Migration Environment Research Articles

CATFSID: A few-shot human identification system based on cross-domain adversarial training

With the advancement of wireless sensing technology, human identification based on WiFi sensing has garnered significant attention in the fields of human–computer interaction and home security. Despite the initial success of WiFi sensing based human identification when the environment is fixed, the performance of the trained identity sensing model will be severely degraded when applied to unfamiliar environments. In this paper, a cross-domain human identification system (CATFSID) is proposed, which is able to achieve environment migration of trained model using up to 3-shot. CATFSID utilizes a dual adversarial training network, including cross-adversarial training between source and source domain classifiers, and adversarial training between source and target domain discriminators to extract environment-independent identity features. Introducing a method based on pseudo-label prediction, which assigns labels to target domain samples similar to the source domain samples, reduces the distribution bias of identity features between the source and target domains. The experimental results show accuracy of 90.1% and F1-Score of 89.33% when using 3 samples per user in the new environment.

Tasks in paper and digital environments: an exploratory qualitative study

The use of digital technologies in teaching and learning processes has opened new and wide frontiers in mathematics education. Research in education moves towards teaching and learning (and assessing) twenty-first-century skills and computer-based testing seems an interesting possibility for assessing such skills. From this perspective, comparing computer-based with paper and pencil testing is an important issue for the educational community. It could allow us to better understand differences, innovations and weaknesses of classical assessing strategies and methods. The purpose of this study is to provide an example of the differences that can be found in migrating a task from one environment to another through a qualitative analysis of task and students’ solution processes. The sample involved in this study includes grade 6 and 8 students. The analysis shows that the environment migration process is not neutral: the tasks present differences. Students’ performances in the tasks are the same, but differences can be observed in solving processes. In particular, students of our sample differ in the mathematical resources applied, and in the assessing processes. In addition, it seems that students activate similar problem-solving processes as they become more familiar with the task and the environment in which it is administered.

Migration Theory in Climate Mobility Research

The purpose of this article is to explore how migration theory is invoked in empirical studies of climate-related migration, and to provide suggestions for engagement with theory in the emerging field of climate mobility. Theory is critical for understanding processes we observe in social-ecological systems because it points to a specific locus of attention for research, shapes research questions, guides quantitative model development, influences what researchers find, and ultimately informs policies and programs. Research into climate mobility has grown out of early studies on environmental migration, and has often developed in isolation from broader theoretical developments in the migration research community. As such, there is a risk that the work may be inadequately informed by the rich corpus of theory that has contributed to our understanding of who migrates; why they migrate; the types of mobility they employ; what sustains migration streams; and why they choose certain destinations over others. On the other hand, there are ways in which climate and broader environment migration research is enriching the conceptual frameworks being employed to understand migration, particularly forced migration. This paper draws on a review of 75 empirical studies and modeling efforts conducted by researchers from a diversity of disciplines, covering various regions, and using a variety of data sources and methods to assess how they used theory in their research. The goal is to suggest ways forward for engagement with migration theory in this large and growing research domain.

Green Pantomime When Silence Speaks out Environmental Issues

Green Pantomime Theater (GPT) is a tool for promoting children environmental awareness and activism. This paper provides insight into how environmental issues can be embedded in green performances and consequently offers a model of socio-environmental change. In Morocco, GPT performances aim to change children behavior, enhance their environmental awareness, and develop their abilities to act as protectors of the environment. The status of PGT upon children has considerably changed within the Moroccan theatre context. The ‘Creativity Association for the Development of Educational Work’, under Arabic name of ‘جمعية إبداعات لتنمية العمل التربوي ’, is a Moroccan non-governmental association that employs GPT to promote environmental awareness and activism. The study examines a 45 minutes show performed by ‘the Joker’ theatre group titled ‘هجرة البيئة: Environment Migration’. Within the framework of ecocriticism (Bracke & Corporaal, 2010) and visual grammar (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006), the present work attempts to explain how silence, gestures, and visuals mirror the themes of the show. The study argues that environmental themes adopted in the performance strongly point to the Anthropocene's responsibility in destroying nature. For example, scenes on pollution, deforestation, the killing of species, and unreported and unregulated fishing (UUF) show that man has been dramatically affecting the environment. To make of the show a success, participating actors have meticulously used signs and gestures to silently express their views about a highly sophisticated issue. They have made of this show a universal performance in that anyone anywhere can perceive. Eventually, GPTs are highly recommended to identify lines of confrontation that man has with nature. Also, GPTs are important in that they represent man’s practices through gestures and signs and may provide responses for inspiring socio-ecological change.

