Category Of Entry Research Articles

Real-world decision making: an encyclopedia of behavioral economics

The first and only encyclopedia to focus on the economic and financial behaviors of consumers, investors, and organizations, including an exploration of how people make good-and bad-economic decisions. * Contains an informative introductory essay that familiarizes students with the various aspects of behavioral economics * Provides a list of additional readings for those interested in learning more about the topic * Includes cross-references in each entry to help readers make connections between related topics * Defines key terms that are likely to be unfamiliar to those without advance knowledge of the subject * Helps readers identify and study particular entry categories through accompanying Topic Finders

Words in Time and Place: Exploring Language Through the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary by David Crystal (review)

Reviewed by: Words in Time and Place: Exploring Language Through the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary by David Crystal Ammon Shea (bio) Words in Time and Place: Exploring Language Through the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary by David Crystal. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. Pp. xvi + 288. $27.95. ISBN 978-0-19-968047-4 To say that David Crystal, the author or editor of more than one hundred books, is a prolific writer on the subject of the English language is a significant understatement. Crystal’s oeuvre ranges from large works, such as The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (2003), to smaller books which focus on a particular aspect of our language (such as texting, Shakespeare’s pronunciation, of the language of the King James Bible). Words in Time and Place: Exploring Language through the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary is certainly one of his smaller efforts, which by no means should be taken to indicate that it is without charm or utility. Words in Time is exactly what its title suggests: an examination of some portions of the English language as they are illustrated in the Historical Thesaurus of the Oxford English Dictionary (HTOED). For the few readers of this journal who are not familiar with this title, the HTOED is the exceedingly large thesaurus (almost 4,000 pages) compiled over a period of some forty-four years by researchers at the University of Glasgow, and which is based on the Oxford English Dictionary (as well as some material from the Thesaurus of Old English). Published in print in 2009, the HTOED received considerable acclaim, although some reviewers found the indexing to be confusing (Görlach 2011, 195). With almost 800,000 words and 235,000 entry categories spread across a thousand years of English usage, it is not surprising that users would occasionally find looking up specific meanings difficult. The HTOED is now directly accessible through the online version of the Oxford English Dictionary, making searches considerably easier. Still, it presents a daunting amount of information for any but the most dedicated searcher of words. Many readers, particularly those who are not scholars, would do well to be introduced to this thesaurus through a smaller guide book. David Crystal is a fitting author for such a vade mecum. He writes engagingly here, with a lightly erudite touch, and has come up with a rather ingenious way to explore the massive amount of lexical data in the book about which he is writing. Crystal restricted his examination to fifteen fairly narrow semantic fields from the HTOED (words for inns and [End Page 191] hotels, fools, pop music, etc.), allowing him the luxury of showcasing in relative depth the thoroughness of treatment that was afforded to the language in the thesaurus about which he is writing. Each chapter has a short preface, followed by a list of the words from the HTOED for that particular semantic field, occasionally divided into several small categories. The words are arranged chronologically in each group, and accompanied by a single explicatory paragraph, written by Crystal. One wishes that Crystal had spent more time in his role as guide, as the nuggets that he supplies in the introductions to these chapters are often lovely, and not the sort of information that a user of either the OED or the HTOED is likely to find in those works. For instance, in the introduction to Chapter 6 (From dizzy to numpty: words for a fool) he writes, “Sound symbolism is a powerful explanatory principle in this semantic field. Almost half the words in the list below have an unclear or unknown etymology – a remarkable proportion.” He makes note as well of the high rate of certain phonetic patterns, such as oo, initial f’s and g’s, and final p’s in the list of words for a fool (86). In the introduction to his chapter on words for hotels and inns, Crystal provides an excellent explanation for the increase in such words (especially those of a foreign origin) in the years after 1600: England saw a period of relative peace, allowing increased foreign travel, and the travel writings...

Ethnic Capital and Assimilation to the Great Australian (Homeownership) Dream: the early housing experience of Australia's skilled immigrants

ABSTRACTWe use the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Australia, 2005–2006, to examine the housing tenure experience of skilled immigrants to Australia 6 and 18 months after arrival for relationships with ethnic capital (cultural background), visa category streams, aspects of human capital, demographics, social capital and discrimination. Homeownership experience is used to indicate integration into Australia's dominantly middle-class society. Multinomial regression analysis identifies visa entry category as the most important independent group of variables accounting for immigrants' short-term dwelling tenure, followed by aspects of human capital, family status, and the importance of ethnic capital for immigrants of both English-speaking and non-English-speaking backgrounds, and discrimination.

Schools essay competition: What does ‘sustainable living’ mean to you?

