Environmental Analysis Research Articles

Energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental (4E) analyses of a combined system comprising reformed methanol high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells and absorption refrigeration cycle

ABSTRACT 4E (energy, exergy, exergoeconomic, and environmental) analyses of a reformed methanol high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (RM HT-PEMFC) system identify inefficiencies, assess associated costs, and evaluate environmental impacts. However, such studies remain limited in the literature, particularly those exploring the impact of the operating parameters of the methanol steam reforming in the combined RM HT-PEMFC and single-effect absorption refrigeration cycle (ARC). This study addresses this gap by analyzing a tri-generation consisting of the RM HT-PEMFC and the single-effect ARC. Simulation results indicate a total exergy destruction of 21.65 kW, a total cost rate of 8.93 $/h, an exergoeconomic factor of 43.22%, and an exergy efficiency of 33.06% in the baseline case. Notably, the stack and burner account for the highest irreversibility, contributing 67.75% of total exergy destruction and 55.71% of the total cost rate. Parametric studies on four key variables – current density, stack temperature, reformer temperature, and steam-to-carbon ratio – reveal that higher system exergy efficiency is generally associated with lower carbon dioxide emissions. Uncertainty analysis shows that extending the HT-PEMFC’s lifespan to 40,000 h can reduce exergy cost per unit product by 16.23%, while decreasing the price of green methanol to 11.00 $/h can lower costs by 26.97%.

Energy, exergy and environmental impact analysis of a jute cloth embedded Photovoltaic thermal cooling system wetted with floating solar fountain

The performance of a solar photovoltaic (PV) panel is highly influenced by its temperature. In this study, experiments were conducted to estimate the effectiveness of a photovoltaic (PV) panel embedded with jute cloth using a floating solar fountain system. Jute's breathability promotes better air circulation, aiding in temperature regulation. The significance of this work lies in its potential to enhance PV performance, which is crucial for improving solar energy efficiency and reducing environmental impact. Experiments were conducted to evaluate cooling strategies, including jet impingement on plain and jute-embedded panels, in both spanwise and lengthwise tilt configurations. For the experimentation, two 30 W PV panels of similar configurations were employed. One panel served as the reference, while the other was modified. Experiments were conducted between 10 hrs. and 15 hrs. with multiple levels of solar radiation intensities. Results show that jet impingement on the jute-embedded PV panel led to a maximum temperature reduction of 15.7%, power improvement of 16.3%, and electrical efficiency of 12.8%. Additionally, this configuration achieved a maximum exergo-economic parameter of 12.15 kWh/$ and an annual CO2 reduction of 1.5 tons. These findings highlight the necessity and novelty of integrating natural materials like jute with advanced cooling methods to significantly improve solar PV performance.

A novel methanol production process utilizing carbon black from turquoise hydrogen: Integration with chemical looping hydrogen generation

Turquoise hydrogen production is an environmentally sustainable and economically viable method that generates carbon black as a byproduct. This study presents a novel approach for incorporating carbon black into chemical looping hydrogen generation (CLHG). Previous research has primarily evaluated the economic feasibility of turquoise hydrogen production based on revenue from selling carbon black. However, as turquoise hydrogen gains broader commercialization, the surplus of carbon black could saturate the market. Therefore, it is essential to explore alternative strategies for carbon black use to maintain the economic viability of the process without relying solely on its sale. This study proposes a process that integrates turquoise hydrogen production with CLHG, using carbon black from the production process as feedstock for the CLHG. This integrated process doubles the hydrogen production compared to turquoise hydrogen production alone. The generated hydrogen is then used for methanol (MeOH) synthesis, along with the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced during the reaction. Comprehensive energy, environmental, techno-economic, and sensitivity analyses were conducted for the proposed process. The energy analysis revealed a total energy efficiency of 66.21 %. Environmental analysis revealed that the specific direct CO2 equivalent (eq.) emissions and specific total CO2 eq. emissions were 0.11 t/t MeOH and 0.975 t/t MeOH, respectively. The levelized cost of methanol was $188.02/t without a carbon tax and $216.75/t with a carbon tax, reflecting a 43.04 %–45.69 % reduction compared with the conventional methanol production process. Integrating turquoise hydrogen production with the CLHG process and using carbon black as a feedstock presents a promising, economically, and environmentally sustainable solution for future methanol production.

