Entry Level Research Articles

Clinical Results of Percutaneous Transhepatic Biliary Drainage With Different Hepatic Access and Methods in the Treatment of Obstructive Jaundice.

Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is a common procedure for biliary obstruction jaundice caused by biliary tract obstruction. PTBD can be performed using external or external-internal methods, by the right or left lobe approach. However, differences in both the method used and the hepatic approach may affect success rates and complications. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the outcomes and complications of PTBD and compare them according to different methods and hepatic approaches. Patients who underwent PTBD procedures in our interventional radiology department due to benign or malignant pathologies between March 2021 and March 2024 were included in the study. The diagnoses of the patients, and total and direct bilirubin values before and after the procedure were recorded. The clinical results and the complications of PTBD were compared statistically according to the hepatic approach and method. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine significant factors associated with PTBD success and complications. Sixty patients were included in our study (32 men, 28 women; mean age: 67.14±13.61y). The most common indication was malignant bile duct obstruction (90%). The obstruction was mostly at the level of the common bile duct (46.7%). The success rate of PTBD was the highest with the left-side external biliary drainage approach (left-side external biliary drainage, 81.2%; right-side internal-external biliary drainage, 77.8%; right-side external biliary drainage, 69.2%; P=0.596). The complication rate was higher for right-side access (right side 15.9%, left side 12.5%, P=0.744). Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that PTBD success in females was 5 times higher than in males [Exp(B): 5.000, β: 1.609, P<0.05]. Univariate logistic regression analysis revealed that methods used, entry lobes, and entry levels did not significantly affect PTBD success and complication incidence (P>0.05). All approaches and methods used during PTBD were associated with low complications and high success rates. Nevertheless, external biliary drainage with right hepatic access has the lowest clinical success rate and a higher complication rate than the left-lobe approach. We observed that left-sided external biliary drainage was the most successful method and had fewer complications.

Uptake, Translocation, Toxicity, and Impact of Nanoparticles on Plant Physiological Processes

The application of nanotechnology in agriculture has increased rapidly. However, the fate and effects of various nanoparticles on the soil, plants, and humans are not fully understood. Reports indicate that nanoparticles exhibit positive and negative impacts on biota due to their size, surface property, concentration within the system, and species or cell type under test. In plants, nanoparticles are translocated either by apoplast or symplast pathway or both. Also, it is not clear whether the nanoparticles entering the plant system remain as nanoparticles or are biotransformed into ionic forms or other organic compounds. Controversial results on the toxicity effects of nanomaterials on the plant system are available. In general, the nanomaterial toxicity was exerted by producing reactive oxygen species, leading to damage or denaturation of various biomolecules. The intensity of cyto- and geno-toxicity depends on the physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles. Based on the literature survey, it is observed that the effects of nanoparticles on the growth, photosynthesis, and primary and secondary metabolism of plants are both positive and negative; the response of these processes to the nanoparticle was associated with the type of nanoparticle, the concentration within the tissue, crop species, and stage of growth. Future studies should focus on addressing the key knowledge gaps in understanding the responses of plants to nanoparticles at all levels through global transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome assays and evaluating nanoparticles under field conditions at realistic exposure concentrations to determine the level of entry of nanoparticles into the food chain and assess the impact of nanoparticles on the ecosystem.

Pre-service English teachers’ learning traits

The present study aimed to characterize a comprehensive learning profile of pre-service teachers at an English teacher education programme of a public university in Southeast Mexico. The learning attributes comprise their English entry level, learning strategies and styles, learning approaches, and learning preferences. The research design was non-experimental, descriptive transectional, with a single data collection procedure during the August 2023 term. Four learning scales and two placement tests were used to identify the predominant learning traits of the cohort studied. The results show a preference to use cognitive learning strategies more than any other type. In terms of learning styles, the findings show that most participants are primarily aural, but some students are bi- and even tri-oriented. In terms of their learning preferences, most students identified as analytical. Regarding learning approaches, most students typically employ a deep approach, which could be quite inadequate because they depend more on surface strategies.

