Environmental Engineering Laboratory Research Articles

Pengaruh Aktivitas Penambangan Pasir terhadap Kualitas Air Sungai Lemo Kelurahan Nambo Kota Kendari

Along with the times, the industry in Indonesia is getting higher, especially the industry in the mining sector. Exploitation of mineral resources or minerals such as sand mining is one of the supporters of the development sector both physically, economically and socially. This study aims: (1) to find out the sand mining activities in the Lemo river body in Nambo Village, (2) to determine the effect of sand mining activities on the quality of pH, TSS, brightness, and water temperature in the Lemo river. The results of the analysis of the Lemo river water sample at the Environmental Engineering laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Muhammadiyah Kendari University, showed that the pH value of the sample point 1 was 7.3, sample II was 7.0 and sample III was 6.9. The TSS level in sample I was 393.33 mg/L, sample II was 8750 mg/L, and sample III was 8990 mg/L. The value of the brightness level of sample I is >2 m, sample II is <1 m and the brightness level of sample III is at a depth of <1 m. While for the temperature test for sample I, the water temperature is 23°C and the air temperature is 25°C, sample II is the water temperature is 27°C and the air temperature is 25°C, while for the third sample, the water temperature is 26°C and the air temperature is 24° C with each deviation of ± 3.

Wave Transformation on Wave Catcher Shore Protection – Dual Slope (WCSP-DS) Zig-Zag Model with Wave Focused Wall

The Wave Catcher Shore Protection Dual Slope (WCSP-DS) is a coastal structure with a dual function of shore protection and wave power generation. The WCSP-DS structure captures seawater through overtopping into the crest reservoir resulting in a higher reservoir water level than the sea. This elevation difference will be the pressure height (head) and is represented by the freeboard height (Fb) and together with the overtopping discharge unit (q) will be the main parameter for electrical power. This study aims to increase the discharge value (q) at the maximum freeboard height (Fb) through engineering effort in the wave transformation process by adjusting the setting position of the WCSP in a zig-zag manner and adding a wave-focused wall (WFW) to produce a maximum deformed wave height (Hdf) in front of the WCSP-DS. Located in Hasanuddin University’s Coastal & Environmental Engineering Laboratory, the study was carried out experimentally using geometrically scaled 1:20 physical model simulations. Three Dimensional (3D) wave basins in the size of 10 m x 15 m x 1 m equipped with an automatic wave generator and data recording instrument were utilized. Two type models namely the M1 (without collector) and the M2 (with collector) were simulated with relative water depth (d/z), freeboard height (Fb), incoming wave height, and period (Hi & T). The results indicated that the deformed wave height (Hdf) increased significantly ranging from 300% to 900% on M1 and from 350% to 1100% on M2. The increase in the value of Hdf also increases the discharge (q) that enters the reservoir. By these results, a combination of Fb and q can be selected which can generate optimal electrical power.

Potential Reduction of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE) Plastic Waste as A Paving Block Mixed Material

Paving blocks are the result of a mixture of Portland cement, sand, water, and with or without other additives. Based on the results of sampling the composition of plastic waste in temporary shelters for 7 days, the percentage of plastic waste generated is 14%, whereas the percentage of LDPE plastic waste is 8% and the non-LDPE is 6%. This research was conducted with a ratio of cement and sand of 1: 4 with variations of a mixture of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic at 0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% by weight of sand. Paving block quality testing was carried out at the Environmental Engineering and Quality Laboratory, Department of Environmental Engineering and Concrete Laboratory, Civil Engineering, Adhi Tama Institute of Technology Surabaya. The results of the study showed that the greatest compressive strength was obtained in paving blocks with a plastic variation of 0.5%, which is 24,83 MPa. While the lowest compressive strength value is obtained at the paving block variation of 1.5%, which is 12.32 Mpa. The test results for the largest water absorption were obtained on paving blocks with a plastic variation of 2% with an average absorption of 6.45%, while the lowest water absorption was found in paving blocks with 1% plastic variation with an average absorption of 4.65%. it was concluded that the addition of reduced density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic from 0.5% to 2% had no significant impact on the addition of compressive strength and water absorption but tended to experience a decrease in the quality of the comparison sample. The potential for reducing LDPE plastic waste is 203,376 grams/day and produces 8,135 paving blocks with quality B. The purpose of this study is to the utilization of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) plastic waste in paving blocks and the effect on the quality of compressive strength and water absorption.