The Living Rainforest, a UK-based charity, has announced its 2014 global essay competition for schoolchildren. The initiative invites schoolchildren in two entry categories – primary (age 7-11) and secondary (age 11-17) – to outline their ideas for ‘sustainable living’ and the steps needed for societies to achieve them. The winning students will be awarded trophies at the International Schools Debate and their essays will be published on the competition website. The deadline for submissions is February 10. For full details visit: http://www.livingrainforest.org/explore/schools-debate/

A belief in the soul may contribute to the stress experienced in the dissecting room

The aim of this research was to explore whether medical students believe in a soul and how this may affect their dissecting experience. Three questionnaires were delivered electronically to the 2011 cohort of second-year medical students over a 2-year period. At the University of Otago, students enter medicine via three categories: Health Sciences First Year (following 1 year of university); postgraduate (following a Bachelors or higher degree); and 'other' category entry (Allied Health Professional or 3 years after a Bachelors degree). The entry category, age, ethnicity and gender of the students were collected; 51.6% of the students believed in the concept of a soul. On a scale of 1-5, students ranked the importance of religion/spirituality as 2.69. Those who believed in a soul were more likely to have a religious/spiritual component to their life and be males or 'other' category entrants. However, there were many students who believed in the soul who did not have a religious/spiritual association, suggesting that this belief extends beyond religion. Those who believed in a soul had significantly higher anticipatory stress and experienced higher levels of stress during dissection. A higher proportion of students in the 'other' category entrants believed in the concept of the soul and also had significantly higher levels of stress during dissection. Our data suggest that a belief in a soul may affect students' experiences in dissecting. Incorporating the teaching of humanities with anatomy may help medical students as they assimilate both the biomedical and philosophical aspects of dissection.

At the temporary–permanent divide: how Canada produces temporariness and makes citizens through its security, work, and settlement policies

This paper explores the production of temporariness in Canada, and its implications for the citizenship rights of migrants. It investigates the production of temporariness within three policy fields that are typically not examined together – security, work and settlement. Within these three fields, it considers public policies concerning: (1) security of presence; (2) access to paid employment for spouses of migrants; and (3) eligibility for settlement services. It argues that temporariness is being institutionalized in new ways, producing a hierarchy of categories of migrants ranging from the temporarily temporary to the permanently temporary and temporarily permanent, shaped by entry category, legal residency status and socially recognized skills. The paper advances a multidimensional conception of temporariness, and contends that the temporary-permanent divide is constructed through the enforcement of different entry categories and forms of legal residency status, which create ‘paper borders’ that are made up of the increasing number and range of restrictions, limits and containments regarding legal residency status, access to employment and settlement services.

Jewish immigration to Palestine in the long 1920s: An exploratory examination

This article aims at filling some gaps in the existing knowledge regarding the quantitative dimensions of Jewish immigration to Mandatory Palestine, particularly during the first decade of British rule. It does so by providing an explorative analysis of the immigration in the long 1920s (1919–32), which is based on a newly constructed micro data set containing rich details of about 45,000 individuals (making up more than 40% of all the registered immigrants in those years). In dwelling on the immigrants' demographic characteristics, labor market skills, and entry categories, the analysis offers tentative answers to some of the questions concerning the comparative nature of Palestine's Jewish immigration at the time, while pointing to other, still unresolved issues awaiting further research.

A Web-based database for pathology faculty effort reporting

To ensure appropriate mission-based budgeting and equitable distribution of funds for faculty salaries, our compensation committee developed a pathology-specific effort reporting database. Principles included the following: (1) measurement should be done by web-based databases; (2) most entry should be done by departmental administration or be relational to other databases; (3) data entry categories should be aligned with funding streams; and (4) units of effort should be equal across categories of effort (service, teaching, research). MySQL was used for all data transactions (http://dev.mysql.com/downloads), and scripts were constructed using PERL (http://www.perl.org). Data are accessed with forms that correspond to fields in the database. The committee's work resulted in a novel database using pathology value units (PVUs) as a standard quantitative measure of effort for activities in an academic pathology department. The most common calculation was to estimate the number of hours required for a specific task, divide by 2080 hours (a Medicare year) and then multiply by 100. Other methods included assigning a baseline PVU for program, laboratory, or course directorship with an increment for each student or staff in that unit. With these methods, a faculty member should acquire approximately 100 PVUs. Some outcomes include (1) plotting PVUs versus salary to identify outliers for salary correction, (2) quantifying effort in activities outside the department, (3) documenting salary expenditure for unfunded research, (4) evaluating salary equity by plotting PVUs versus salary by sex, and (5) aggregating data by category of effort for mission-based budgeting and long-term planning.