ISCO-08 Classification and scope of practice of nurses: Survey among WHO-Europe member states

Abstract Background The expansion of nurse’s roles in the delivery of care needs transparent defining of roles, extra education/training opportunities, and complementary legislative regulations. Methods This cross-sectional study was planned to explore status of nursing and midwifery workforce in WHO Europe member states. Data were collected from December 2020 until September 2023. Results ISCO-08 2221 is used to classify for only bachelor prepared-nurses in 2 of countries (Bulgaria and Spain). Besides, it is used only for vocational prepared-nurses in 2 of countries (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan). Those countries only have vocational or bachelor education. ISCO-08 2221 is used in 1 of countries which have two entry levels with vocational and bachelor prepared-nurses (Georgia). ISCO-08 3221 is referred to vocational training in 5 (20%) countries (Armenia, Finland, the UK, Croatia, Hungary). ISCO-08 2221 is main classification for all levels prepared nurses in 18 countries including Switzerland, Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Denmark, Ireland, Israel, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Lithuania Latvia, Malta, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sweden, Slovakia, Türkiye. Scope of practice of vocational and bachelor prepared nurses is defined by law/legislation in 25 of member states. Scope of practice vocational versus bachelor depends on conduct scientific tasks (Switzerland), being broader (Kazakhstan), competency level (Hungary, Croatia, Portugal) exceptionally there is no difference in Malta. Scope of Registered Nurse, Specialist Nurse and Advanced Nurse Practitioner differ in 22 of countries of those which on activities/practice/roles, expanded authority, working with determined care group. As a result, while scope of practice of professional nurses varies in line with their education level, ISCO-08 2221 is used for nurses’ classification from all education levels in member states. Key messages • There is no classification for postgraduate trained nurses (as is the case for physicians), even though scope of practice is different across education levels. • When revising the ISCO-08 classification, it should be recommended that a common terminology is needed to define postgraduate nurses in region.

Protocol for the SELECT study: a sequential mixed methods study of the selection of UK medical students into clinical academic training

BackgroundInternationally, there has been a move towards fostering diverse healthcare workforces that are representative of the patient populations they serve. Selection criteria for academic-clinicians often aim to capture skills and attributes that demonstrate both clinical and academic excellence. Currently, it is not known whether the selection criteria for early academic-clinical careers advantage or disadvantage certain ethnic or socioeconomic groups. The UK has a structured route of integrated clinical academic training with entry level training for newly qualified doctors administered through the ‘Specialised Foundation Programme’ which provides protected time for research within the first two years of postgraduate clinical training. In this study, we aim to identify what selection criteria are used within the UK Specialised Foundation Programme, and how these relate to demographic factors.MethodsWe will perform a mixed methods study consisting of a document analysis of person specifications and selection criteria used in the 2024 UK Specialised Foundation Programme, and a national cross-sectional survey of current medical students in the UK. We will obtain the person specifications, selection criteria, white space (open ended questions used during shortlisting) and interview questions and mark schemes from each Specialised Unit of Applications via information available on their websites or through Freedom of Information requests. Our survey will collect information relating to demographic data, selection criteria, and perceptions of specialised foundation programme selection.DiscussionInternational literature has demonstrated inequity in academic markers used in selection of post-graduate clinicians and that disadvantages caused by selection can compound over time. As such it is important to understand what inequity exists within the selection of early academic-clinicians, as this can help inform more equitable selection practices and help nurture a more diverse academic-clinical workforce.

