyses were conducted while controlling for sexual orientation, which significantly predicted SA history. Results indicated a significant interaction between number of NSSI methods endorsed and cognitive flexibility. In particular, individuals were more likely to have had a history of SA if they scored higher on the alternative subscale of cognitive flexibility. The results suggest that the adaptive value of cognitive flexibility may be context dependent, and highlight the importance of personalized care among those who engage in self-harm.

Astraeus VII: the environmental-dependent assembly of galaxies in the Epoch of Reionization

ABSTRACT Using the astraeus (seminumerical rAdiative tranSfer coupling of galaxy formaTion and Reionization in N-body dark matter simUlationS) framework, we explore the impact of environmental density and radiative feedback on the assembly of galaxies and their host haloes during the Epoch of Reionization. The astraeus framework allows us to study the evolution of galaxies with masses ($10^{8.2}\,\rm M_\odot \lt M_{\rm h}\lt 10^{13}\,\rm M_\odot$) in a wide variety of environment [−0.5 &amp;lt; log (1 + δ) &amp;lt; 1.3 averaged over (2 cMpc)3]. We find that: (i) there exists a mass- and redshift- dependent ‘characteristic’ environment [${\rm log}\, (1+\delta _a(M_{\rm h}, z)) = 0.021\times (M_{\rm h}/\rm M_\odot)^{0.16} + 0.07 z -1.12$, up to $z$ ∼ 10] at which galaxies are most efficient at accreting dark matter, e.g at a rate of $0.2{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of their mass every Myr at $z$ = 5; (ii) the number of minor and major mergers and their contributions to the dark matter assembly increases with halo mass at all redshifts and is mostly independent of the environment; (iii) at $z$ = 5 minor mergers contribute slightly more (by up to $\sim 10{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$) to the dark matter assembly while for the stellar assembly, major mergers dominate the contribution from minor mergers for $M_{\rm h}\lesssim 10^{11.5}\rm\, M_\odot$ galaxies; (iv) radiative feedback quenches star formation more in low-mass galaxies ($M_{\rm h}\lesssim 10^{9.5}\rm\, M_\odot$) in over-dense environments [log(1 + δ) &amp;gt; 0.5]; dominated by their major branch, this yields star formation histories biased towards older ages with a slower redshift evolution.

Anticipating the antecedents of feedback-seeking behavior in digital environments: a socio-technical system perspective

PurposeFeedback-seeking behavior is an important way for individuals to actively seek information feedback to achieve individuals' goals. In the environment driven by contactless digital technologies, the way of individual feedback-seeking behavior through monitoring indirectly becomes obvious, especially for people who complete the work online in digital collaboration. However, previous empirical research on feedback-seeking behavior mainly focused on direct inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to verify the impact of individual learning goal orientation and the digital feedback environment on individuals' feedback-seeking behaviors through inquiry and monitoring approaches. And the moderating effect of time pressure on these relationships was also investigated.Design/methodology/approachBased on socio-technical system theory, this study proposes a model to describe the formation of the two approaches of feedback-seeking behaviors (inquiry and monitoring). The hypotheses were examined with the structural equation model method and data were collected from 152 graduate students who completed online surveys.FindingsThe results show that both the digital feedback environment and learning goal orientation can promote individual inquiry and monitoring approaches of feedback-seeking. Furthermore, time pressure moderates the relationship between the digital feedback environment and feedback monitoring negatively.Originality/valueThis study establishes an antecedent model that influences the choice of feedback-seeking approaches in digital environments from the perspective of a socio-technical system. The empirical results supplement the explanation of the influence of both technical and social factors on individual feedback-seeking behavior in digital environments.