Entry Profiles Research Articles

CONTRIBUTIONS TO AGING RESEARCH BY DOCTORATES IN GERONTOLOGY AND GERIATRICS: A PORTUGUESE CASE STUDY

Abstract Portugal is home to one of the world’s oldest populations, ranking in the top five OECD countries with the highest share of people aged 65 and over. The PhD in Gerontology and Geriatrics (PDGG) is the first and one-of-its-kind response in Portugal to the need of advanced training in the field. This work describes the contributions of PDGG doctorates from 2009 to 2022. Electronic/paper-based academic records were retrieved to characterize the doctorates’ entry profiles. Documentary analysis of dissertations was performed to describe their research. Related publications and its impact were identified from searches on academic databases/engines. Doctorates (N=36; 88.9% female) were aged between 23 and 54 (M 33.0). The background is in health and social sciences, with more representation from nurses (30.6%) and psychologists (22.2%). Approximately thirty percent (n=10) had a Masters in Gerontology, and all were professionally experienced with older adults (1-29 years). Doctoral research topics included cognitive impairment and mental health, healthcare/social services/interventions; intergenerationally/family relations/informal care; frailty; nutrition and physical activity, minority populations, elder abuse and spirituality. The research of the 36 doctorates involved 12374 participants (9499 older persons). Outputs comprised 153 publications in scientific journals, receiving 1640 citations, 87782 usages (e.g., views, downloads), 9538 captures (e.g., exports) and 541 in social media or news articles (PlumX metrics). Other contributes included 8 original intervention programs, 3 new and 11 translated/culturally-adapted assessment scales. This case study shows the intergenerational and lifelong learning environment of the PDGG, and its many contributions to the the aging field.

Structure-based discovery of dual pathway inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 entry

Since 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved rapidly and gained resistance to multiple therapeutics targeting the virus. Development of host-directed antivirals offers broad-spectrum intervention against different variants of concern. Host proteases, TMPRSS2 and CTSL/CTSB cleave the SARS-CoV-2 spike to play a crucial role in the two alternative pathways of viral entry and are characterized as promising pharmacological targets. Here, we identify compounds that show potent inhibition of these proteases and determine their complex structures with their respective targets. Furthermore, we show that applying inhibitors simultaneously that block both entry pathways has a synergistic antiviral effect. Notably, we devise a bispecific compound, 212-148, exhibiting the dual-inhibition ability of both TMPRSS2 and CTSL/CTSB, and demonstrate antiviral activity against various SARS-CoV-2 variants with different viral entry profiles. Our findings offer an alternative approach for the discovery of SARS-CoV-2 antivirals, as well as application for broad-spectrum treatment of viral pathogenic infections with similar entry pathways.

USING ACADEMC LITERACY LEVEL AS A MEASURE FOR ACADEMIC PREPAREDNESS: A UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CASE STUDY

Ponte Academic JournalFeb 2023, Volume 79, Issue 2 USING ACADEMC LITERACY LEVEL AS A MEASURE FOR ACADEMIC PREPAREDNESS: A UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY CASE STUDYAuthor(s): Jeremiah Madzimure ,Muntuwenkosi ChiliJ. Ponte - Feb 2023 - Volume 79 - Issue 2 doi: 10.21506/j.ponte.2023.2.5 Abstract:National statistics suggest that drop-out rates for first year students entering science, technology engineering and mathematics (STEM) programmes are disproportionately higher across all universities in South Africa. Predicting first-year student success in these programmes has thus become a priority area for researchers in the student academic support and development centres. This paper reports on the results of a pilot study that sought to draw inferences about the predictive value of the Test of Academic Literacy Levels (TALL) at one university of technology in South Africa. The purpose of this test is to inform academic staff of entry profiles of students and to assign students to tutorial groups and other academic support programmes. TALL was meant to be written by all new students taking mathematics and science courses in the years 2015 (n = 1240) and 2016 (n = 2133). The findings indicate poor performance for most students who took the test. The findings indicate that the test is not adequate for predicting future academic performance of first year students at tertiary institutions. The results of the current study have informed the University about the diagnostic value of the tool and the academic profile of students which subsequently lead to improved student academic support initiatives. Download full text:Check if you have access through your login credentials or your institution Username Password

