Enugu East Research Articles

Assessing Oral Hygiene Status of Children in an Urban Setting in Sub-Sahara Africa

Objectives: This study assessed oral hygiene status of children in Enugu metropolis and its association with age, sex, tooth brushing tools, frequency of tooth brushing, and past dental visits. Materials and methods: This was a secondary analysis of data. The primary study recruited children from primary schools in Enugu East Local Government Area in Enugu in 2020. Data on age, sex, level of education, tooth cleansing tools, frequency of brushing, dental visit, and oral hygiene status were collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 25. Multivariate logistic regression for potential determinants of oral hygiene status of children was conducted. A model was developed to determine the potential determinants of oral hygiene status among children in Enugu metropolis. The effect of all significant factors on dental visit was inferred at P< 0.05. Results: Children aged 5 to 12 years with mean age of 8.21±1.90 years participated in the study. There were 307 (48.3%) males and 329 (51.7%) female study participants. Many, 371 (58.3%), of the participants were aged 5-8 years and 540 (84.9%) had fair oral hygiene status. Males significantly had lower odds of having good oral hygiene (AOR: 0.154; CI: 0.035-0.687; P=0.014) when compared to the females. Conclusion: Many children had fair oral hygiene and sex was a risk indicator of oral hygiene status among children in this population.

Fiscal Federalism and Performance of the Enugu East Local Government Council

Fiscal Federalism and Performance of the Enugu East Local Government Council

Determinants of career choice among secondary school students in Enugu east education zone

This study examined determinants of career choice among secondary school students in Enugu East Education Zone. The study specifically examined the influence of parental factors on the choice of career among secondary school students in Enugu East, ascertained the influence of societal culture on the choice of career among secondary school students in Enugu East, evaluated the extent peer groups influence the choice of career among secondary school students in Enugu East and also investigated the influence of the school environment on the choice of career among secondary school students. Four research questions and four hypotheses guided the study. Related literature was reviewed under the conceptual framework, theoretical studies, theoretical framework, related empirical studies, and summary. The study adopted a census survey research design. The study was conducted among secondary schools in Enugu education zone. The population for the study was 334 students. There was no sampling of the study because of the manageable size of the population. A questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and was designed to elicit appropriate information from the respondents. To ascertain the face validity of the instrument, the questionnaire was given to two experts in the Department of Educational Management and one expert from Measurement and Evaluation in the Department of Mathematics and Computer Education all from the Faculty of Education, ESUT. The reliability coefficient of the instrument was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha method. The results of the analysis indicated reliability indices of 0.85, 0.81, 0.76, 0.83, and 0.84 for clusters A, B, C, D, and E. The overall reliability index was 0.82 which made the instrument reliable. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while t-test statistic was used to test the hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed among others that there is no significant difference in the mean ratings regarding the influence of parental factors on the choice of career between male and female students. Based on the findings, the study recommends among others that parental impositions regarding their children's choice of career often result in career failure. In realization of this, parents should guide their children through the decision-making process. Parents are advised to allow their wards free hands in their career choices that will relate to their interests, aptitude, passion, and ability.

Borehole Water Supply in Enugu Metropolis: Water Quality Comparative Study of Sources from 9th Mile and Emene, Enugu State, Nigeria

Abstract: Water quality study presents status of water for domestic, irrigation, industrial and other uses. Indiscriminate and wasteful water consumption, improper waste disposal practices, and underground contamination have led to deterioration and pollution of water quality. This study was aimed at determining water quality status using parameters in borehole water. Samples from two different towns; Ngwo and Enene, Enugu East. Sampling locations 1(6o 28’24.7”N 7o 34’49.2”E) and 2(6o 27’36”N 7 o 36’46”E) are situated within Nike East Local Government (precisely Emene) while sample 3(6o 25’52.8”N 7o 25’10.6”E), 4(6o 25’55.3”N 7o 24’22.8”E) and 5(6o 25’50.4”N 7o 26’08.5”E) are within Enugu Ngwo (9thMile Corner). The parameters analyzed include; Electrical conductivity, Turbidity, pH, TDS, TSS, SS, Calcium, Magnesium, and Total Hardness, using laboratory standard methods of analysis. The data provided by this investigation shows that the water samples from Enugu Ngwo only is more acidic outside the recommended level. Other qualities of all the parameters are all measurable for both locations. Based on these findings, recommendations were presented for the purpose of improving water quality and sustainable assess in Enugu Metropolis and beyond.