Political Environment and US Domestic Migration

Using interest group ratings of Congressmen to proxy for political environment, we find that from 2005 to 2010 college graduates aged 25–40 moved to MSAs that were more economically conservative but socially liberal than their Origin MSAs and the national average MSA. Results for college graduates aged 41–60 were similar but weaker. Non-college graduates of both age groups migrated away from more conservative MSAs. Some state-level policy and MSA-level labor market controls capture much of younger college graduates’ migration toward economic conservatism, but less of that toward social liberalism, especially among the unmarried and childless. Younger college graduates migrated to socially liberal enclaves in conservative states. This geographic sorting by political orientation may have contributed to our current political polarization.

To the question on methyl tert-butyl ether

Nowadays fuel oxygenates are substances produced in the extremely high amounts worldwide. Methyl tert-butyl ether, the main agent among those is the most extensively used in fuel-processing industry and as result possesses the highest risks to the environment and human health. Studies conducted to date provide reasonable data on environment migration potential of MTBE and human health concerns.

A lakókörnyezeti sajátosságok és a munkavállalási célú migrációs szándék kapcsolatának vizsgálata

A munkavállalási célú migrációs szándék mikroszintű vizsgálata során számos gazdasági, szociológiai és pszichológiai tényezővel kell dolgozni. A vizsgálati szempontok bővítése és újragondolása lehetőséget ad arra, hogy árnyaltabb képet alkossunk a migráció motivációiról. E tényezők között különös figyelmet kap a környezet kérdése, általában a katasztrófák és a klímaváltozás vándorlásra gyakorolt hatására fókuszálva. A környezetet tágabban értelmezve célszerű a lakókörnyezet sajátosságainak bevonása a mikroszintű vizsgálatokba. A tanulmány a MOVE projekt kiegészítő pilotvizsgálatának eredményeit mutatja be a Miskolci Egyetem gazdálkodási szakjain tanuló hallgatók 184 elemű mintáján keresztül, arra keresve választ, hogy a jelenlegi és jövőben elképzelt lakókörnyezet mutat-e kapcsolatot az országhatáron belüli és azon túli munkavállalási célú migrációs szándékokkal. A kérdőíves felmérés eredményei a lakókörnyezeti tényezők és a migrációs szándék között kevés esetben mutatnak közvetlenül szignifikáns kapcsolatot. Ugyanakkor a munkavállalási célú migrációs szándék kapcsolatot mutat a lakókörnyezeti tényezők jövőbeli elvárásaival, továbbá a változtatási igényekkel, ezeket tehát célszerű beépíteni a további, szélesebb körű empirikus felmérésekbe. Az eredmények arra is utalnak, hogy a lakókörnyezeti tényezőkkel elégedetlenek hajlandóbbak a migrációra. Külön vizsgálatokat igényel az a tapasztalat, hogy a tartós külföldi munkavállalásra kevésbé hajlandó válaszadók a rövid idejű kint tartózkodás lehetőségét vonzónak tartják.

Climate change, migration and violent conflict: vulnerabilities, pathways and adaptation strategies

It has often been predicted that large numbers of people will be displaced by climate change and that this will lead to violent conflict. At the core of this prediction is a simple causal model which assumes that climate change will result in resource scarcities, which in turn will drive migration as well as violent conflict. Academic research into the links between climate change, migration and conflict has questioned such predictions; their theoretical foundation and empirical support are thin. This does not mean that climate change will be irrelevant for future patterns of migration, including migration that may be linked to violent conflict. However, it has become clear that the links between climate change, migration and conflict are complex and defy simple and sensationalist conclusions. After outlining the state of the art on climate migration and the environment–migration–conflict nexus, this article sketches the environmental, economic and sociopolitical consequences of climate change contributing to migration and the different functions of migration in this context, for instance as an adaptive strategy to environmental change. It then delineates the different theorized pathways from migration to conflict escalation, evaluates their analytical value and develops a more differentiated model of the assumed links between climate change, migration and conflict.

The politics of environmental migration and climate justice in the Pacific region

Starting from a critical discussion of current arguments and concepts in research on the environment–migration nexus, the article analyses how environmental migration is discussed in the Pacific region. In the first section we provide a short overview of the academic debates on environmental migration and describe their limitations. We suggest that a legal stalemate has arisen at global level regarding environmental migrants. The second section examines the evolving negotiations to address environmental migrants in the Pacific region that are, in contrast to the global North, based on climate science and on calls for climate justice and solidarity. We conclude that the inclusion of post-colonial perspectives in the debates on environmental migration can render visible the political nature of climate adaptation choices and reconnect global negotiations to questions of fair burden sharing in adaptation. The article brings a legal anthropological lens to bear on empirical material from the Pacific region, to show the new rights, resources and policies that may emerge from climate change and migration debates. The article offers insights into the increasingly complex decision-making processes and development of policies and laws in the context of global climate change.

SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY, FAST MIGRATION AND COEXISTENCE OF INTRAGUILD PREDATION DYNAMICS

In this paper, we investigate effects of spatial heterogeneous environment and fast migration of individuals on the coexistence of the intraguild predation (IGP) dynamics. We present a two-patch model. We assume that on one patch two species compete for a common resource, and on the other patch one species can capture the other one for the maintenance. We also assume IGP individuals are able to migrate between the two patches and the migration process acts on a fast time scale in comparison with demography, predation and competition processes. We show that under certain conditions the heterogeneous environment and fast migration can lead to coexistence of the two species.

Measuring the environmental dimensions of human migration: The demographer's toolkit

In recent years, the empirical literature linking environmental factors and human migration has grown rapidly and gained increasing visibility among scholars and the policy community. Still, this body of research uses a wide range of methodological approaches for assessing environment–migration relationships. Without comparable data and measures across a range of contexts, it is impossible to make generalizations that would facilitate the development of future migration scenarios. Demographic researchers have a large methodological toolkit for measuring migration as well as modeling its drivers. This toolkit includes population censuses, household surveys, survival analysis and multi-level modeling. This paper's purpose is to introduce climate change researchers to demographic data and methods and to review exemplary studies of the environmental dimensions of human migration. Our intention is to foster interdisciplinary understanding and scholarship, and to promote high quality research on environment and migration that will lead toward broader knowledge of this association.

The contribution of ecosystem services to place utility as a determinant of migration decision-making

Environment migration research has sought to provide an account of how environmental risks and resources affect migration and mobility. Part of that effort has focused on the role of the environment in providing secure livelihoods through provisioning ecosystem services. However, many of the models of environment migration linkages fail to acknowledge the importance of social and psychological factors in the decision to migrate. Here, we seek to provide a more comprehensive model of migration decision-making under environmental change by investigating the attachment people form to place, and the role of the environment in creating that attachment. We hypothesize that environmental factors enter the migration decision-making process through their contribution to place utility, defined as a function of both affective and instrumental bonds to location, and that ecosystem services, the aspects of ecosystems that create wellbeing, contribute to both components of place utility. We test these ideas in four rural highland settlements in Peru sampled along an altitudinal gradient. We find that non-economic ecosystem services are important in creating place attachment and that ecological place attachment exists independently of use of provisioning ecosystem services. Individuals’ attitudes to ecosystem services vary with the type of ecosystem services available at a location and the degree of rurality. While social and economic factors are the dominant drivers of migration in these locations, a loss of non-provisioning ecosystem services leads to a decrease in place utility and commitment to place, determining factors in the decision to migrate. The findings suggest that policy interventions encouraging migration as an adaptation to environmental change will have limited success if they only focus on provisioning services. A much wider set of individuals will experience a decrease in place utility, and migration will be unable to alleviate that decrease since the factors that create it are specific to place.

An implementation of disk objects in the logical machine monitor

User or program mobility in distributed computing systems is becoming increasingly significant, since users may sometimes change their working locations. This paper proposes a Logical Machine (LM) system that can effectively support software environment migration and resource mapping. The LM partitions the conventional operating systems into two parts: the Logical Machine Operating System (LMOS) and the Logical Machine Monitor (LMM). They are responsible for user service and system resource management, respectively. The LMM provides a machine independent appearance, called the Logical Machine Interface (LMI), for the upper operating system layers to provide the resources they need. In our experimental system, the LMM contains some disk objects that can be bound dynamically. By varying the binds, the users get different disk characteristics. A mobile disk object with the mechanism of block migration on demand is implemented. It can be incorporated with a logical machine migration facility to achieve job migration, i.e., the user can migrate the operating system and disk blocks to the place he or she desires. The mobile disk also simplifies the mechanism of parallel processing when each server reads and processes its data portion locally. With this approach, the system resources can be mapped more flexibly, while transparency to the operating system is retained. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

An O-O logical machine monitor supporting disk block migration

Abstract We present a Logical Machine (LM) system that can effectively support software environment migration and resource mapping. The Logical Machine Monitor provides a machine independent interface to the upper operating systems. A mobile disk object with the mechanism of block migration on demand is implemented. It can be incorporated with the logical machine operating system migration facility to achieve job migration, i.e., the user can migrate the operating system and disk blocks to the place he or she desires. The mobile disk also simplifies the mechanism of parallel processing in some applications such as file striping among servers. With this approach, the system resources can be mapped more flexible, while transparency to the operating system is retained.