Play Your Way Into Production: Game-based Skills Development for the Screen Industries

Screen industry employers report they are unable to recruit graduates with the right skills for entry level roles in film and television (e.g. runners or production assistants), citing a lack of business awareness and various ‘soft skills’ as barriers to employment (Grugulis and Vincent 2009; Carey et al, 2017; Jones, Swords and Brereton, 2022). Traditionally such knowledge and skills are obtained through in-person work experience on set, but work experience is usually unpaid and therefore inaccessible to many students and graduates. However, research in the use of applied/serious games and extended reality technologies for training purposes has indicated that situational skills training can be facilitated using these approaches (Ebner and Holzinger 2007; Connolly et al, 2012). This paper presents an analysis of the design process behind a game-based learning intervention, developed to enable players to experience a day working on a film set and to allow educators to open up discussions about working practices and employability/progression within the screen industry. The simulation gives players the opportunity to take on a junior role in a film studio, respond to typical requests on set, interact with other crew members and observe proceedings. The study draws on interviews with educators and an ethnographic account of playing the game and using the complementary educational resources. We argue that a serious game can function as a meaningful intervention allowing potential new entrants to the screen industry to understand the tasks and duties of job roles in the industry. This approach also improves access to the development of skills and knowledge which are traditionally gained through (unpaid) work experience.

Paramedic educational programs maintain entry level competency throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic required unprecedented changes to emergency medical services (EMS) educational frameworks in the United States. It is unclear if pandemic-related changes impacted paramedic educational outcomes. We aimed to evaluate curricular and performance changes resulting from the initial COVID-19 pandemic on paramedic educational programs. We performed a retrospective cross-sectional evaluation of paramedic educational programs in 2019 and 2020 using the Committee on Accreditation of Educational Programs for the Emergency Medical Services Professions annual reports. These reports contain detailed program components and measures of program success. We included programs reporting at least one graduate in the study period. Descriptive statistics (proportions [%], median [interquartile range, IQR]) were calculated for paramedic program characteristics in 2019 and 2020, as well as pandemic specific curriculum changes. Wilcoxon rank-sum and Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate differences in characteristics by year. The number of paramedic educational programs in our population decreased from 640 programs in 2019 to 612 in 2020, with a statistically significant decrease in clinical hours (2019: 219 [IQR 168‒272]; 2020: 200.5 [IQR 157‒261]). There was no difference in first or third-attempt certification examination success between years. Temporary shutdown was experienced in 34% of programs (duration: 3weeks [2‒7]) and 72% of required curricular changes. Curricular changes commonly included decreased in-person education (86%), traditional classroom lectures (78%), number of clinical sites (78%), and increased online didactic education (92%). Only 20% of programs decreased laboratory simulation or total training hours. During the pandemic, paramedic educational programs changed educational delivery with no observed differences on overall program performance. Identifying key curricular changes and best practices for implementation may be necessary to better optimize future educational delivery.

Employers most desirable attributes in early-career physiotherapists: a content analysis of job advertisements

BackgroundEnsuring a sufficient, appropriately qualified health workforce is of global concern. Understanding the attributes that employers seek is critical in recruitment, retention, and educational design. In physiotherapy, there is a dearth of evidence on desirable attributes that employers seek from early-career physiotherapists. This study directly addresses this gap. The aims of this study were to identify the characteristics of the jobs advertised for early-career physiotherapists in Australia; determine which attributes were most desired when employing an early-career physiotherapist; and identify if there were differences in the attributes required based upon workplace location.MethodsNew graduate and early-career physiotherapy job advertisements were collected for six months from 1st October 2020 until 31st March 2021 from SEEK.com.au, a large online employment marketplace that operates across ten countries in the Asia Pacific and Latin America. Job advertisements needed to specify new graduate or early-career physiotherapist eligibility and be located within Australia. Data extraction were completed using QuestionPro®. The Modified Monash Model was used to classify rurality of job location. Job advertisements were analysed descriptively and using content analysis to identify attributes.ResultsThe search yielded 578 job advertisements with the greatest number collected in October 2020 (25.3%). Of the advertisements, 428 (74.0%) were in metropolitan locations (Modified Monash 1), 47 (8.1%) were in regional (Modified Monash 2), 99 (17.1%) were in rural locations (Modified Monash 3–5), and 4 (0.8%) were in remote locations (Modified Monash 6–7). Most roles were in private practice (63.3%) or aged care (21.7%). The top five attributes requested by employers were client focus, communication and interpersonal skills, team player, willingness to learn, and being able to build rapport, relationships, and networks. Academic results, resilience, and empathy were the least requested attributes. Differences in requested employability attributes increased with rurality.ConclusionsThis study addresses the current knowledge about attributes sought by employers for early-career physiotherapists. The most prevalent attributes requested were client focus and communication and interpersonal skills. This exploration of attributes can help to better prepare graduates for their first roles, align expectations, and increase understanding of priorities for entry level university programs, as well as identify priorities for support during transition to practice. Desired attributes should be clearly defined by employers in recruitment and retention processes.