How the Entry Profiles and Early Study Habits Are Related to First-Year Academic Performance in Engineering Programs

This paper explores how the entry profiles of engineering students are related to their academic performance during the first year of university in a sample of 255 first-year engineering students (77 females and 178 males) at a university in Northeast Mexico. The predictors used were the high school grade point average (HSGPA), Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) results, the first admission test, and a Spanish adaptation of the Survey of Study Habits and Attitudes Test (SSHA) from Brown and Holtzman. The SSHA adaptation was tested for internal consistency reliabilities via Cronbach’s alpha globally (0.92) and for the following categories: delay avoidance (DA: 0.79), work methods (WM: 0.81), teacher approval (TA: 0.89), and educational acceptance (EA: 0.74). The results were compared with those of other studies to validate their consistency. To assess the different entry profiles between high- and low-achieving students, we performed a Kruskal–Wallis test and found significant differences (p < 0.001) between both profiles for all variables. We then measured the relationships between the variables and academic success by constructing a correlation table, where HSGPA, SAT, and DA showed the highest correlations: 0.61, 0.40, and 0.36, respectively. With these outcomes, a predictive model via a logistic regression (R2=0.52) was built to forecast first year academic performance in the specific context.

The “Pro-Seal” Large-Bore Arterial Access Closure Technique: Making the Best of What Is Available

The number of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and other percutaneous procedures for structural heart disease has risen in recent years and will likely continue to increase. Despite iterative improvements in delivery systems resulting in smaller sizes and entry profiles, large-bore vascular access will continue to be needed. Cardiovascular interventionalists are tasked with performing TAVR procedures as safely as possible while maintaining a low incidence of bleeding and ischemic access site complications—all while using commercially available vascular closure equipment.Multiple large-bore vascular closure devices are currently used in clinical practice; one of the most commonly employed is the suture-based Perclose ProGlide system (Abbott Vascular, Inc). Even though its versatility and effectiveness are acceptable, the Perclose ProGlide device does occasionally fail. How best to achieve complete hemostasis when a failure occurs remains to be determined.In this issue of the Journal, Cakal et al1 report their experience using an ANGIOSEAL device (Terumo Medical Corporation) in patients for whom Perclose ProGlide device deployment did not result in complete hemostasis. The authors performed a retrospective review of 185 patients who underwent TAVR in their center. In all individuals, vascular closure was performed using 2 Perclose ProGlide devices; in 46 of these patients, an 8F ANGIO-SEAL device was added as a “bailout” when the Per-close ProGlide device failed and persistent vascular bleeding was noted. The auxiliary ANGIO-SEAL device was deemed successful in all cases. No statistically significant differences in vascular complications were noted, although a higher incidence of hematoma formation was found in the ANGIO-SEAL bailout group.The findings from Cakal et al1 support the safety and feasibility of using an ANGIO-SEAL device as bailout when use of 2 Perclose ProGlide devices fails to achieve hemostasis in large-bore arterial closure—an approach that has come to be referred to as the “Pro-Seal” technique. These are welcome data because they inform current practice and broaden the operators' options in complex patients. Nonetheless, it is worth noting a particular limitation of this study and its proposed approach (beyond its limited number of patients and retrospective nature). Deciding when hemostasis is suboptimal remains a significantly subjective endeavor. It is unclear whether manual compression after Perclose ProGlide closure might have successfully controlled bleeding in some of these patients, thereby avoiding the use of an additional device that could cause further complications. Clarifying this point is especially important because the operators suggest a Perclose ProGlide failure rate exceeding 20%, which is significantly higher than expected. Fortunately, given the authors' experience, the downside of adding an ANGIO-SEAL device appears to be minimal.Even though a surgeon with experience in open vascular repair may be profoundly dissatisfied with the macroscopic and microscopic appearance of 2 Perclose ProGlide devices and 1 ANGIO-SEAL device in the arteriotomy site, the Pro-Seal technique appears to be an acceptable solution for completing the procedure safely and efficiently. This strategy is effective not only as bailout in case of bleeding but also as a planned strategy from the outset, as demonstrated in a large retrospective study.2 As expected, additional data confirming the utility, safety, and effectiveness of the Pro-Seal approach are needed, as is the development of newer and better closure devices designed from inception to be used specifically for large-bore access closure.