COMBINATION OF TREMBESI (Samanea saman) ADSORBENTS AND FITORMEDIATION OF KIAMBANG (Salvinia molesta) PLANTS TO REDUCE CHROME LEVELS IN BATIK WASTE

Chrome (Cr) is one of the harmful heavy metals whose existence could lead to a decline in water quality, as well as harm the environment and aquatic organisms. One of the industries that generate the waste water containing chrome is the batik industry. The resulting wastewater processing needs to be done, one of which is to combine the adsorbents and trembesi seeds fitoremediasi plants Salvinia (Salvinia molesta). The purpose of this research is to know the levels of chrome on the process of adsorbsi and fitoremediasi process. This research was conducted with two processes, i.e. processes adsorbsi and fitoremediasi process. On the process of adsorbsi use two variations of the size that is the size of the mesh 30/40 mesh 60/70 and, after passing through the adsorbsi process then continues to process fitoremediasi. Treatment on the process of fitoremediasi that is the difference between living plants, IE 0-day, 2-day and 4-day. Sampling is done on each process, which is then carried out in the laboratory of environmental engineering laboratory. Based on the results of the research that has been done, the combination of adsorbent and trembesi seeds fitoremediasi plants Salvinia (Salvinia molesta) is capable of lowering the levels of chromium in waste batik. On the process of adsorbsi with 30/40 mesh size variation is obtained as a result of 8.771 mg/L and 60/70 mesh size variation of 8.092 mg/L is obtained from figure control 10.563 mg/l. To process fitoremediasi with the variation of size of mesh 30/40 adsorbent on day 0 8.730 mg/L, at 6.962 day 2 mg/L, on the 4th day of 6.212 mg/l. fitoremediasi Process with variation of the size of the mesh 60/70 adsorbent, on the 4th day 0 6.843 mg/L, on the 2nd day 5.752 mg/L, on the 4th day of 5.688 mg/L.

Autonomous Robots for Deep Mask-Wearing Detection in Educational Settings during Pandemics

The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted various aspects of life, where countries closed their borders, and workplaces and educational institutions shut down their premises in response to lockdowns. This has adversely affected the lives of everyone, including millions of students worldwide, socially, mentally, and physically. Governments and educational authorities worldwide have taken preventive measures, such as social distancing and mask wearing, to control the spread of the virus. This paper proposes an AI-powered autonomous robot for deep mask-wearing detection to enforce proper mask wearing in educational settings. The system includes (1) Simultaneous Localization and Mapping framework to map and navigate the environment (i.e., laboratories and classrooms), (2) a multiclass face mask detection software, and (3) an auditory system to identify and alert improper or no mask wearing. We train our face mask detector using MobileNetV2 architecture and YOLOv2 object detector classification. The results demonstrate that our robot can navigate an educational environment while avoiding obstacles to detect violations. The proposed face mask detection and classification subsystem achieved a 91.4% average precision when tested on students in an engineering laboratory environment.