Charting a Path From the Graduate QSEN Competencies to the New Essentials

Background: Graduate nursing programs were encouraged to map their curriculum to the Quality and Safety Education in Nursing (QSEN) graduate knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSA) competency statements. Purpose: Evaluation of the alignment between the 2009 QSEN graduate KSA competency statements and the 2021 American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) Essentials advanced-level (Level 2) subcompetencies is needed to support curricular transition to competency-based education and the Essentials. Methods: A team of 5 nursing education experts engaged in multiple rounds of review to seek consensus in determining alignment between the 2009 QSEN graduate KSA competency statements and the 2021 AACN advanced-level subcompetencies. Results: A QSEN-AACN graduate crosswalk tool was created, which reflects alignment of 34% of the 196 graduate QSEN KSA competency statements to the AACN Essentials subcompetencies at the advanced level. 36% of the graduate QSEN KSA competency statements were found to align with the AACN subcompetencies at the entry level. Conclusions: The 2009 QSEN graduate competencies are embedded within 2021 AACN Essentials at entry and advanced levels. However, a sizable shift toward entry level is noted, which represents an evolution in expectations for contemporary practice. This holds significance for graduate nursing faculty as they work to revise curriculum and assessments to meet new guidelines and standards for the profession.

Back to Industry—Evaluating Women’s Return to Chartered Accreditation Post-Maternity in the Built Environment Sector Professions

Efforts have been made to improve gender diversity in the built environment professions. This sector continues to experience growth restrictions due to skill shortages. Some progress has been made at the entry level; however, the retention of women in professional roles within this sector continues to present a challenge. Support for women during maternity, upon return to work and while working with family has been identified as a barrier to women’s progression in this sector. Professional bodies are uniquely placed to support their female members. Therefore, this study had two aims: to examine current professional body support for members during and after maternity leave and to examine the experiences of female professionals, who have taken maternity leave whilst holding membership in a built environment professional body. This study adopted an embedded, mixed-method design, using a secondary, qualitative data set to augment the primary, quantitative data set, within one phase. Surveys were distributed directly to professional bodies and to professionals via social media (LinkedIn). The survey of the professional bodies identified a varied approach to maternity support. The professional member survey identified a lack of awareness of available support, and generally the need for more support during maternity and on return to work. In summary, professional bodies in the built environment could improve maternity support for members by improving communication and achieving parity in support across the various disciplines.

Peritoneal scintigraphy and SPECT/TC in the diagnosis of leaks in patients on peritoneal dialysis

ObjectiveTo assess the usefulness of peritoneal cavity scintigraphy and the contribution of SPECT/CT in patients on peritoneal dialysis with suspected leak. MethodologyAn observational case series study is carried out. It consists of a longitudinal, retrospective and descriptive study. 11 patients on peritoneal dialysis were studied and it was realiced a peritoneal cavity scintigraphy test and SPECT/CT to evaluate a peritoneal leak. ResultsIn 54,5% of the patients, a positive study of peritoneal leak was obtained. The most frequent localitations were in the abdominal wall at the catheter entry level and the inguinal hernia. In the cases with sintomatology like pain and celullitis of the subcutaneous tract of the cateter the frequent of leak was 100%. There was a change in therapeutic management in patients with a positive study. There was not relevant changes in initial dialysis regimen in patients with a negative study. In this cases, except for one patient who required hemodialysis, all patients experienced clinical improvement. ConclusionsPeritoneal scintigraphy and SPECT/CT study are non-invasive techniques that allow an adequate diagnosis and subsequent management of peritoneal leak.