Shortest-path tree-based method for calculating visible area with time- and memory-saving preprocessing

Visibility has extensive application in areas such as architecture, urban planning, and security. This study proposes a novel approximation method, called the shortest-path tree-based method (SPT-based method), for calculating the visible area using a random Delaunay network on a 2D plane. Various methods are available for calculating the visible area, including exact and approximation methods. However, it is difficult to calculate the visible area repeatedly in a space that has a vast number of obstacles while achieving efficient time and memory usage. The SPT-based method focuses on time- and memory-saving preprocessing. To achieve an efficient calculation of the visible area, we discretised a plane using a random Delaunay network and approximated the visible area using Dijkstra’s method. To evaluate the efficiency of the proposed method, we compared the calculation time, accuracy, and memory usage of the plane-sweep, ray-trace, brute-force, and SPT-based methods while considering the influence of the number of obstacles. This study provides valuable insights for researchers and practitioners for choosing the most suitable approach for their specific needs. Overall, the proposed method offers a time- and memory-efficient solution for calculating the visible area, making it suitable for a detailed analysis of the visual environment and providing a heuristic solution to the art gallery problem requiring repetitive calculations.

Machining performance, economic and environmental analyses and multi-criteria optimization of electric discharge machining for SS310 alloy

With the expansion of the manufacturing sector, it has become crucial to incorporate sustainable production methods in order to remain competitive in the market. This study focuses on addressing the needs of the manufacturing industry by conducting a sustainability analysis of electric discharge machining for SS310 alloy. The analysis explores the impact of various electrode materials, for instance, copper and brass, as well as different machining variables, including discharge current (I = 4–12 A), spark gap (SG = 6–12 mu), pulse duration (Pon = 15–45 μs), and duty cycle (DC = 75–85%) using Taguchi method. The objective is to optimize the machining performance measures, which includes material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (Ra), electrode wear (EW), and energy consumption (EC). In addition, the economic analysis of the machining process takes into account factors such as energy cost, dielectric consumption cost, EW cost, labor cost, and machine depreciation cost for both types of electrodes. Furthermore, the study investigates the carbon emissions resulting from EC, dielectric consumption, and EW to assess the environmental impact of the machining process. Multi-criteria decision-making approach is employed to assess the sustainability of the machining process by taking into account several performance, cost and environmental factors simultaneously. From empirical analysis, it has been observed that the copper electrode outperformed the brass electrode in terms of MRR (2.67 mm3/min), Ra (3.36 µm), EW (0.272 g), and EC (145.08 kJ) due to its superior electrical and thermal characteristics. In the cost analysis, copper offered lower costs for EC (2.02 PKR) attributed to its higher electrical conductivity while higher costs in terms of EW (5.5 PKR) and dielectric consumption (5.2 PKR) than brass. However, the analysis of labor and machine depreciation costs revealed that the application of copper electrode results in lower costs (80.1 and 99.3 PKR, respectively) than the brass electrode primarily due to its shorter machining time. The analysis of the environmental impact showed that the utilization of a copper electrode leads to reduced carbon emissions of 9.8 g CO2 due to its lower EC during the machining process. However, the copper electrode results in higher emissions from EW (5.07 g CO2) and dielectric consumption (54.58 g CO2) compared to the brass electrode. Based on the multi-criteria decision-making using the composite desirability function approach, it is evident that the copper electrode exhibits superior performance in terms of MRR, Ra, and total machining cost. Conversely, the brass electrode demonstrates better performance in terms of overall carbon emissions.

Energy, exergy, environmental and economic analysis of solvent-based post-combustion carbon capture for ethylene production

Ethylene production is an energy-intensive process with significant CO2 emissions. As demand for ethylene rises, integrating carbon capture technology in ethylene plants is crucial for mitigating emissions. This study provides a thermodynamic, exergy, comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) and economic analysis of post-combustion carbon capture (PCC) for large-scale ethylene plants using chemical absorption with 30 wt% monoethanolamine (MEA) and 40 wt% piperazine (PZ) as solvent. In addition, a case study involving the integration of solar-assisted post-combustion carbon capture (SPCC) and photovoltaic (PV) power generation with ethylene production is built to evaluate future CO2 emission reduction potential. The results show that 0.98 tons of CO2 are captured per ton of ethylene, potentially reducing life cycle CO2 emissions by 30.3% to 68.9% for different PCC scenarios. Integrating SPCC and PV significantly reduces CO2 emissions, highlighting the potential of solar power in carbon reduction. Furthermore, feedstock acquisition of ethylene production emits large amount of greenhouse gas (GHG), indicating that low-carbon feedstock production can further reduce life cycle GHG emissions. This work is significant for the ethylene industry’s low-carbon transition and clean production, offering insights into enhancing sustainability and environmental performance through advanced carbon capture technologies and renewable energy integration.