EFFECT OF FREEBOARD HIGH ON WAVE REFLECTION ON ZIGZAG MODEL WCSP-DS BUILDING

<p>The Wave Catcher Shore Protection Dual-Slope (WCSP-DS) model in this study is a model of a dual function beach building as a beach protector and a catcher of wave energy, which has two walls, namely upright and inclined walls with an angle of 45°. The WCSP-DS building also has a reservoir at its top to accommodate wave runoff (overtopping). This study aims to determine the reflection in front of the model with variations in the freeboard height of the Wave Catcher Shore Protection Dual-Slope (WCPS-DS) building in a zigzag position. The test was carried out using a 1:20 scale 3D physical model at the Coastal and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, Hasanuddin University, Makassar. Simulation and data acquisition were carried out in a wave basin measuring 15 meters long, 10 meters wide using a regular wave generation system and the wave height data on the wave probe was recorded automatically. The simulation was carried out with 5 variations of freeboard height on 3 variations of waves, namely wave height and period and 3 variations of water depth. The results showed that there was a significant effect of freeboard height, wave steepness and water level position on WCSP-DS vertical wall height or water depth relative to the wave reflection coefficient in front of the model. The value of the reflection coefficient (Kr) in the relationship between freeboard height and water depth (Fb/d) at a depth of 0.4 meters (d/z = 1.143) ranges from 0.42 – 0.74, at a depth of 0.35 meters (d /z = 1) ranged from 0.44 – 0.74 and at a depth of 0.3 meters (d/z = 0.857) ranged from 0.35 – 0.71.</p>

Experimental investigation and simulation of water cooling by natural evaporation

A setup of water cooling by natural evaporation is investigated. It includes a shallow water tank, insulated and covered with a thin aluminum plate in complete contact with the water. A dark-color fabric was fixed stretched on the plate, which was continuously wetted to cause natural evaporation by solar radiation. The setup was placed on a building rooftop of the University of Patras, Greece. Measurements during a warm period showed significant decrease in water temperature maintained lower than ambient air temperature by 2–16°C, with differences greater than 5°C with 57% probability. Moreover, a computational model was developed and implemented. It is based on energy balance of the water in the tank using local climate recordings (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and solar radiation). The water temperature predictions agree very well with the measurements (3.5% normalized rms deviation). Since the water temperature was always lower than the ambient air temperature, and the operating performance of the setup was high enough, this methodology could be developed for sustainable house cooling during the warmer seasons of the year. This system is environmentally friendly, economically feasible, and sustainable, as it uses water, wind, and solar energy, without emitting greenhouse gases. Statement of Industrial Relevance The proposed technology improves the process of passive water cooling through evaporation of a continuously wetted fabric without losing the cooled water. In parallel, a software was developed that simulated satisfactorily the process. We aim to further improve this technology to make it more easily applicable for mild house cooling, as a renewable and sustainable energy source that saves cooling water and uses wind and solar energy, without emitting greenhouse gases. Moreover, it is environmentally friendly, economically feasible, and operates with high performance. This adds value to the Environmental Engineering Laboratory, the Department of Civil Engineering, and the University of Patras. Novelty or Significance This technology improves the water-cooling process through wet fabric evaporation and is suitable for sustainable house cooling. This is achieved by interposing a thin aluminum plate between fabric and cooling water, in complete contact with them. The evaporating water may be potable or not. The environmentally friendly fabric color allows installations on roofs or in gardens. The structure is simple with common materials, economically feasible with high operating efficiency. The cooling water temperature is maintained from 2 to 16°C lower than ambient air (>5°C with 57% probability). The software developed may be used for designing or assessing such systems.

Addendum of data related to drying of faecal sludge from on-site sanitation facilities and fresh faeces