The Nuclear NF-κB Regulator IκBζ: Updates on Its Molecular Functions and Pathophysiological Roles.

More than a decade after the discovery of the classical cytoplasmic IκB proteins, IκBζ was identified as an additional member of the IκB family. Unlike cytoplasmic IκB proteins, IκBζ has distinct features, including its nuclear localization, preferential binding to NF-κB subunits, unique expression properties, and specialized role in NF-κB regulation. While the activation of NF-κB is primarily controlled by cytoplasmic IκB members at the level of nuclear entry, IκBζ provides an additional layer of NF-κB regulation in the nucleus, enabling selective gene activation. Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and gene knockout experiments in mice have elucidated the physiological and pathological roles of IκBζ. Despite the initial focus to its role in activated macrophages, IκBζ has since been recognized as a key player in the IL-17-triggered production of immune molecules in epithelial cells, which has garnered significant clinical interest. Recent research has also unveiled a novel molecular function of IκBζ, linking NF-κB and the POU transcription factors through its N-terminal region, whose role had remained elusive for many years.

Level and factors associated with entry into motherhood among adolescents in a crisis context: Case of internally displaced adolescent girls in Kaya and Kongoussi communes, Burkina Faso.

This study aims to measure the level of entry into motherhood among internally displaced adolescent girls in Kaya and Kongoussi communes, Burkina Faso, and to analyze the factors associated with it. Data were collected from 404 adolescent girls aged 12-19 years in a cross-sectional survey conducted between July and August 2021. The proportion of internally displaced adolescent girls who had started childbearing was 26.5%. Age, marital status and current use of modern contraception were found to be significantly associated with entry into motherhood among internally displaced adolescent girls. Marital status mediates the effect of religion and employment on entry of the adolescents into motherhood. The results suggest that actions aimed at preventing early marriage and improving employment opportunities among adolescent girls could potentially prevent their early entry into motherhood.

An innovative Doctor of Nursing Practice scholarly project curriculum model: Strategies for supporting learners at various entry levels

The Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) Program curriculum must address the challenge of developing Competency Based Education (CBE) curriculum for DNP Scholarly Projects tailored to meet variations in nursing learner preparation and practice, from novice bachelor's entry level and master's advanced nurse practice expert entry level pathways. The recent Future of Nursing 2020–2030: Charting a Path to Achieve Health Equity report by the National Academy of Medicine advocates that competency-based education (CBE) approaches in nursing schools should focus upon the advanced practice nursing population within collaborative academic practice partnerships. This article describes an innovative DNP Scholarly Project Curriculum model at an academic health science center that integrates academic partnerships and CBE strategies that have been developed for second degree Bachelor's direct entry to nursing (direct entry), post BS in nursing to DNP (BS to DNP), Post Master's to DNP (PM DNP) entry levels of preparation. The DNP Scholarly Project Curriculum utilizes an innovative, scaffolded approach to fostering CBE for the assessment of learning activities at the doctoral level. The DNP Scholarly Project Curriculum includes domains of quality improvement, critical appraisal of the literature, evidence-based practice models, implementation practice models, policy analysis, and process/outcome evaluations. Preliminary alumni and stakeholder feedback suggests that these projects are not only impacting practice but improving learner competency in quality improvement science. Implementation of this model has led to enhanced CBE-driven curriculum teaching and learning strategies, and sustainable collaborative academic partnerships.