Doctoral Degrees Granted in Foreign Languages in the United States: 2006

CONTINUING A SERVICE BEGUN IN 1926, The Modern Language Journal publishes an annual survey of doctoral degrees granted in foreign languages, literatures, cultures, and linguistics, and in foreign language education in the United States. The compilers contact by mail each doctoral degree-granting department in languages, literatures, and education and request individual chairpersons to identify in writing the author, title, and director of each dissertation completed during the calendar year. The chairperson is also asked to indicate the type of doctoral degree granted. The order of entries is (a) MAJOR FIELD OR AREA OF SPECIALIZATION, with primary emphasis given to language or language family (not department name), an editorial decision based solely on the of the dissertation: African Languages & Literatures, Asian Languages & Literatures, Celtic Languages & Literatures, Classical Languages & Literatures, Comparative Literature & Cinema, Foreign/Second Language Acquisition & Teaching, French Language & Literature, Germanic Languages & Literatures, Italian Language & Literature, Linguistics: Theoretical & Applied, Near and Middle Eastern Languages & Literatures, Portuguese Language & Literature, Slavic Languages & Literatures, and Spanish Language & Literature; (b) institution granting the degree; (c) author of (d) title of dissertation; and (e) (director[s]/supervisor[s] of dissertation). Only those comparative literature and cinema doctorates dealing at least in part with languages other than English (judging from their titles) are included. The survey does not attempt regular inclusion of degrees specializing in ESL, TESOL, or EFL. Because the first classification preference is given to the language, users of this compilation who wish to learn the full breadth of titles reported should check several categories of entry, for example, Germanic languages and literatures, comparative literature and cinema, foreign/second language acquisition and teaching, and linguistics. In all instances the ordering principle is alphabetical, but entries appear in the style of notes. Unless otherwise indicated, the type of degree is Ph.D. and the year of completion is 2006. Departments not listed below either did not respond to the survey mailing, had no degrees to report, or submitted illegible entries. Where information is not listed (designated NL), the reader may assume that it was not provided by the responding chairperson. Entries are reproduced as received from participating departments. While every attempt is made to correct obvious infelicities reported in the survey (particularly in dissertation titles), less visible errors slip through nevertheless. Neither the compiler nor the MLJ accepts responsibility for these

Immigrants’ social rights in comparative perspective: welfare regimes, forms in immigration and immigration policy regimes

In analysing the social rights of immigrants, this paper draws on insights from comparative welfare state research and international migration studies. On the premise that the type of welfare regime has an impact on immigrants’ social rights, it utilizes Esping-Andersen’s welfare regime typology as a point of departure. However, this typology must be complemented by two analytical constructs borrowed from the international migration literature: the immigration policy regime and entry categories associated with the form of immigration. The paper examines the social rights of immigrants in three countries generally regarded as exemplars of the welfare regime types: the United States, representing the liberal regime; germany, the conservative corporatist regime; and Sweden, the social democratic regime. It maps out immigrants’ formal incorporation into the welfare systems of the three countries and pays special attention to legislation from 1990 onwards in order to understand the interplay between welfare regimes, the forms of immigration, and the immigration policy regimes in shaping immigrants’ social rights.

Doctoral Degrees Granted in Foreign Languages in the United States: 2004

This article presents information on doctoral degrees granted in foreign languages in the U.S. in 2004 published by The Modern Language Journal. The compilers contact each doctoral degree-granting department in languages, literatures and education and request individual chairpersons to identify in writing the author, title, and director of each dissertation completed during the last calendar year. The chairperson is also asked to indicate the type of doctoral degree granted. The order of entries is a major field or area of specialization, institution granting the degree, author of dissertation, title of dissertation and directors/supervisors of dissertation. Only those comparative literature and cinema doctorates dealing at least in part with languages other than English are included. Because the first classification preference is given to the language, users of this compilation who wish to learn the full breadth of titles reported should check several categories of entry.

V&A Illustration Awards – new directions

The V&A Illustration Awards have been running since 1972, with many famous illustrators receiving the prestigious and highly coveted prizes. In 2004, the Awards were strongly contested, and their success points the way forward for this important branch of art. A display of the award-winning entries for 2005 will be on show at the V&A from 7 December 2005 until 30 April 2006. The Awards are being expanded to widen the entry categories and to reflect new trends in illustration at the beginning of this 21st century.