The present document consists of an addendum of data to the Handbook of Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis. It is part of a project funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates (BMGF) through the OPP1164143, untitled “Characterization of faecal material during drying”. This project was granted for funding after the 5-years Transformative Technologies convening at the BMGF headquarters in 2016, where drying was recognized as a gap in the transformative technologies for the implementation of innovative sanitation technologies. The addendum of data compiles the results from experiments directly related to drying or having indirect implications in the process. The data was obtained from experimental work conducted from 2013 to date, and involving several research institutions. As the addendum of data is an initiative led by the Pollution Research Group at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, most of the data come from this research group. Partner institutions adhered to this initiative and shared their data, including: (i) Swansea University through the SPECIFIC research group; (ii) Cranfield University through their Bioenergy laboratory; (iii) Duke University through their WASH-AID centre; (iv) Laval University through their Civil and Water Engineering department; (v) Victoria University through their Public & Environmental Engineering laboratory; (vi) Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG) through their Sanitation, Water and Solid Waste for Development (SANDEC) department. In the addendum, the data is organized in datasheets that are categorized in different thematics according to the content. In each datasheet, the data is displayed as graphs and includes an interpretation. In addition to this, the datasheets contain the basic information that is required to understand how the data was obtained, including the information about the feedstock, laboratory equipment, experimental conditions and performed analysis. The datasheets also offer the bibliographic references about where the results can be found in literature and the hyperlink to access to the raw files with the data. Moreover, this document includes a background with a landscape about faecal sludge drying, description of the fundamentals aspects from faecal sludge drying to understand better the significance and applicability of the data, and a summary of the analysis from results from the datasheets with their practical implications in the field. The datasheets were categorized into eight groups: thermodynamics, kinetics, physiochemical properties, morphology, mechanical properties, dewaterability, disinfection, gas emission. Different types of faecal samples were involved on the generation of the data: fresh faeces and faecal sludge from various types of onsite sanitation facilities, among which ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrines, urine diversion dry toilets (UDDT), anaerobic baffled reactor (ABR) from a decentralized wastewater treatment plant (DEWAT).

The Study of Tong Composter in Produced Liquid Organic Fertilizer

<strong>Abstract. </strong>Inadequate processing of waste in household areas has resulted in many people throwing the waste anywhere. Waste generation can be minimized by using the composting method. There are many methods of composting organic waste; one of them is the <em>Tong</em> Composter. <em>Tong</em> Composter is a composting method which in the process uses an EM4 bio-activator. <strong>Objectives:</strong> This research objective is to determine whether the liquid organic fertilizer parameters produced comply with the standard of Ministerial Decree of Agriculture No. 261 of 2019. <strong>Method and results:</strong> This research using the experimental method with two treatments, EM4 dosage (60 ml and 70 ml) and fermentation time (10 days and 20 days). A dose of EM4 in treatment 1 is 60 ml, and treatment 2 is 70 ml; each treatment was analyzed on the 10<sup>th</sup> day. For treatment 3 and 4, a dose of EM4 in treatment 3 is 60 ml, and in treatment 4 is 70 ml; each treatment was analyzed on the 20<sup>th</sup> day. Then from the liquid organic fertilizer produced, several parameters were analyzed at PT. Sucofindo Cibitung, such as Nitrogen, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and K<sub>2</sub>O parameter. Meanwhile, the pH will be measured in the Environmental Engineering Laboratory of President University. The laboratory experiment results from pH, Nitrogen, P­<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and K<sub>2</sub>O will be tested using the t-test. With the hypothesis (H<sub>O</sub>: µ sample ≥ minimum value of macro-nutrient and pH parameter from Ministerial Decree of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia Number 261 of 2019). According to the t-test result, the null hypothesis is rejected because Nitrogen, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and K<sub>2</sub>O in all parameters are less than 2%. The null hypothesis is accepted for pH because in all parameters is higher than or equal to 4. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The t-test result showed that only the pH was complied with the standard, while the Nitrogen, P­<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, and K<sub>2</sub>O parameters have not complied with the standard of Ministerial Decree of Agriculture No. 261 of 2019.