Outcomes in Children Who Undergo Postcardiotomy Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Report From the STS-CHSD

BackgroundChildren who undergo cardiac surgery may require postcardiotomy extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Although morbidities are considerable, our understanding of outcome determinants is limited. We evaluated associations between patient and perioperative factors with outcomes. MethodsThe Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database was queried for patients aged <18 years old who underwent postcardiotomy ECMO from January 2016 through June 2021. The primary outcome was survival to hospital discharge. The secondary outcome was survival without neurologic injury. Logistic regression for binary outcomes and competing risk analysis for survival were used to identify the most important predictors. Variables were selected by stepwise procedure using entry level P = .35. Those with P ≤ .1 were kept in the final model. ResultsPostcardiotomy ECMO was used to support 3181 patients during the same hospitalization as cardiac surgery: (A) intraoperative initiation of ECMO, n = 1206; (B) early postoperative (≤48 hours), n = 936; and (C) late postoperative (>48 hours), n = 1039. The most common primary procedure of the index operation was the Norwood procedure. Of those with intraoperative ECMO, 57% survived to discharge vs 59% with early postoperative ECMO and 42% late postoperative ECMO (χ2(2) = 64, P < .0001, V = 0.14). In all groups, postoperative septicemia, cardiac arrest, and new neurologic injury had the strongest association with mortality, whereas postoperative reintubation and unplanned noncardiac reoperation were associated with higher survival. ConclusionsMultiple risk factors impact survival in children who undergo cardiac surgery and postcardiotomy ECMO. ECMO initiated >48 hours after surgery is associated with the poorest outcomes. This is the first step in creating a predictive tool to educate clinicians and families regarding expectations in this high-risk population.

Clinicians’ Perceptions of Using Coaching in Their OT Practice

Abstract Date Presented 03/22/24 Coaching is an evidence-based approach rarely taught in entry-level (EL) OT education. This study explored the value of coaching training during EL OT education and its impact on later professional practice. Primary Author and Speaker: Catherine Robinson Additional Authors and Speakers: Daniel Toland Contributing Authors: Marie-Christine Elaine Potvin, Greta Gray, Marissa Elaine LaSalle, Vikita Patel

Financial Well-being in relation to Job Motivation and Work Engagement among Nurses in Selected Private Tertiary Hospitals in Angeles City

Nurses are leaving their bedside jobs at an alarming rate because they are exhausted—mentally and physically. Aside from this, top-level nurses in private hospitals make as much as those entry level nurses in public hospitals. The objective of this study is to serve as advocacy research, influencing the official and informal policies and evaluate the relationship between financial well-being and private nurses’ quality of work life, particularly job motivation and work engagement. A descriptive evaluative, descriptive comparative and descriptive correlational research design was employed in this study. Purposive sampling was utilized and included a total sample of 115 private nurses with at least 1 year worth of experience from tertiary hospitals in Angeles City, data were collected using both paper-based questionnaire and Google Forms. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive mean, T-test and ANOVA, Pearson’s Product Moment Correlation Coefficient, Linear Regression, and Post HOC analysis. Results showed there were high positive relationships between financial well-being and work engagement (r= .620, p= .000) as well as financial well-being and job motivation (r= .711, p= .000). Result of the regression analysis elucidated that the job motivation explained the 52.1 percent variance [F(2, 112)= 60.837,p= .000]. The findings of the study indicate a positive correlation between nurses’ financial well- being and their level of work engagement and motivation in their profession. Additionally, it was also found that work engagement was a factor in the financial well-being of the participants, but it did not provide a substantial impact. The study’s results indicate that job motivation is a substantial predictor of financial well-being among nurses.

TMEFF1 is a neuron-specific restriction factor for herpes simplex virus.