Epidemiology and antibiogram of listeria species from retail raw frozen atlantic mackerel fish (Scomber scombrus) in Nigeria

This study was undertaken to determine the epidemiology and antibiogram of Listeria species isolated from raw frozen Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber Scombrus) fish sold in Enugu State Southeastern Nigeria. Twentyfive grams each of raw fish gut and skin were collected from 800 raw fish sold in 8 major markets randomly selected from the study area. Isolation of Listeria was done using half and full fraser broths, and polymyxin acriflavine lithium chloride ceftazidime aesculin mannitol (PALCAM) agar. Confirmation of the genus Listeria was done by a polymerase chain reaction. Identification of species was done using an analytic profile index (API) kit specific for Listeria. The antibiotic resistance of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. Out of the 800 fish samples, 38 (4.75%) were positive for Listeria species. Enugu North (6.50%) had significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence than Enugu East (3.0%). Five Listeria species were identified. Listeria innocua (71.1%) predominated, followed by Listeria welshimeri (10.5%), Listeria ivanovii (7.9%), Listeria grayi (5.3%) and Listeria monocytogenes (5.3%). All the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibacterial agents. The occurrence of Listeria species in raw frozen Atlantic mackerel fish, poses a threat, when consumed raw or lightly cooked, to people especially the immunocomprormised persons whose population is increasing as a result of improvement in medical technology. Also, the possibility of cross contamination in the kitchen or food service establishments is also a concern. Since all the Listeria species got in this study showed 100% susceptibility to all the antimicrobials tested, therefore, there is no fear of acquiring and transferring antibiotic resistance genes from raw frozen Atlantic mackerel fish to the general human population.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of the Plant Andographis Paniculata on Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

The search for compounds with antimicrobial activity has gained increasing importance in recent times, due to growing worldwide concern about the alarming increase in rate of infection by antibiotic-resistant microorganisms. Antibacterial activity of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Andographis paniculata against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was studied. The fresh leaves of Andographis paniculata were collected randomly from a local farm in Alulu Enugu East L.G.A Enugu State Nigeria. The leaf samples were morphologically identified, washed, air dried at room temperature and milled into powder. Thirty-nine grams of the powder total weight of the extract, was macerated using ethanol as solvent. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves extract was carried out and the results showed that Saponins (++), Tannins (++), Flavonoids (+++), Phenols (+++), Steroids (++) were present while Terpenoids (-), Alkaloids (-) and Glycosides (-) were absent. The extract was concentrated by evaporation at various concentrations (100mg/ml, 300mg/ml, and 500mg/ml) prepared using 5% DMSO. Antibacterial activity was determined using agar well diffusion method, and results showed that there was no antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli while there was inhibition zones of 20 mm, 17 mm and15 mm against Staphylococcus aureus respectively. The Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined and the results showed that at 12.5mg/ml concentration, the extract was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. The Minimum inhibitory concentration was determined and the results showed that at 12.5mg/ml concentration, the extract was able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. This study therefore showed that ethanolic extracts of Andographis paniculata has activity against the Staphylococcus aureus since they exhibited comparable activity with the positive control ciprofloxacin.

Antibacterial Activity of Ethanolic Leaves Extract of Andographis paniculata on Isolates of Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli from Locally Processed Beverages in Umueze Nkanu West Local Government Area Enugu State Nigeria

The microbial contamination of locally processed beverages has been familiar among microbiological researchers who have repeatedly implicated them as the major cause of endemics due to poor processing. However, due to antimicrobial resistance and the need to discover new antimicrobial plants, Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of Andographis paniculata against isolates of Salmonella spp. and Esherichia coli from zobo and soya milk was studied. Andographis paniculata leaves were collected randomly from a local farm in Emene Enugu East L.G.A Enugu State. The leaves samples were identified morphologically, washed, air dried at room temperature and milled into powder. 39.7 g of the powder was macerated with ethanol during the extraction process. Phytochemical analysis was carried out on the extract and result showed that Saponins, Tanins, Flavanoids, Phenols, Steriods were present with Flavanoids and Saponins being in higher concentration, while Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides were absent. The zobo and soya milk samples were diluted using 10-fold serial dilution method and introduced into the already prepared MacConkey and Salmonella Shigella Agar for incubation. Isolates from zobo and soya milk were characterized, biochemically and morphologically and were identified as E. coli and Salmonella spp. Antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. was determined using agar well diffusion method, and result showed that there was no antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf extracts of A. paniculata against E. coli and Salmonella spp. However, absence of Terpernoids, Alkaloids and Glycosides exhibited non-comparable activity with the positive control (ciprofloxacin).