Assessing rainwater quality treated via a green roof system

The shortage of water worldwide is increasingly worrying. Studies in the field suggest that sustainable water resource management via water recycling is fundamental to alleviate the issue. The use of rainwater is an important alternative source that must be considered, mainly, in the water crisis facing the planet. When integrated with the concept of green roofs, the capturing and treatment of rainwater in these structures becomes an even more ecological and sustainable practice. The water drained by the roof can be used for non-potable uses, such as flushing toilet bowls. One of the main concerns when using rainwater, even for non-potable uses, is the quality of the water available, so as not to put users' health at risk. In this way, the present work proposes to experimentally analyze the quality of rainwater drained in a green roof prototype for reuse purposes. The green roof prototype was installed on an experimental bench. After each rain event (four in total), two water samples were collected in the following situations: rainwater captured directly by a container next to the bench and rainwater, drained by the green roof prototype, captured by a container through existing drains at the base of the prototype. The analyses of the collected samples were carried out at the Environmental Engineering Laboratory (LEMA/UFRJ) and performed according to the Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Specifically, the experiments examine physicochemical and biological parameters following a rain event on a green roof prototype for sanitary use. Experimental results that were observed and analyzed include color, turbidity, pH, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, orthophosphate, total coliforms, and thermotolerant coliforms to indicate the rainwater quality from green roofs. The majority of parameters assessed were within the value thresholds indicated by the Brazilian standards, while the results of orthophosphate, fecal coliforms, color, and turbidity were not. The greatest divergence is in the concentration of orthophosphate, where a concentration of 10.88 mg/L was obtained in this experimental study, while other authors present values of 0.1 and 0.01 mg/L. Total coliforms also presented high values, but within the expected range. Comparisons with technical documents and international references related to water quality to identify possibilities of the use of rainwater were also conducted. Results indicate that the water quality has the same order of quantity for turbidity, nitrite, and ammonia nitrogen parameters across the standards. Based on such observations, filtration and disinfection processes are therefore required in the green roof system for the use of rainwater for sanitary. Finally, the experimental study of rainwater quality on the green roof presented similar results comparing with international references. The use of green roofs combined with the use of rainwater demonstrates the potential and benefits as an alternative to face the water crisis.

Effect of Climatic Conditions on Treatment Efficiency of Wastewater Stabilization Ponds at Chokera, Faisalabad

Wastewater management is one of the biggest challenges in the world due to increase in population and industrialization. In Faisalabad (FSD), wastewater treatment is being done through Wastewater Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) at Chokera, which is one of the most economical methods of Wastewater Treatment (WWT). Various parameters were examined to check wastewater treatment efficiency of the ponds under diverse climatic conditions. These included Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Turbidity, Copper, Total Solids (TS), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Lead. Six locations which were selected for monitoring treatment efficiency, included inlet and outlet of treatment plant, influent of anaerobic ponds, effluent of anaerobic ponds, effluent of facultative ponds, and Pharang drain before and after blending with treated sewage. The testing was performed in two seasons (i.e. Winter 2015 and Summer 2016) in Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Lahore, Pakistan. BOD5 removal efficiency of the treatment plant was found 30.08% in winter and 51.74% in summer against designed value of 90% removal. Most of the parameters of the effluent were not meeting the Punjab Environmental Quality Standards (PEQS). The reasons of low efficiency are; variation in climatic conditions (i.e. less solar heat intensity, wind speed and ceased microbial activity in winter), lack of funds by government, increased population, mixing of industrial sewage with domestic sewage and less attention being paid to maintain the performance of Ponds. The study was carried out to assess and compare the efficiency of treatment plant with PEQS in two climatic conditions.

Estimation of Total Fluoride Concentration, Total Soluble Fluoride Concentration and pH among Various Brands of Toothpastes

Introduction: Fluoride toothpastes are a major reason for the decline in dental caries globally. For fluoride toothpaste to be effective, an adequate amount of Total Soluble Fluoride (TSF) must be available in the toothpastes. Aim: To determine and compare the Total Fluoride (TF), TSF and pH among various toothpaste brands. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted during October 2019 on 20 toothpaste samples, which belonged to four groups namely, herbal toothpastes group, nonherbal toothpastes group, medicated toothpastes group and kids toothpastes group. Analysis of the samples was done at the Department of Environmental Engineering Laboratory, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka, India. The TF and the TSF concentration was determined using fluoride ion electrode. The pH was determined using pH meter. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 19.0). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used by Tukey’s post-hoc test to determine the difference between groups. The level of significance was kept at 0.05. Results: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the toothpaste types for mean TF concentration (p=0.004). The post-hoc test showed that there was a significant difference between herbal and nonherbal toothpastes (p=0.041) where the mean TF concentration for nonherbal toothpastes was 1095.20 ppm when compared to herbal toothpastes was 704.40 ppm. The results showed that there was a siginificant difference between the toothpaste types for Mean TSF concentration (p<0.003). There was a significant difference between medicated and kids toothpastes (p=0.024) where the mean total soluble fluoride concentration for medicated toothpastes was 938.60 ppm when compared to the kids toothpastes was 521.20 ppm. Conclusion: The present study showed that pH of all the toothpastes were either neutral or alkaline and the TSF concentration was less when compared to TF concentrations.