Energy, exergy, environmental, and enviroeconomic (4E) analysis of cascade vapor compression refrigeration systems using nanorefrigerants

The refrigerants used in traditional vapor compression refrigeration systems are harmful to the ozone layer and contribute to global warming. The demand for refrigeration is increasing because of global warming. In this study, for the first time, an energy, exergy, environmental, and enviroeconomic (4E) analysis was performed using different refrigerants and nanoparticles to reduce the energy required in low-temperature vapor compression cascade refrigeration systems and to determine more environmentally friendly nanorefrigerants. The R290 refrigerant was used for the Low-Temperature Circuit (LTC), while the High-Temperature Circuit (HTC) used RE170, R1234yf, R600, R600a, and R450A refrigerants. The nanoparticles used in the analysis were Al2O3, CNT, CuO, TiO2, ZnO, and SiO2. The R600 nanorefrigerant performed the best, whereas the R1234yf nanorefrigerant performed the worst. The results indicate that the CuO nanoparticles provided the highest performance. In addition, the results showed that the R290+R600-CuO nanorefrigerant emitted 11 % less CO2 than the pure R290+R600 refrigerant. The nanorefrigerants provide a more environmentally sustainable option because of their high efficiency and lower energy consumption than conventional refrigerants.

Insights into carbon and nitrogen footprints of large-scale intensive pig production with different feedstuffs in China

Through the whole process of large-scale pig production, feed production puts great environmental pressure in terms of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nitrogen (N) emission. Additionally, different feedstuffs will have different results. While previous studies seldom analyzed carbon footprint and nitrogen footprint from feed components or diet choices. Thus, we selected China, the largest producer and consumer of pork in the world, to analyze both nitrogen footprint and carbon footprint through the life cycle of pig production with different feed components. We used life-cycle environmental footprint and scenario analysis to compare carbon footprints, nitrogen footprints, and feed prices of large-scale pig production with different feedstuffs in China. The life cycle of the pig production includes feed crop cultivation, feed processing, pig raising, and manure management. The functional unit is the weight of 1 kg of live pig. The results showed that the carbon footprints, nitrogen footprints, and feed prices ranged from 1.67 kg CO2-eq FU−1 to 1.70 kg CO2-eq FU−1, 35.3 g Nr FU−1 to 38.9 g Nr FU−1, and 1.42 CNY kg −1 to 2.15 CNY kg −1, respectively. Feed crop production and manure management contributed the largest carbon footprint (54%) and the largest nitrogen footprint (64%), respectively. The four scenarios exhibited various results. Scenario 3 (S3), substituting soybean meal in the original feed with distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS), presented a more favorable outcome with respect to carbon and nitrogen footprints as well as feed prices. This was mainly attributed to feed crop cultivation, manure management, crude protein contents of feeds, and prices of the feed crops. Concerning the uneven feed crop production, number of pig farrowed, feed consumption, and inter-provincial transportation across China, we conducted the spatial analysis under the optimal S3. It revealed that the northern provinces in China exhibited both higher carbon and nitrogen footprints than the southern provinces, due to the northern regions cultivating the crop feed. Finally, we proposed recommendations from perspectives of cultivation practice, feed adjustment, manure management, and strategic zoning. The study not only highlighted the importance of environmental footprint for analyzing environmental impacts of pig production, but also provided the implications for enhancing the sector’s environmental sustainability from perspective of feed adjustment.

Latest trends in the environmental analysis of PFAS including nontarget analysis and EOF-, AOF-, and TOP-based methodologies.