The brain is highly sensitive to damage caused by infection and inflammation1,2. Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic virus and the cause of herpes simplex encephalitis3. It is unknown whether neuron-specific antiviral factors control virus replication to prevent infection and excessive inflammatory responses, hence protecting the brain. Here we identify TMEFF1 as an HSV-1 restriction factor using genome-wide CRISPR screening. TMEFF1 is expressed specifically in neurons of the central nervous system and is not regulated by type I interferon, the best-known innate antiviral system controlling virus infections. Depletion of TMEFF1 in stem-cell-derived human neurons led to elevated viral replication and neuronal death following HSV-1 infection. TMEFF1 blocked the HSV-1 replication cycle at the level of viral entry through interactions with nectin-1 and non-muscle myosin heavy chains IIA and IIB, which are core proteins in virus-cell binding and virus-cell fusion, respectively4-6. Notably, Tmeff1-/- mice exhibited increased susceptibility to HSV-1 infection in the brain but not in the periphery. Within the brain, elevated viral load was observed specifically in neurons. Our study identifies TMEFF1 as a neuron-specific restriction factor essential for prevention of HSV-1 replication in the central nervous system.

What else? Immigrant–native cohorts entering the labour market under a context of adverse shocks: the great recession and COVID-19

Purpose This paper aims to analyse the short- and long-term effects of entering the Spanish labour market under tough economic conditions on young immigrant–native earnings and employment outcomes. Design/methodology/approach The authors use cohorts, where the entry cohort into the labour market is the unit of observation. As a database, the authors use the continuous sample of working histories covering the period 2007–2021. Then, the authors estimate the model using weighted least squares. Findings The results show that the great recession and COVID-19 led to a blockage at the entrance of the labour market, reducing the number of workers. Additionally, the authors observe an adverse impact in terms of employment and earnings on those entering the labour market. Besides, this effect varies in intensity and persistence for natives and immigrants, as well as by country of birth, age of entry, gender and educational level. Originality/value A contribution to the literature is the analysis of the earnings and employment trajectories of young people entering the Spanish labour market for the first time during an adverse shock, such as the 2008 economic crisis or the COVID-19 crisis, and the possible differences that exist between native and immigrant workers. So, the authors analyse the labour market trajectories of workers covering the most recent years. Likewise, the authors carry out an extensive heterogeneity analysis in which they distinguish workers by educational level, gender, age of entry into the labour market and immigrants by their country of birth. This represents an additional contribution. The use of a cohort approach also contributes to the existing literature.

Dementia content and delivery in physiotherapy curricula: an international study of entry level physiotherapy programmes in Ireland the United Kingdom and New Zealand

ObjectivesPhysical impairments associated with dementia include reduced gait speed, and diminished postural control, which can lead to an increase in falls and hip fractures. Physiotherapy can play a key role in many aspects of dementia care, including falls risk prevention, gait re-education and end of life care. However, there is a lack of dementia education in entry level physiotherapy programmes. The aim of this study was to map the dementia content and delivery in the current undergraduate and entry level physiotherapy curricula in Ireland the United Kingdom and New Zealand. DesignThis cross-sectional survey-based study was distributed via the online survey tool Qualtrics XM. The survey was designed using the map of Kern’s curriculum design framework. SettingHigher educational institutes (HEIs) that offered an undergraduate (BSc) and/or MSc (entry level) physiotherapy programmes in Ireland United Kingdom and New Zealand were included. ParticipantsThe academic lead for dementia education in the HEI was invited to participate in the survey. ResultsOf the 69 eligible HEIs contacted, 49 responded, giving a response rate of 71%. Different sources informed curriculum design, including patient and public involvement, published guidelines and policies and expert clinicians. The time allocated to dementia teaching across the curricula varied, with under half of the programmes only allocating two hours. The lack of service user input was seen as a perceived weakness of many programmes as was the non-standardisation and generalisability of teaching. ConclusionWhilst dementia education is included in many HEI programmes, we need to consider more time, a curriculum that meets learner’s needs and include the patient voice. Further research is needed to develop bespoke dementia curricula specific to physiotherapy. Contribution of the Paper•The findings of this study have identified current strengths as well as weaknesses of entry level physiotherapy programmes in dementia care.•This study highlights what is most and least commonly taught at entry level physiotherapy programmes in dementia care.•More time needs to be allocated to dementia teaching, to reflect the clear work-related educational needs of physiotherapists in both the acute and community care sector.