Monitoring and Analysis of Single Tube Temperature Distribution in Heat Exchanger Simulator Using TPA 81 Thermopile Array

The Energy and Environmental Engineering Laboratory had a heat exchanger simulator which was used to determine the temperature changes with respect to time due to air velocity. This simulator used tubes which were used to find out the temperature change with time. The working principle of this simulator was to monitor changes in temperature on the tube that had been preheated and then cooled using a fan contained in the simulator. This study performed temperature measurements using a TPA81 thermal array sensor. We chose this sensor because it could measure the temperature without touching the object and had 8 pixels for image measurement. This was because the process of reducing the temperature of the tube becomes purely caused by the fan and not from the outside environment. The results obtained from this study were visualization of temperature distribution using the Thermal Array TPA81 sensor, having a linearity value of 0.034%, a precision value of the instrument of 98.1%, an accuracy value of 0.285%, and error value of 0.154 (W/m 2 K). For the analysis of temperature distribution, it was concluded that the value of the temperature did not affect the value h, because the value of h (the coefficient of heat transfer convection) is distributed with time.

Simplified Vibration PSD Synthesis Method for MIL-STD-810

In MIL-STD-810, the environmental engineering consideration and laboratory tests by US military, the DP (damage potential) formula is used to calculate the fatigue damage by vibration environments which is a simplified version of a FDS (fatigue damage spectrum) formula. DP, however, was originally made for comparison between different test standards and is not an optimized formula for the synthesis of vibration environments. This paper presents the GRS (Gaussian Random Synthesis) formula for only vibration test synthesis featuring simplified DP formula and produce the same result as DP. Although the GRS provides insight into the synthesis of vibration tests, it must be used with care because it inherits the constraints of the original FDS formula.

Analisis Kadar Air dan Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) dari Proses Bioremediasi Limbah Oli dengan Metode Pengomposan

<p>Engine oil waste is a pollutant that causes environmental pollution and risk for human health. Bioremediation is one of the solutions to solve this problem. In this research, engine oil waste was remediation by composting method. The composting process was conducted in Environmental Engineering laboratory for 35 days. Water Content and total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) was analyzed in Chemical Engineering laboratory to show the degrada-tion of engine oil waste by combining of liquid fertilizer and compost. The result showed that Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) of engine oil waste degradation reached 81% in sample 8 (by combined 8 mL of liquid or-ganic fertilizer and 300 g of compost soil). Sample 12 (by combined 2 mL of liquid organic fertilizer and 500 g of compost soil) also showed the same result</p>

Fluoride Removal from Ground Water Sample by Pistia stratiotes

Fluoride in ground water is a well recognized problem in different parts of the earth including India. Various physiochemical separation processes are available which are to be considered as environmental friendly. Phytoremediation technology reported in the literature as a sustainable and cost effective green technology and its availability is ubiquitous in India. An investigation was undertaken in Environmental Engineering laboratory, Jadavpur University Kolkata to examine the potential of Pistia stratiotes (water lettuce) for removal of fluoride from a real life groundwater samples collected from fluoride affected tubewell. The initial concentration of fluoride in ground water sample was found to be 8.12 ± 1.26 mg/l. The experimental result showed that for a biomass (Pistia stratiotes)of 80 g/L, 29.37% fluoride was removed after an10 days of exposure time following the pseudo first order reaction kinetics.

Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand (ABGS) Purifier is the Alternative Solution: Tackling the Problem of Rural Wastewater Treatment in India

Rural wastewater treatment is mostly ignored in developing and undeveloped countries. The most important barrier for addressing to this problem is cost of treatment and simplified technology. Aerobic Brickbat Grit Sand (ABGS) purifier consists of four stages. Wastewater flows gravitationally through partition walls in zigzag pattern with brick bats filter; Pebble sand filter and charcoal and grit filter which facilitate removal of contaminants from domestic wastewater. In the present study, experimental model for domestic wastewater treatment was setup in the Environmental Engineering laboratory at Government College of Engineering Aurangabad, Maharashtra. Physiochemical analysis was done in August and September of 2016 the percentage removal of contaminants results shows Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) 92% - 87%, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 93 - 89%, Total Suspended Solids( TSS) 80 - 78% and Turbidity 95 - 85%. The process is considered eco-friendly and easy to install technology for domestic wastewater treatment with use of locally available material. ABGS purifier is decentralized approach of domestic wastewater treatment. Hence ABGS as an alternative solution to tackle over the problem of rural wastewater treatment.

Analisis Pengelolaan Air Bekas Wudhu’ Jamaah Mesjid Jamik Lambaro Kabupaten Aceh Besar

Used water has the potential to be processed and recycled based on its continuous volume and quality that allows processing in place. The need for the importance of water is not balanced with consciousness to conserve water, so that many sources of water are polluted by human actions themselves. The purpose of this study is to determine the level of waste water usage of ablution activities, to know the performance of water treatment using ablution water through a combination of slow sand filter; and analyze the content of BOD5, E.colli / total coliform, pH and ablution water temperature. This research took samples at Jamik Lambaro Mosque, Regency of Aceh Besar, then tested in Environmental Engineering Laboratory of Environment of Serambi Mekkah University. The results showed that the use of ablution water increased at the time of five daily prayers, especially on Friday reached 1,579 people with the use of water ablution reached 4747 liters. Currently, there is no water treatment for the former Mosque of Jami’ Lambaro Mosque, the waste water is dumped into the mosque’s drainage ditch. Based on ablution water treatment with sand combination has decrease efficiency of BOD5 equal to 95%. The results of laboratory tests showed that the BOD5 content of 17 mg / l, its value under the standard quality of 50 mg / l. E.colli / total coliform that is 0 from 100 ml that meets the quality standard in accordance with Kep.Men LH RI No. 5 year 2014. The result of temperature / temperature analyst is 28,9 oC and pH is 7,34

The History of a Decision: A Standard Vibration Test Method for Qualification

Abstract As MIL-STD-810G, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests, and subsequent versions have incorporated multiple-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) vibration test methodologies, it is important to understand the history and factors that drove the original decision in MIL-STD-810 to focus on single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) vibration testing. Examining the thought process behind early MIL-STD-810 vibration test methods is useful when considering MDOF testing now that it is feasible with today's technology and documented in MIL-STD-810. This paper delves into the details of the decision made in the 1960s to develop the SDOF vibration testing standards in MIL-STD-810 beyond the limitations of technology at the time. This paper also considers the implications for effective test planning today considering the advances in test capabilities and improvements in understanding of the operational environment.

Synthesis of a Time History Based on the Sine-on-Random Prediction Methodology Defined in MIL-STD-810 Method 519

Abstract Method 519.7, Annex D of MIL-STD-810G, Environmental Engineering Considerations and Laboratory Tests, Change Notice 1 (MIL-STD-810G/CN1) outlines a prediction methodology for establishing a sine-on-random (SoR) structured spectrum that is intended to be representative of gunfire for use in cases in which there is an absence of field data. From that spectrum, the ramp modulated pulse (RMP) technique is proposed as a methodology to synthesize a time history with temporal characteristics that more realistically represent the temporal characteristics of gunfire than that of a SoR time history synthesized via classical SoR generation techniques. This paper provides an alternate technique to the RMP methodology presented in Method 519. The alternate technique is based on normalized exponentially weighted (NEW) time history generated via classical time domain techniques for a SoR vibration test. An outline of the NEW technique and an associated example are provided.