Supporting user mobility in the Distributed Logical Machine System

User or program mobility in distributed computing systems is becoming increasingly significant in the modern community since users may change their working locations frequently. Job migration is supplementary to remote login in the support of user mobility. However, the migration facility is not a common feature in distributed systems yet. This is mainly due to the inherent complexity in implementing such a facility. This paper proposes a logical machine migration mechanism that can effectively support software environment migration. The basic idea behind logical machine migration is to migrate a logical machine, including the running processes and their execution environment, by a single mechanism. Thus most of the migration difficulties due to the dependency on the operating system kernel are eliminated. We have realized an experimental system, called DLMS386, which successfully demonstrates such idea.

Nondestructive Screening for Low Voltage Failure in Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

Low voltage failure in multilayer ceramic capacitors is now generally accepted to be associated with an electrochemical dissolution of electrode materials in a humid environment and subsequent migration and deposition of material between electrodes of opposite polarity. This migration is particularly related to surface cracks or linked porosity. A novel screening technique for chip capacitors has been developed at Standard Telecommunication Laboratories (STL) that can detect the structural defects that are likely to give rise to low voltage failure. The technique is rapid and nondestructive, and is particularly suited to on-line production testing of chips as well as being suitable for goods inward inspection by the customer. Encapsulated capacitors can also be screened and information is then obtained concerning the quality of the encapsulation

Reviews: Planning Cities: Legacy and Portent, Designing Freedom, Para-Transit: Neglected Options for Urban Mobility, the Economic Value of Peace and Quiet, Public Policy and Regional Economic Development: The Experience of Nine Western Countries, Pollution, Prices, and Public Policy, Man and Environment Ltd, Migration Theory and Fact

Reviews: Planning Cities: Legacy and Portent, Designing Freedom, Para-Transit: Neglected Options for Urban Mobility, the Economic Value of Peace and Quiet, Public Policy and Regional Economic Development: The Experience of Nine Western Countries, Pollution, Prices, and Public Policy, Man and Environment Ltd, Migration Theory and Fact

On Intraspecific and Interspecific Competition in Larvae of Graminivorous Insects

ABSTRACT The females of both Rhizopertha and Sitotroga oviposit in environments containing places suitable for larval development, but the larvae themselves, usually during a period of migration in the first instar, choose the actual developmental site. The rate of oviposition of neither species of female bears much relation to the amount of food present for the larvae, and the latter do not refrain from multiple or superinfestation of wheat grains. The competition which ensues is apparently wholly a struggle for space, the limitation of food or oxygen, and the ‘conditioning’ of the medium, being unimportant. Larvae (of any instar) will attack each other directly after encounters at random within wheat grains, and the supernumerary individuals are either killed or forced to migrate. The probability that any particular larva will survive is thus inversely proportional to the initial number present (equation (1)). Except that it tended to favour the survival of Sitotroga with atypical rates of development, overcrowding had no other effect upon the larvae of either of these species. In an unlimited or unsaturated environment migration may lead to survival; but when the environment is limited in capacity point will be reached when migration from one grain to another merely leads to death in another place. Then the only effect of overcrowding will be to increase mortality. Migration from the grams tends to decrease with later instars. Because of competition for space the number of larvae of the same age which survive in one grain is less than that which the food present in the latter could support. This number (approx. 1·2 per grain) does not vary with density, so that the relationship between survival and larval density is given by equation (2). When the two species are competing the average ratio of the survivors is Rhizopertha to Sitotroga as 1·3r : s, where r and s, respectively, are the initial numbers of larvae of each species. These represent the proportions of the 1·2 larvae surviving per grain which belong to each species. This ratio remains constant at all densities when the larvae enter the grains at the same time in the same instar. Each species thus decreases the probability of survival of the other in direct proportion to its own numbers. When first instar larvae of the two species enter the grains at different times the above relationship changes in favour of the first comer. The most unfavourable time for the second species to enter the grain is apparently when the first is in the second or early third instar. With greater differences between times of entry (i.e. of age) the severity of competition for space decreases, so that more larvae are able to survive and take advantage of the food reserves of the grain. (The survival of the larvae of the second species is apparently then reduced to some extent by the accumulation of the excretory products of the first.) Sitotroga, but not Rhizopertha, was able to take advantage of this decreased competition because of the occurrence of larvae with atypical rates of development in this species. The latter were able to survive the competition of normal larvae of either species where other normal larvae would have succumbed. Crowding to a certain degree tended to increase the proportion of atypical larvae among the survivors of this species. Overcrowding in the immature stages had no effect upon the average developmental period of the larvae, or upon the sex-ratio, weight or fecundity of the adults or either species.