Ubiquitous environmental occurrence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) underscores the critical need to broaden investigative efforts in effective screening, risk assessment, and remediation. Owing to thebroad spectrum of PFAS, various analytical techniques have been extensively utilized to attain inclusivity, with notable attention given to methods such as extractable organic fluorine (EOF), adsorbable organic fluorine (AOF), and the total oxidizable precursor (TOP) assay. These techniques expand the scope of PFAS analysis by estimating perfluoroalkyl acid precursors or the total organochlorine fraction. This review offers a comprehensive comparative overview of up-to-date methodologies, alongside acknowledging the inherent limitations associated with their applications. When coupled with target analysis via low-resolution tandem mass spectrometry, these techniques offer a potential estimation of total PFAS concentrations. Yet, analytical challenges such as the limited availability of reference analytical standards, partial PFAS adsorption, and the entrapment of fluorinated inorganic anions on adsorbent materials often restrict the comprehensiveness of PFAS analysis. So, integrating nontarget analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) tools fortifies these PFAS mass balance approaches, enabling the development of a more holistic approach for anenvironmental analysis framework. This review provides additional insights into the comparative advantages of PFAS analytical approaches and explores various data prioritization strategies in nontarget screening methods. It advocates for the necessary optimization of PFAS extraction methods, asserting that integrating the nontarget approach would foster the establishment of a comprehensive monitoring framework across diverse environmental matrices. Such integration holds promise for enhancing scientific comprehension of PFAS contamination across diverse environmental matrices.

Exploration of the Formation Mechanism of Underground Brine Based on Hydrodynamic Environment Analysis Using Grain-Size Data of One Drilling Core

Exploration of the Formation Mechanism of Underground Brine Based on Hydrodynamic Environment Analysis Using Grain-Size Data of One Drilling Core

Energy, economic, and environmental analysis of cost-effective renewable hybrid system with prefabrication technologies

This study aims to provide a cost-effective integrated system with photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) modules and ground source heat pumps (GSHP) for stakeholders, architects, and engineers to effectively realize sustainable buildings from energy, economic, and environmental (3E) perspectives. Prefabrication technologies, such as PVT module using attachable solar collector (APVT) and modular ground heat exchanger (MGHE), have been applied to implement cost-effective renewable hybrid system (APVT–GSHP). The 3E performance of the APVT–GSHP system was evaluated by comparing it a GSHP and PVT–GSHP under four different climatic conditions. The findings demonstrate that APVT–GSHPs are the most economical and environmentally option. The APVT–GSHP reduced the initial investment costs and total carbon emissions by 29 % and 12 %, respectively, compared to the PVT–GSHP. The APVT modules and MGHE were effective in reducing the initial investment cost and carbon emissions, thereby improving the economic and environmental viability of the renewable hybrid systems using the PVT module and GSHP. The economic and environmental benefits of the renewable hybrid systems with prefabrication technologies facilitate its widespread adoption under similar climatic conditions.

FuzzAGG: A Fuzzing-Driven Attack Graph Generation Framework for Industrial Robot Systems

As industrial robot systems (IRS) are increasingly utilized in smart factories, their information security issues have become particularly critical. Attack graphs, an essential system-level risk modeling technique, traditionally rely on predefined risk attributes and exploitation rules for their generation. However, this approach fails to meet the needs for attack graph generation and analysis in environments with missing risk data. To address this issue, this paper proposes a fuzzing-driven attack graph generation framework, FuzzAGG. This framework aims to provide an efficient and accurate method for generating attack graphs under conditions of incomplete risk data, thereby supporting information security analysis and risk assessment of IRS. In this paper, a risk data model (RDM) is constructed using the Meta Attack Language to achieve a structured description of the risk data of IRS. A fuzzing test case generation algorithm based on the MU-SeqGAN model is proposed, which can generate test cases suitable for the state machines of IRS and map them to specific Risk Data Model Objects (RDMOs). Additionally, a conversion unit is designed to integrate all RDMOs into a risk description file, which is then used by the generation unit to construct a graphical attack graph. In performance tests, FuzzAGG is able to achieve automated construction of IRS attack graphs containing 1000 state nodes in 42min and maintain 88% risk coverage. Taking the IRS of a PCB automated production line the effectiveness of the FuzzAGG framework is validated. The results demonstrate that FuzzAGG can automatically generate and validate an attack graph containing 184 attribute nodes and atomic attack nodes in 8min with high operational efficiency, proving the practicality and reliability of this method in automated attack graph generation.