Improving Students’ Entry Profiles: Exploring English Ability Level, Affective Variables and Academic Performance in a Chilean TEFL Program.

Having valuable information about newly enrolled university students in the form of entry profiles is key to address their academic needs as they advance through their educational trajectories. In Chile, this is acknowledged by the law 20.903, which mandates that all tertiary-level pedagogy programs implement a diagnostic assessment at the beginning of their programs. This, in order to even out students' academic level and establish supportive measures for those who obtain low results. Aiming to enrich the entry profile of a group of Chilean TEFL undergraduates, our study explores how factors such as English ability level, attendance to class and motivation influence their academic performance during their first semester of university studies. Through the analysis of quantitative sources of data, results suggest that class attendance and scores on an institutional English entry test give valuable information about students’ performance, but do not fully explain their academic success. Qualitative data from teacher interviews suggest that profiling students would also involve looking at factors such as motivation. Findings make us reflect on the need of detailed entry profiles and comprehensive diagnostic assessments that transcend the assessment of English skills and linguistic knowledge in order to assure better learning trajectories for university students.

Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase Regulates Stoichiometry of CD4+ T-Cell Compartments.

Immune responses involve mobilization of T cells within naïve and memory compartments. Tightly regulated Ca2+ levels are essential for balanced immune outcomes. How Ca2+ contributes to regulating compartment stoichiometry is unknown. Here, we show that plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 4 (PMCA4) is differentially expressed in human CD4+ T compartments yielding distinct store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) profiles. Modulation of PMCA4 yielded a more prominent increase of SOCE in memory than in naïve CD4+ T cell. Interestingly, downregulation of PMCA4 reduced the effector compartment fraction and led to accumulation of cells in the naïve compartment. In silico analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation point towards Ying Yang 1 (YY1) as a transcription factor regulating PMCA4 expression. Analyses of PMCA and YY1 expression patterns following activation and of PMCA promoter activity following downregulation of YY1 highlight repressive role of YY1 on PMCA expression. Our findings show that PMCA4 adapts Ca2+ levels to cellular requirements during effector and quiescent phases and thereby represent a potential target to intervene with the outcome of the immune response.

Mars Atmospheric Characterization with a ChipSat Swarm

A mission scenario is proposed, where a large number of centimeter-scale femto-spacecraft are dispersed from a CubeSat piggyback payload on a future Mars mission. This swarm would deliver real-time massively parallel sensing throughout entry, descent, and landing with in-orbit measurements, atmospheric characterization during descent, and even surface science upon landing. Because few entry profiles exist at present for the in situ atmospheric modeling of Mars, a ChipSat swarm offers a promising tool for cost-effective atmospheric characterization that could lower risks for ongoing Mars exploration programs.

Transitioning into TVET schools: An exploration of second career teachers’ entry profiles

In this study, we present and evaluate a way to profile second career teachers in technical and vocational education and training schools that goes beyond the traditional motivational approach. More specifically, by considering multiple entry-related variables (entry motivation, career adaptability, and prior job satisfaction). Analyses based on a mixed methods design (262 prospective and in-service second career teachers for the latent profile analysis and 7 in-service teachers for the multiple case study) revealed three profiles with their own specific characteristics, and predicting different levels of sense of efficacy for teaching. This study confirms the heterogeneity of the population of second career teachers and invites reflection on the implications for their entry into teaching.

Causes and Characteristics of Professional Mobility for Teachers in Morocco, Case of secondary School Teachers Who Have Chosen to Become Educational Guidance Counselors

When it comes to changing one's profession after a several years of professional experience in a given field, It must be admitted that the person who adopts this approach is very persevering in the quest for self-realization. Thus, the search for improvement of the working environment and its conditions are often behind this type of choice. To try to understand this phenomenon of professional mobility, we conducted a study that concerning 1st cycle secondary school teachers who became guidance counselors and we focus on two parameters concerning this population: the causes that led them make this choice, and their socio-cultural characteristics (entry profiles). This information was collected via a questionary administered to all active guidance counselors. The results of this research led us to conclude a review of the flow of national education staff and to highlight the lack of professionals for certain subjects taught.