Rospects and Challenges of Managing Small Scale Manufacturing Businesses in Enugu East Senatorial Zone, Enugu State Nigeria

rospects and Challenges of Managing Small Scale Manufacturing Businesses in Enugu East Senatorial Zone, Enugu State Nigeria

Health Seeking Behaviours among Pregnant Women in Enugu East L.G.A., Enugu State.

The study investigated the health seeking behaviours of pregnant women of different parities in Enugu East local government area, Enugu State, Nigeria. Three research questions were stated and three null hypotheses were equally formulated to guide the study. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for this study. The population for the study was 1,660 registered pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the 20 primary health centres. The sample size for this study was 166 respondents who were selected through the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was researchers-developed structured questionnaire which was validated by three experts. The instrument comprised 23 items divided in clusters based on the three research questions. Reliability of the instrument was determined using Cronbach Alpha statistic which yielded .81, .79 and .80 for clusters 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The instrument had an overall reliability index of .80 which indicated that the instrument was reliable. Data collected were coded into the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software package version 23.0, which was used in processing all the relevant data. The research questions were answered descriptively using mean scores and standard deviation, while the hypotheses were tested using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at .05 level of significance. Findings of the study showed impressive health seeking behaviour among the sampled pregnant women in terms of attending antenatal visits, dedicating themselves in the practice of personal hygiene, as well as indulging in moderate exercises. Based on the findings of the study, the study recommended among others, the need for intensified health sensitization to be organized regularly for women of reproductive ages, in order to sustain their awareness and consciousness about the importance of antenatal visit.

Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Blocks in Enugu East Area of Enugu State, Nigeria

Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Blocks in Enugu East Area of Enugu State, Nigeria

Incidence of Antibiotic Residues in Cultured African Catfish C. gariepinus in Selected Zones at Enugu, Nigeria

Antibiotics have been used in fish farming for several decades in combating diseases but improper application and handling had led to the occurrence of residues in animal food such as fish. Animal products whose drug residue limit exceeds the maximum residue limit (MRL) pose serious concern such as; allergy, carcinogensis, antibacterial resistance, disruption of intestinal flora, mutagenesis, tetratogenesis among others. The study was thus, conducted to assess the residue concentrations in the selected fish farms in Enugu state Nigeria. The study was conducted in three (3) senatorial zones of Enugu State; Enugu north, Enugu west and Enugu east involving two (2) local governments in each zone respectively; Nsukka and Igbo-etiti, Awgu and Ezeagu, Nkanu west and Enugu south. A total of fifty four (n = 54) Clarias gariepinus organs samples with three replicates (3) were used for the study. The kidney, liver and muscles were obtained from the fish samples and analysed for antibiotics residues using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The antibiotics residues obtained from the analysed samples include; tylosin, avilamycin, amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, lincomycin, macrolides and quinolones. Available in this increasing order macrolides > quinolone > lincomycin > chloramphenicol > gentamincin > amoxicillin > avilamycin > tylosin with these mean concentrations respectively; 1.44 ± 0.17, 5.71 ± 0.28, 10.04 ± 0.27, 12.94 ± 0.34, 9.09 ± 0.17, 21.68 ± 0.41, 35.79 ± 0.47, 25.86 ± 0.27µg/kg). Tylosin (liver 1.7 ± 0.50, gills 1.39 ± 0.27; muscles 1.17 ± 0.12µg/kg) had the least concentration in the analysed organs while macrolides (liver 29.44 ± 0.71, gills 49.04 ± 0.31, muscle 28.87 ± 0.31µg/kg) had the highest concentrations in the analysed organs. Also, our results showed that the highest concentration of the drug residue was seen in the gills with these mean values except for chloramphenicol (Tylosin 1.39 ± 0.27, Avilamycin 6.85 ± 0.39, Amoxicillin 11.01 ± 0.34, Chloramphenicol 12.00 ± 0.33, Gentamicin 11.20 ± 0.24, Lincomycin 21.75 ± 0.42, Macrolides 49.04 ± 0.31 and Quinolones 28.40 ± 0.40µg/kg). It also indicated that the values of antibiotics residues were highest at Awgu L.G.A. except for Macrolides; (Tylosin 0.00 ± 0.00, Avilamycin 9.03 ± 0.55, Amoxicillin 11.53 ± 0.31, Chloramphenicol 18.39 ± 0.61, Gentamicin 0.00 ± 0.00, Lincomycin 24.84 ± 0.50, Macrolides 36.12 ± 0.16 and Quinolones 39.05 ± 0.65 (µg/kg)) while Nsukka had the lowest drug residues concentrations except for Tylosin; (Tylosin 3.84 ± 0.30, Avilamycin 2.55 ± 0.20, Amoxicillin 8.99 ± 0.22, Chloramphenicol 13.82 ± 0.50, Gentamicin 6.39 ± 0.10, Lincomycin 21.46 ± 0.20, Macrolides 29.70 ± 0.41 and Quinolones 10.20 ± 0.10µg/kg). It was also observed that across the senatorial zones Enugu west had the highest mean residue concentration; (Tylosin 0.84 ± 0.15, Avilamycin 6.46 ± 0.38, Amoxicillin 11.12 ± 0.36, Chloramphenicol 11.57 ± 0.33, Gentamicin 7.98 ± 0.15, Lincomycin 23.94 ± 0.56, Macrolides 51.58 ± 0.69 and Quinolones 27.99 ± 0.39µg/kg). The study shows the presence of antibiotic drug residue in fish samples collected from six local government areas under study. The study also indicated disparities in concentrations of drug residues in the samples studied. Although, the concentrations of these drug residues observed in the samples were below the European Union maximum residue limit, proper monitoring of edible food for pharmaceutical residue is important. Educating farmers on the need to adhere strictly to recommend withdrawal period after the use of products that have these drugs in them is very expedient due to the consequences they pose to human health.