Modelling of intersectoral resources for people living with obesity: pilot study of an environmental analysis

Modelling of intersectoral resources for people living with obesity: pilot study of an environmental analysis

Critical Analysis of Rio de Janeiro’s Compulsory Audit Reports

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze compulsory environmental audit reports, with the aim of finding common points and divergences in the Audit Evidence, Environmental Performance Analysis and Action Plan Sections of each report. Theoretical Framework: In this topic, discussions on mandatory environmental audits, conceptualization of environmental performance and its analysis are presented, providing a solid basis for understanding the context of the analysis. Method: The methodology adopted for this research comprised the exploratory analysis of 14 compulsory audit reports to identify common points between them. The reports were collected from those available for public access in the Inea Central Library, under the criterion of homogeneity regarding the description of each company's activities. Results and Discussion: The study pointed out that there is a great discrepancy between the approaches of audit teams, especially regarding methodologies for analyzing environmental performance in the context of audits. Such findings indicate the need for alignment, performance analysis approaches and standardization of environmental indicators. Research Implications: The present study brings implications to the field of Environmental Performance Audits, guided by changes in field practices and the theoretical approach to the topic, in order to bring reflections on the improvements necessary to provide greater potential and alignment of the instrument with the current context of Sustainability of the state productive sector. Originality/Value: There are few studies on the subject of compulsory environmental audits in the State of Rio de Janeiro and, therefore, this study expands the reflections on the use and role of this instrument as part of the State Environmental Policy.

Neem Oil: Classification and Environmental Risk Analysis for Application in the Fertiliser Industry and Agriculture

Neem Oil: Classification and Environmental Risk Analysis for Application in the Fertiliser Industry and Agriculture

Analysis of Workload and Work Environment on Reducing Medication Errors with the Use of Technology as an Intervening Variable in Inpatient Pharmacy Depots Bogor City Regional Hospital

This study aims to analyze the impact of workload and work environment on reducing medication error through the use of technology as an intervening variable in the Inpatient Pharmacy Depot of RSUD Kota Bogor. Medication error refers to errors in the medication process that can endanger patients, and this research examines how workload, work environment, and technology influence such errors. The research method employed is quantitative, using a survey approach with questionnaires distributed to 30 pharmaceutical staff at the Inpatient Pharmacy Depot of RSUD Kota Bogor. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Square (PLS) method. The results show that workload has a significant effect on medication error. The higher the workload, the greater the risk of medication errors. However, workload does not have a significant impact on the use of technology. On the other hand, the work environment does not significantly affect medication error, but it does have a significant influence on the use of technology. Technology, in turn, does not significantly reduce medication error and does not mediate the relationship between workload or work environment and medication error.Based on these findings, it is recommended that the management of RSUD Kota Bogor improves workload management and optimizes the use of technology by providing better training to pharmaceutical staff. Additionally, efforts should be made to enhance the work environment to better support the implementation of technology in reducing medication errors and improving patient safety.

A TÁJ- ÉS KÖRNYEZETFÖLDRAJZI KUTATÁSOK TÖRTÉNETE MAGYARORSZÁGON AZ 1880-AS ÉVEKTŐL NAPJAINKIG A FÖLDRAJZI KÖZLEMÉNYEKBEN MEGJELENT ÉRTEKEZÉSEK ÉS AZ MTMT ADATBÁZIS BIBLIOGRÁFIAI ELEMZÉSE ALAPJÁN

Since Humboldt, landscape is a core concept within geographical research. From the 19th century onwards, the main aim of landscape studies from a geographical perspective was to investigate holistically the interactions between the factors that shape the landscape. From the end of the 19th century to the present day, Hungarian-language geographical publications have always included landscape research, although in varying proportions and with varying emphasis. The complex approach and spatial analysis methods of geography have replaced them in environmental analyses since the second half of the 20th century. In this publication, we analyse quantitatively the content of the titles of scientific publications summarised in the Hungarian Science Bibliography, the Geographical Review of Hungarian Geographical Society, and present the trends in environmental geography and landscape research in Hungary from the 1880s to the present day. According to our results, the changes of wider social environment, the shifting paradigms within geography and the actual research problems had their influence on the frequency and approach of landscape studies – thus, different waves of publications can be identified.