Increased mortality after coronary artery bypass graft surgery is associated with increased levels of postoperative creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme release: Results from the GUARDIAN trial

OBJECTIVESWe sought to determine if elevated cardiac serum biomarkers after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) are associated with increased medium-term mortality and to identify patients that may benefit from better postoperative myocardial protection.BACKGROUNDThe relationship between the magnitude of cardiac serum protein elevation and subsequent mortality after CABG is not well defined, partly because of the lack of large, prospectively studied patient cohorts in whom postoperative elevations of cardiac serum markers have been correlated to medium- and long-term mortality.METHODSThe GUARD during Ischemia Against Necrosis (GUARDIAN) study enrolled 2,918 patients assigned to the entry category of CABG and considered as high risk for myocardial necrosis. Creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB) isoenzyme measurements were obtained at baseline and at 8, 12, 16 and 24 h after CABG.RESULTSThe unadjusted six-month mortality rates were 3.4%, 5.8%, 7.8% and 20.2% for patients with a postoperative peak CK-MB ratio (peak CK-MB value/upper limits of normal [ULN] for laboratory test) of <5, ≥5 to <10, ≥10 to <20 and ≥20 ULN, respectively (p < 0.0001). The relationship remained statistically significant after adjustment for ejection fraction, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, cardiac arrhythmias and the method of cardioplegia delivery. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed an area under the curve of 0.648 (p < 0.001); the optimal cut-point to predict six-month mortality ranged from 5 to 10 ULN.CONCLUSIONSProgressive elevation of the CK-MB ratio in clinically high-risk patients is associated with significant elevations of medium-term mortality after CABG. Strategies to afford myocardial protection both during CABG and in the postoperative phase may serve to improve the clinical outcome.

Toward a framework for entering China’s pharmaceutical market

The pharmaceutical industry in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) has been highly regulated, particularly ethical products. Promulgation of the socialist market economy and the recent reforms in national healthcare industry have compelled impetuses for change in the distribution systems, forms of investment of multinational pharmaceutical companies, and product/market strategies. The conventional wisdom on pioneer marketing may be challenged by these situations in the PRC. This study examines four markets that encompass both specialty and general pharmaceuticals so as to explore whether there is a product category effect on entry strategies. The findings indicate a possible synergistic effect of product category and order of entry. In addition, product life cycle has a direct impact on order of entry whereas brand position has an effect on product category. Both government policies and corporate strategies have implications on product categories and order of entry. The recent reforms in China have helped to build a foundation for pharmaceutical companies to conduct business in a manner that is similar to that of the developed countries. The entry strategies for pharmaceuticals may therefore involve more complicated considerations in accordance with these new arrangements in the legal and regulatory environments. Further research into relationships among these variables and the mediation effect is therefore indicated.

Beyond the Score

Ever since libraries first began collecting materials than books (so-called other formats or nonbook materials), librarians have grappled with the descriptive issues these materials have raised.(1) Librarians have traditionally attempted to describe these items using existing standards while claiming that they actually must be treated differently. This discrepancy is manifested in the current cataloging rules,(2) which can blur the distinction between the description of an item and the description of the it contains,(3) resulting in confusion that jeopardizes access to both the item and the work. To make the problem worse, there are those who seem to confuse the concept of a with primary paper representation - the score. This confusion affects access to works by complicating the gathering of like entries in the catalog. When the sound recording was introduced into music libraries, there was controversy over whether the cataloging for scores and recordings could be interfiled, and if so, how the recording could be caused to file adjacent to its - as though the score were somehow the and the recording of a performance of the were nothing more than a poor relation. Although that particular controversy has for the most part been settled felicitously, at present we are challenged once again by the introduction of a new technology - in this case, videorecordings of performances - and the old arguments return. This time there are those who would create a special category of main entry(4) so as to cause the videorecording of a performance to file adjacent to score. This argument is misinformed. The critical problems today are first how to identify the properties of bibliographic entities and then how to control each property in the bibliographic universe and in each of our own subsets of that universe - i.e., local library online catalogs. In the following essay, we examine the concept of musical as it has been described by bibliographers, catalogers, and scholars of bibliographic control - granted that the terms work and are sometimes defined differently by bibliographers, catalogers, and semioticians. There is ample evidence that equality exists among the representations of a regardless of their physical format. The collected representations of any given cannot be conceived of (and therefore cannot be controlled) as hierarchical entities. An understanding of the concept of the should obviate the need to reconsider forms of access under current cataloging practice and lead the way to the next generation of bibliographic control for works. THE MUSICAL WORK(5) The relationship of a to physical instantiations is thorny and subject to continuing debate. At the heart of the debate is an inherent conflict between the bibliographic realm, where physical items exist on a static basis, and the realm, where works exist momentarily in a time continuum. The primary purpose of any physical instantiation of a is to convey an intellectual conception from the creator to others. This is true regardless of the type of work. For printed books, the means of conveyance is usually from individual to individual - i.e., directly from the author to the reader. In this exchange, ideas are captured and recorded at the author's pace and absorbed at the reader's pace. Because works are fundamentally meant to be heard, however, the printed version is not of primary importance in the exchange between creator and consumer. Rather, the printed version is a medium through which the ideas captured at one end of the continuum may be reproduced so that they may be absorbed at the other. While some would hold that this is technically true of books as well, the ephemeral nature of music - and the obvious limitations of printed music in relation to the itself - make the distinction between books and scores glaring. …