Current practice of family planning among teachers in public secondary school in Enugu East Senatorial District, Nigeria.

The aim of this study is to determine the current practice level of family planning and the associated factors among public secondary school teachers in Enugu East Senatorial District. A cross-sectional study was carried out among public secondary school teachers, aged 18 - 60 years, in Enugu East Senatorial District, using probability proportional to size sampling and systematic random sampling to select 1000 participants. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to determine association. An odds ratio with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was computed to determine the level of significance. The current practice level of family planning is 26.5%. Respondents with bachelor in education were 2 times more likely to be a current user of family planning (AOR=2.39; 95% CI: 1.25-4.55). However, respondents in age group 38 years and above were less likely to be a current user of family planning (AOR=0.64; 95% CI: 0.43-0.95), likewise female respondents (AOR=0.66; 95% CI: 0.44-0.98). Additionally, respondents who mentioned radio (AOR=0.64; 95%CI: 0.44-0.93), social media (AOR=0.73; 95% CI: 0.53-0.99) and healthcare (AOR=0.61; 95%CI: 0.43-0.88) as source of information were less likely to be current user of family planning. Whereas, partner who encouraged the use of family planning (AOR=2.54; 95% CI: 1.71-3.78) span style="font-family:'Times New Roman'; font-weight:bold">, partner who allow each other to decide on family planning methods (AOR=4.47; 95% CI: 2.67-7.48) and those who had good knowledge of family planning (AOR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.40-2.67) were more likely to be current user of family planning. The level of current practice of family planning is low and a significant number of factors predict the current practice of family planning. A family planning educational workshop among teachers is needed to improve teacher's knowledge on family planning to address the issue of adolescent sexual reproduction as teachers are vessels of knowledge impartation to students.