High dynamic range particle image velocimetry analysis of viscous inhalant flows

High dynamic velocity range (DVR) flows are challenging to measure with traditional double-pulse particle image velocimetry (PIV) since no single correlation time scale optimally resolves particle displacements over the entire DVR of interest. Inhalant flows are ubiquitous in engineering and biology and feature a high DVR as they draw viscous fluid through an orifice from a surrounding reservoir since large interior tube velocities rapidly attenuate with exterior distance from the inhalant orifice. We conducted a high-DVR PIV study of viscous inhalant flow hydrodynamics by developing and applying a multi-time-lag type processing scheme to construct DVR-enhanced flowfields. The algorithm adapts existing multi-time-lag type schemes into one that is well suited for slowly evolving flows with a persistent spatiotemporal structure. Correlation analyses between image pairs across two optimized time scales produce a pair of correlation maps well suited for resolution of targeted high and low measurement velocities. An evaluation map based on the best statistical relative strength of the local correlation peak amplitude and peak ratio is then used to spatially reconstruct a single DVR-enhanced velocity field with a DVR on the order of 1000:1. Numerical simulations show close agreement with measured flows everywhere following DVR enhancement, and the high-DVR PIV results reveal marked differences in the exterior flow kinematics and dynamics due to varying viscous and boundary interaction effects. The inlet velocity profiles at the tube orifice are highly sensitive to the Reynolds number within this range (1–100) and show notable departures from classically assumed uniform pipe entry profiles, impacting flow development lengths downstream.

Desarrollo institucional y conflicto magisterial en México, 1939-1948. El caso del Instituto Federal de Capacitación del Magisterio y los maestros federales de San Luis Potosí

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los factores que intervinieron en la creación del Instituto Federal de Capacitación del Magisterio con el fin de demostrar la influencia de este en el conflicto magisterial protagonizado por maestros federales de San Luis Potosí en 1948. La metodología consistió en la revisión de documentos oficiales, testimoniales y bibliográficos acerca de los maestros federales agremiados en la Sección XXVI del Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación en San Luis Potosí, así como de fuentes primarias del Archivo General de la Nación, de los fondos Secretaría de Educación Pública y Presidentes. Lo relativo a la reforma educativa y a los decretos se revisó en el Diario Oficial de la Federación. La información se sistematizó mediante el análisis de contenido en varias etapas. En la primera etapa, de análisis temático, se efectuó un preanálisis para conocer la estructura de los expedientes relativos al conflicto. Se hizo una primera revisión general y se generó, a partir de esta, la distribución de frecuencia simple para organizar el material. En la segunda etapa, de exploración minuciosa, se encontró el sentido de las agrupaciones iniciales, con base en expresiones y palabras muy significativas. En la etapa final, de tratamiento de resultados e interpretación, se formularon inferencias de mayor consistencia y se hizo un cruce con enunciaciones teóricas para integrar el cuerpo argumental del escrito. En cuanto a los resultados de la investigación, se establece que se crearon iniciativas de fortalecimiento institucional que, sin fundamentos suficientes, estuvieron lejos de garantizar una respuesta efectiva a la formación de maestros en servicio. Entre las limitaciones del estudio está la falta de información sobre la solución final de los conflictos aquí abordados y la manera en que se ajustó la operación del Instituto Federal de Capacitación del Magisterio (en diferentes etapas) ante el crecimiento del sistema educativo y la diversificación de perfiles de ingreso de los maestros. Este trabajo es meritorio porque prueba las implicaciones de factores políticos, económicos y sociales y el papel del Estado en la formación del magisterio en servicio; asimismo, porque ahonda en un tema escasamente tratado: el Instituto Federal de Capacitación del Magisterio, el devenir de este, los conflictos que su operación le generó al sistema educativo federal y sus maestros. Se concluye que los maestros federales agrupados en el Sindicato Nacional de Trabajadores de la Educación hicieron de una coyuntura la ocasión para manifestar su descontento por rezagos de vieja data, por lo que usaron renovadas tácticas de presión para reclamar beneficios que “por ley” les correspondían.