Synergistic Impact of Magnets and Fins in Solar Desalination: Energetic, Exergetic, Economic, and Environmental Analysis

This study investigates the effectiveness of combining magnets with parabolic and truncated fins in enhancing the distillation process of solar stills. The integration of magnets accelerated evaporation rates, while the fins increased the heat absorption area, resulting in improved output, vis-à-vis traditional solar stills. A comparative assessment revealed that the parabolic fin solar still (PFS) with magnets outperformed the truncated fin solar still (TCFS), producing 20%, 15%, and 16% more distillate at three different depths (1, 2, and 3 cm). The superior performance of the PFS is attributed to the magnetism of the water and the fins’ more extensive surface area for heat absorption. Efficiency measurements at a water depth of 1 cm showed that the PFS achieved the maximum energy and exergy efficiencies at 30.49% and 8.85%, respectively, compared with TCFS’s 25.23% and 6.22%. Economically, the PFS setup proved more feasible, with a 20.9% lower cost per liter of distilled water than TCFS. Additionally, the environmental impact assessment indicated a significant reduction in CO2 emissions, potentially generating revenues of approximately USD 1242.32 through carbon credits. These results reflect a considerable margin to enhance the efficiency of solar desalination through well-planned adjustments, which bodes well for the future of optimized solar distillation systems from an economic and environmental perspective.

Research on the development bottlenecks and countermeasures of leisure football sports

To better promote the development of leisure football in China, this study employs research methods such as literature review and logical analysis, combined with the analysis of the national environment, to summarize the social and cultural value conflicts, insufficient exploration of humanistic connotations, low per capita resource possession, and high barriers to sports participation as the main constraints on the development of leisure football. It also identifies the prominent problems resulting from these constraints, such as the low ability to meet the needs of participants. The study proposes two major strategies to break through the bottlenecks in the development of leisure football and to address the prominent issues it faces: promoting school and social education and training to guide changes in social culture and demand; and improving educational training concepts and methods to adapt to the actual national conditions and social needs. It is suggested that the most effective way to guide changes in social culture and demand is through education and training, which includes school education and training led by government administrative operations and social education and training led by corporate market operations. The study points out that the key to improving educational training concepts lies in grasping two main points: improving the teaching methods of tactics and techniques, and strengthening the exploration of cultural connotations. The core of improving educational training methods is to introduce and promote modern educational technologies represented by audio-visual teaching.

Spatiotemporal Variability and Trend of Ozone Pollution from Satellite Data (2003- 2021) in Iraq

Ozone (O3) occurs naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere, and at ground level is a dangerous pollutant hurts plants and lung tissue and it’s a major component of smog. The purpose of this study to analyze the time series, trend, and spatial-temporal changes of monthly Relative Humidity (RH), Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), and O3 in Iraq using the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) ascending AIRS3STM data during 2003 - 2021. The time series over six stations (Mosul, Sulaymaniyah, Khanaqin, Rutba, Baghdad, and Basra) have been analyzed and showed similar changes and fluctuation in O3 and OLR. The results of the study obtained were: minimum (decreasing, January–December) and maximum (increasing, May–August), and the mean and standard deviation were (0.044±0.003 ppmv) for O3 and (298± 22 Wm-2) for OLR during the study period. During December to February, the highest RH values were recorded, while the lowest RH values occurred from June to August. The monthly mean and standard deviation of RH was (28.66±29.54 g/kg). Further O3 trends revealed negative results in their annual series over all stations, except for Khanaqin and Basra, which had a positive trend. The O3 concentrations were consistently connected with other meteorological variables (the O3 has a negative correlation with RH and a beneficial correlation with temperature). The O3 spatiotemporal maps showed recorded the highest values recorded in April and May over Mosul and Sulaymaniyah (0.055–0.057), and in December, at middle and southern regions (Baghdad and Basra), there were the lowest O3 value (0.033). These results were due to meteorological and geographical factors. The results showed the efficient use of AIRS data to analyze the variations and distributions of atmospheric factors over different regions. In addition, AIRS observations can be used to obtain atmospheric, climatic, and environmental scientific reports and analyses for large, regional, and global regions and for long, continuous periods.