THE LABOUR MARKET EXPERIENCE OF CAMBODIANS: POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR SETTLEMENT SERVICES

A proportion of the annual migrant intake now comprises persons accepted under the Refugee and Special Humanitarian Program entry categories, for reasons other than the direct contribution their skills can make to economic growth. This paper examines the labour market experience of Cambodians, and considers the policy implications for resettlement services for refugees. Cambodians experience high rates of unemployment, and have low levels of English language proficiency, low levels of educational attainment, and few possess post‐school qualifications. Reluctance to develop settlement services for refugees, to make special provisions for access within existing services, or even to ensure equitable access to existing services has contributed to the long term economic dependency of a sizeable proportion of this group. It is recommended that they be given greater access to basic, advanced and job related English language tuition. They, and other refugees with similar disadvantages also require special access to job search skills programs, vocational training, and wage subsidy and special employment programs.

Students' written reports as an essential part of a case-based learning programme in anatomy.

This paper reports on second-year medical students' views and performance on the written reports for the cases that were studied in a case-based learning programme in anatomy at the University of Otago in 1988. The mean marks for the reports for the three main categories of student entry are presented. Differential performance on the written reports relative to the case-based component of the examination held at the end of the year has been determined for each student in the class and ranked in order. The proportions of students falling in the top and bottom quartiles for the class are given. The data taken together indicate that with an intensive programme of case-based learning in 1988, optimal performance in the written reports was reached at an early stage by the graduates whereas the two undergraduate categories improved their performance towards the end of the programme.

Performance of medical students in case-based and essay components of written anatomy examinations

This paper reports on second-year medical students' performance in the case-based and traditional essay components of the gross anatomy written examinations at the University of Otago held at the end of 1988 and 1989. The mean marks for these two components of the examinations are presented for the three main categories of student entry. Differential performance on the case-based component relative to the essay component has been determined for each student in the class and ranked in order. The proportions of students in the three entry categories falling in the various quartiles for the class are given. The data show that when an intensive programme of case-based learning was followed, as in 1988, all three categories performed similarly on the case-based component relative to the essay component. When a less intensive programme of case-based learning was used, as in 1989, the differential performance of the preferential undergraduate and graduate categories was different to each other. The findings suggest that the achievement of students in the case-based projects is dependent upon the organization of the programme and the extent to which students and staff become involved in the projects. The writing of reports on the cases by students for assessment in 1988 may have had an important influence on the outcome for this year.

Firm Entry and Postentry Performance in the U. S. Chemical Industries

This paper examines the impact of entry on the structure of the U.S. chemical industries in the period 1963-1982. The paper measures both the immediate impact of entrants in terms of number, size and market shares and their subsequent growth and/or exit. Particular attention is devoted to the examination of entrant heterogeneity. The paper finds that while a large number of entrants appear in the chemical industries, they have a relatively small long-run impact. In addition, compared to previous work entrants are less important in the chemical industries than in manufacturing sector as a whole. Finally, the post-entry performance of new firms varies significantly across different categories of entry. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.) (This abstract was borrowed from another version o (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Geographic Distribution of Undocumented Immigrants: Estimates of Undocumented Aliens Counted in the 1980 Census by State

"This article presents estimates of the number of undocumented aliens counted in the 1980 [U.S.] census for each state and the District of Columbia. The estimates, which indicate that 2.06 million undocumented aliens were counted in the 1980 census, are not based on individual records, but are aggregate estimates derived by a residual technique. The census count of aliens (modified somewhat to account for deficiencies in the data) is compared with estimates of the legally resident alien population based on data collected by the Immigration and Naturalization Service in January 1980." Estimates are provided "for each of the states for selected countries of birth and for age, sex, and period of entry categories.... The origins of the undocumented alien population [are described], as well as some of their demographic characteristics. Some of the implications of the numbers and distribution of undocumented aliens are also discussed." This paper was originally presented at the 1984 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America (see Population Index, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fall 1984, p. 435).