Effect of Local Government Administration on Rural Development: A Study of Enugu East and Isi-Uzo Local Government Areas in Enugu State

Effect of Local Government Administration on Rural Development: A Study of Enugu East and Isi-Uzo Local Government Areas in Enugu State

The Influence of Personality Traits on Career Decision among Secondary School Students in Enugu East Senatorial Zone of Enugu State

The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of personality characteristics on profession decisions among secondary school students in Enugu State, Nigeria. The survey design was used for the investigation. The research's sample of 200 kids was recruited from ten public schools in the study region using a stratified random selection procedure. The main data collecting instrument was the personality traits and students' career choices questionnaire (PTSCDQ), and the data obtained was analyzed using the independent t-test technique. At the 0.05 level of significance, the null hypotheses were tested. The findings suggested that attitude and perception personality characteristics had a substantial effect on secondary school students' profession decisions. Based on these and other findings, it was determined that students' profession choices are impacted not only by their parents and image models, but also by their attitude, perception, and individual attributes based on how they think about such careers. As a result, it was suggested that professional counselors, parents/guardians, teachers, and administrators work together to raise career knowledge and pay greater attention to the personality traits of attitude and perception demonstrated by students.

Predictors of knowledge, attitudes and ever practice family planning among public secondary school teachers in Enugu East Senatorial District, Nigeria.

Family planning deficiencies are responsible for high maternal, newborn, and child mortality in Nigeria, and more than half of all death among adult female is linked to maternal death. To ascertain the predictors of good knowledge, positive attitudes, and ever practice family planning among public secondary school teachers in Enugu East Senatorial District, Nigeria. A cross-sectional research was carried out among public secondary school teachers aged between 18 and 60 years in Enugu East Senatorial District, Nigeria, using probability proportional to size sampling and systematic random sampling from a selection of 1,000 participants. Factors considered included sources of information on family planning, partner involvement, history of family planning methods, and healthcare facilities. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was employed to establish the relationship. An odds ratio of 95% confidence interval (CI) was estimated to ascertain the level of significance. A majority (65.9%) of respondents had a good knowledge of family planning, more than half had positive attitudes (52.7%), and most of them had ever practice family planning (55.0%). Television (AOR = 2.17; 95% CI 1.54-3.06) and social media (AOR = 1.89; 95% CI 1.29-2.78) were effective sources of information to establish significant predictors of good knowledge on family planning. Healthcare (AOR = 0.68; 95% CI 0.51-0.92) and partner discussion (AOR = 3.19; 95% CI 1.94-5.27) were also significant determinants of positive attitudes towards family planning. Cost of obtaining family planning methods (AOR = 0.003; 95% CI 0.001-0.013) and proximity of family planning facilities (AOR = 0.04; 95% CI 0.02-0.10) were notable predictors of ever practice family planning. The level of knowledge, attitudes, and ever practiced family planning among teachers are moderate and a significant number of predictors were identified. Effective awareness is recommended and making use of television as a channel to increase levels of knowledge will hopefully encourage utilization of family planning among teachers.

Microenvironmental Analysis of Housing Development and Biophysical Environment in Enugu Urban

This research carried out an empirical analysis of housing development and microenvironment biophysical elements in Enugu Urban. An experimental and Survey Research design was adopted. The questionnaire was used to represent the survey research method while the area of the practical experiment was used by the researcher to represent the experimental research method. The population of this study comprises of the various housing developments in the three Local Governments Area that make up Enugu Urban – which is Enugu East, Enugu South, and Enugu North. These locations are geo-referenced given that these three local-government areas give the study a wider and more balanced coverage. Taro Yamane’s Statistical formula was applied to determine the sample size for the study which gave n (the desired Sample Size) as 380, which was rounded off to the nearest Hundredth, making n the desired sample size = 400. The major findings of the study were that on average, housing development contributes negatively and significantly to water quality in Enugu urban (p = .003< 0.05). The experimental results revealed the physic-chemical and elemental characteristics of the water sample for the selected respective estates. Secondly, it was also discovered that on average, housing development contributes significantly to soil quality deterioration in Enugu urban (p = .007 < 0.05). The experimental dimension revealed that total organic carbon, ph, organic matter, and fixed carbon yielded average values that confirmed that housing development adversely affects soil quality in Enugu Urban for the period under analysis. It is therefore the recommendation of this study that Wastes that are pushed into waters could be turned into wealth with some research on recycling. Secondly, water pollution is not easy to solve. It is necessary that all hands must be on deck to fight it. This means that aside from controlling housing development, both government and citizen’s cooperation are needed to reduce water pollution to the barest minimum. Since water contamination comes from many different sources and has many numerous effects, every aspect of water pollution needs to be addressed. To sustain and improve soil quality in Enugu state, there is also the need for supported active research into waste minimization strategies, waste avoidance technologies, cleaner production processes, and zero-emission concepts.