Binding and Entry of 1918 Pandemic Influenza Receptor Binding Domain Variants in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells

The 1918 “Spanish” influenza pandemic is the most severe influenza pandemic to date. Many questions remain regarding its origin, mechanisms of adaptation, and enhanced pathogenicity in humans. We used the human trachea derived primary cell line, normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, to examine the binding and entry pattern of 5 1918 receptor binding domain variants: A/1/SC/1918 (SC), A/1/NY/1918 (NY), A/1/1918/VA (VA), A/1/1918/NY3 (NY3), and the ‘avianized’ 1918 virus. Prevailing hypotheses postulate that the hemagglutinin protein of avian-adapted influenza viruses binds via a2,3 sialic acid (Sia)-linked glycans and that the mammalian-adapted viruses bind a2,6 Sia-linked glycans, and that host switch requires a complete change in this Sia preference. SC exclusively binds and VA is predicted to bind a2,6, NY binds mixed a2,3/α2,6, NY3′s binding preference is unknown and the ‘avianized’ virus exclusively binds a2,3 Sia. We hypothesized that these viruses' binding and entry profiles would align with their Sia preferences as well as show a distinct cell type tropism correlating with the NHBE cells' Sia receptor distribution. We used immunofluorescence to analyze virus entry by epithelial cell type. Interestingly, all 5 viruses bound and entered the NHBE cells and AV was the most effective, easily entering both goblet and ciliated cells, including cells that express only a2,6 Sia on their surface. AV also grew to higher titers than NY and SC in an NHBE multi-cycle replication kinetics study. NIH intramural research program. Confocal maximum projection images of NY3 infected NHBEs; influenza antigen (green), nuclei (gray), goblet (magenta) ciliated (red) and basal cells (blue). Bar 20 um.

Cavity dynamics of smooth sphere and golf ball at low Froude numbers, part 2: PIV analysis

In this work, water entry developments of smooth sphere and golf ball were investigated using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Through the attempts of use of PIV, velocity contour plots were generated. PIV results were compared to raw images of water entry profiles and challenges with regard to experimental errors were discussed.

Estimating population size, structure, and residency time for whale sharks Rhincodon typus through collaborative photo-identification

ESR Endangered Species Research Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsSpecials ESR 7:39-53 (2009) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00186 Estimating population size, structure, and residency time for whale sharks Rhincodon typus through collaborative photo-identification Jason Holmberg1,2,*, Bradley Norman3, Zaven Arzoumanian2,4 1ECOCEAN USA, 4836 NE 31st Avenue, Portland, Oregon 92711, USA 2Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia 3ECOCEAN, c/o Centre for Fish and Fisheries Research, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia 4Present address: Universities Space Research Association, 10211 Wincopin Circle, Columbia, Maryland 21044, USA *Email: jason@whaleshark.org ABSTRACT: Capture-mark-recapture (CMR) data from Ningaloo Marine Park (NMP) in Western Australia have recently been used to study the population dynamics of the local whale shark aggregation. Because nascent research efforts at other aggregation points look to NMP as a model, further analysis of existing modeling approaches is important. We have expanded upon previous studies of NMP whale sharks by estimating CMR survival and recruitment rates as functions of average total length (TL). Our analysis suggests a decline in reported values of TL coincident with marginally increasing abundance among sharks sighted in more than one year (‘returning’) from 1995 to 2008. We found a positive, average returning recruitment rate (λ) of 1.07 yr–1 (0.99 to 1.15, 95% CI); smaller individuals contributed in larger numbers to recruitment, allowing for population growth accompanied by a decline in median size. We subsequently explored intraseasonal population dynamics with the Open Robust Design (ORD) model structure. Our best-fit model estimated modestly increasing annual abundances between 107 (95% CI = 90 to 124) and 159 (95% CI = 127 to 190) for 2004 to 2007, suggesting a short-term increase in total annual abundance. The ORD also estimated an average residency time of 33 d (95% CI = 31 to 39) and biweekly entry profiles into the study area. Overall, our techniques demonstrate how large aggregations of the species can be modeled to better understand short- and long-term population trends. These results also show the direct scientific benefit from the development of an online, collaborative data management system to increase collection of sighting data for a rare species in conjunction with ecotourism activity. KEY WORDS: Mark-recapture · Open Robust Design · Population biology · Rhincodon typus · Survivorship · Transience · Whale shark Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Holmberg J, Norman B, Arzoumanian Z (2009) Estimating population size, structure, and residency time for whale sharks Rhincodon typus through collaborative photo-identification. Endang Species Res 7:39-53. https://doi.org/10.3354/esr00186 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in ESR Vol. 7, No. 1. Online publication date: April 08, 2009 Print ISSN: 1863-5407; Online ISSN: 1613-4796 Copyright © 2009 Inter-Research.