Impact of Football Betting on Study Habit of Senior Secondary School Students in Enugu State, Nigeria

The study aims at examining the impact of football betting on study habit among senior secondary school students in Enugu state. The essence for the study came as a result of decline in education sector due to poor study habit among secondary school students in Enugu State. The study was guided by three research questions. The study adopted qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection. From the population of 6,565 senior secondary school students in the 10 senior secondary schools in Enugu East Senatorial Zone of Enugu State, the sample of 180 students were selected through simple random sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection was a close-ended questionnaire with 15 items developed from four research questions. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation on SPSS version 26. Five recommendations were made among which is that Nigeria Lottery Commission should enforce and regulate strict monitoring towards the establishment of betting centers in correspondence to the laws stipulated.

Insecticide resistance and target site mutations (G119S ace-1 and L1014F kdr) in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Enugu state, Southeastern Nigeria

A study of insecticide resistant status and detection of G119S and L1014F mutation genes in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. in Enugu State was conducted between May, 2019 and June, 2020. The aim was to investigate the resistance status of An. gambiae s.l. to four classes of insecticides used in vector control in the area and to identify the target site resistant genes present in resistant mosquitoes. Three randomly selected communities; Awkunanaw (Enugu East), Obukpa (Enugu North) and Awgu (Enugu West senatorial districts) were used as sampling sites. Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae were collected by dip method and reared to adult for the study. WHO Tube Bioassay was used to determine resistance status. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was employed for detection of resistance mechanisms. The average mortality of An. gambiae s.l. tested with DDT was 28.3%, deltamethrin 63.53%, bendiocarb 88.33%, while malathion had the highest average mortality rate of 100%. The Acetycholinesterase Resistance Gene (GII9S Ace-1) mutation was detected at low frequencies in 75(100%) randomly selected An. gambiae s.l. from the three senatorial districts while the Knockdown Resistance Gene (LI0I4F kdr) mutation was not detected. Implementation of insecticide resistance management strategies in the state to control the spread of resistance is recommended.

Molecular characterization of Anopheles gambiae s.l. from three senatorial districts in Enugu State, Southeastern Nigeria

A study of molecular characterization of Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, from three senatorial districts in Enugu State, was conducted between May, 2019 and June, 2020. The aim was to determine the siblings’ species of the mosquito complex and the distribution of the S (Savannah) and M (Mopti) molecular forms within the An. gambiae sensu stricto in the area. Three randomly selected communities; Awkunanaw (Enugu East), Obukpa (Enugu North) and Awgu (Enugu West senatorial districts) were used as sampling sites. Anopheles gambiae s.l. larvae were collected by dip method and reared to adult for the study. A total of 450(100%) An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes were subjected to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Of this number, 150(33.33%) were randomly selected from bulk of An. gambiae s.l. mosquitoes collected from each of the three communities. All the 450(100%) were identified as An. gambiae s.s. The Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) was done on the 450(100%) An. gambiae s.s. A total of 300(66.67%) from Awkunanaw and Obukpa Nsukka communities were An. gambiae S-form while 150(33.33%) from Awgu were identified as An. gambiae M-form. The study has revealed that An. gambiae s.s. is the dominant malaria vector within the complex in the area. Integrated vector control is recommended.

Influence of Rural-Urban Migration on Waste Management in the Enugu Metropolis

The study examined the influence of rural-urban migration on waste management in the Enugu metropolis. It was motivated by the waste disposal problems and challenges in the coal city. The specific objectives sought were to: determine the impact of rural-urban migration, the influence of irregular collection and disposal of refuse, and the influence of indiscriminate dumping of refuse on waste management in the Enugu metropolis. A survey design was adopted for the study. The area of study was the Enugu metropolis which includes Enugu East, Enugu South and Enugu North local government areas. The study covered activities of Enugu State Waste Management Agency, household residents, as well as contractors on waste management in the Enugu metropolis. The study population, 722,664, was drawn from the three local governments areas mentioned. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire. Data collected were presented in Likert 5-points scale, and analysed with a measure of central tendency (Mean). Results indicate that increase in rural-urban migration have a negative impact on waste generation and management in Enugu State. The study recommended among other things that the Enugu State government should try to stem the tide of rural-urban migration and also develop strategies to control indiscriminate dumping of refuse in the city while ensuring that refuse collection and disposal are timely and regularly done across the Enugu metropolis.