Quality teaching and learning: a quality assurance framework for initial teacher preparation programmes

Education and the challenges of preparing quality teachers are important priorities in many countries. Singapore is no different. The success of what Singapore hopes to achieve in education depends on the quality of its teachers. Competent and effective teachers help build a strong educational system. In response to the nation's need for quality teachers, the National Institute of Education (NIE), Singapore, reviewed and enhanced their initial teacher preparation programmes in 2005. A Values, Knowledge and Skills (VSK) model listing the attributes of beginning teachers was developed to anchor the review and enhancement. This also provided first steps in developing an overarching Quality Assurance (QA) framework. The QA framework covers key aspects of programme delivery and development, from student's entry profiles to beginning teacher's competencies. The paper has two parts. Part one details the development and conceptual underpinning of the QA framework. Part two outlines the framework's structure and components.

Opportunities for practice and development: newly qualified teachers and the use of information and communications technologies in teaching foreign languages in English secondary school contexts

This study explores the experiences of newly qualified teachers of foreign languages in English secondary school contexts as they both seek opportunities and develop their abilities to use information and communications technologies (ICT) as a tool to support foreign language learning. A cohort of newly qualified foreign language teachers from the University of Manchester was first surveyed to establish a picture of teacher experience and confidence in the use of ICT after their initial training year. Based on self‐declared interest in ICT as a development area, indicated in career entry profiles, six case‐study teachers were subsequently identified and their experiences in specific school environments were explored. Cross‐case analysis determined not only the impact of specific factors on opportunities for ICT use and personal development, but also an ecological dimension to the school contexts resulting in an interplay between factors with varying effects on newly qualified teachers.

The evolution of piston-driven pipe flow: thermal transpiration

The steady-state transition from and to the uniform entry and exit flow profiles is well described, at large aspect ratio, in terms of the stream function by the pipe eigenfunctions. But these latter are unsuited to oscillatory motion or the time evolution of the symmetric piston-driven pipe flow, for which an appropriate solution has a combination of a Fourier series along the finite pipe and a Fourier–Bessel series in the transverse direction. A non-uniqueness requires the identification of a solvability condition and care is needed in demonstrating its satisfaction. An additional result is that the solution must be constructed to satisfy the normal flow conditions identically. Application is made to thermal transpiration, recently explained by the revised Navier–Stokes equations and boundary conditions.

Atmospheric entry profiles from the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity

Accelerometer measurements made by Spirit and Opportunity during their entries through the martian atmosphere are reported. Vertical profiles of atmospheric density, pressure, and temperature with sub-km vertical resolution were obtained using these data between 10 and 100 km. Spirit's temperature profile is ∼ 10 K warmer than Opportunity's between 20 and 80 km. Unlike all other martian entry profiles, Spirit's temperature profile does not contain any large amplitude, long wavelength oscillations and is nearly isothermal below 30 km. Opportunity's temperature profile contains a strong inversion between 8 and 12 km. A moderate dust storm, which occurred on Mars shortly before these two atmospheric entries, may account for some of the differences between the two profiles. The poorly known angle of attack and unknown wind velocity may cause the temperature profiles to contain errors of tens of Kelvin at 10 km, but these errors would be an order of magnitude smaller above 30 km. On broad scales, the two profiles are consistent with Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) pressure/temperature profiles. Differences exist on smaller scales, particularly associated with the near-isothermal portion of Spirit's profile and the temperature inversion in Opportunity's profile.

Fully developed flow through a porous channel bounded by flat plates

Plane, parallel and fully-developed flow through straight porous channels is considered in an attempt to study the effects of the porous matrix and the microscopic inertia on the velocity profiles, for different flow-driving mechanisms. By comparison, flows through free-space in the same configuration, as governed by the Navier–Stokes equations and subject to Poiseuille and Couette type entry profiles have become bench-mark problems in the study of flow equations that can be solved analytically by the method of reduction to ordinary differential equations. In this work, we therefore consider three types of Poiseuille–Couette combinations, together with the main models governing flow through porous media, and offer a comparison with the corresponding flow through free-space.