Entropic Lattice Boltzmann Research Articles

Fluid-structure interaction with the entropic lattice Boltzmann method.

We propose a fluid-structure interaction (FSI) scheme using the entropic multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann (KBC) model for the fluid domain in combination with a nonlinear finite element solver for the structural part. We show the validity of the proposed scheme for various challenging setups by comparison to literature data. Beyond validation, we extend the KBC model to multiphase flows and couple it with a finite element method (FEM) solver. Robustness and viability of the entropic multi-relaxation time model for complex FSI applications is shown by simulations of droplet impact on elastic superhydrophobic surfaces.

A partial entropic lattice Boltzmann MHD simulation of the Orszag–Tang vortex

ABSTRACTKarlin has introduced an analytically determined entropic lattice Boltzmann (LB) algorithm for Navier-Stokes turbulence. Here, this is partially extended to an LB model of magnetohydrodynamics, on using the vector distribution function approach of Dellar for the magnetic field (which is permitted to have field reversal). The partial entropic algorithm is benchmarked successfully against standard simulations of the Orszag–Tang vortex [Orszag, S.A.; Tang, C.M. J. Fluid Mech. 1979, 90 (1), 129–143].

Partial entropic stabilization of lattice Boltzmann magnetohydrodynamics.

The entropic lattice Boltzmann algorithm of Karlin etal. [Phys. Rev. E 90, 031302 (2014)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.90.031302] is partially extended to magnetohydrodynamics, based on the Dellar model of introducing a vector distribution for the magnetic field. This entropic ansatz is now applied only to the scalar particle distribution function so as to permit the many problems entailing magnetic field reversal. A 9-bit lattice is employed for both particle and magnetic distributions for our two-dimensional simulations. The entropic ansatz is benchmarked against our earlier multiple relaxation lattice-Boltzmann model for the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a magnetized jet. Other two-dimensional simulations are performed and compared to results determined by more standard direct algorithms: in particular the switch over between the Kelvin-Helmholtz or tearing mode instability of Chen etal. [J. Geophys. Res.: Space Phys. 102, 151 (1997)JGREA20148-022710.1029/96JA03144], and the generalized Orszag-Tang vortex model of Biskamp-Welter [Phys. Fluids B 1, 1964 (1989)PFBPEI0899-822110.1063/1.859060]. Very good results are achieved.

Essentially Entropic Lattice Boltzmann Model.

The entropic lattice Boltzmann model (ELBM), a discrete space-time kinetic theory for hydrodynamics, ensures nonlinear stability via the discrete time version of the second law of thermodynamics (the H theorem). Compliance with the H theorem is numerically enforced in this methodology and involves a search for the maximal discrete path length corresponding to the zero dissipation state by iteratively solving a nonlinear equation. We demonstrate that an exact solution for the path length can be obtained by assuming a natural criterion of negative entropy change, thereby reducing the problem to solving an inequality. This inequality is solved by creating a new framework for construction of Padé approximants via quadrature on appropriate convex function. This exact solution also resolves the issue of indeterminacy in case of nonexistence of the entropic involution step. Since our formulation is devoid of complex mathematical library functions, the computational cost is drastically reduced. To illustrate this, we have simulated a model setup of flow over the NACA-0012 airfoil at a Reynolds number of 2.88×10^{6}.

Transitional flows with the entropic lattice Boltzmann method

The accuracy and performance of entropic multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann models are assessed for transitional flows of engineering interest. A simulation of the flow over a low-Reynolds-number$SD7003$airfoil at$Re=6\times 10^{4}$, at an angle of attack$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=4^{\circ }$, is performed and thoroughly compared to available numerical and experimental data. In order to include blockage and curvature effects, simulations of the flow in a low-pressure turbine passage composed of$T106$blade profiles, at a chord Reynolds number of$Re=6\times 10^{4}$or$Re=1.48\times 10^{5}$, for different free-stream turbulence intensities are presented. Using a multi-domain grid refinement strategy in combination with Grad’s boundary conditions yields good agreement for all simulations. The results demonstrate that the entropic lattice Boltzmann model is a viable, parameter-free alternative to modelling approaches such as large-eddy simulations with similar resolution requirements.

Entropic multirelaxation-time lattice Boltzmann method for moving and deforming geometries in three dimensions.

Entropic lattice Boltzmann methods have been developed to alleviate intrinsic stability issues of lattice Boltzmann models for under-resolved simulations. Its reliability in combination with moving objects was established for various laminar benchmark flows in two dimensions in our previous work [B. Dorschner, S. Chikatamarla, F. Bösch, and I. Karlin, J. Comput. Phys. 295, 340 (2015)JCTPAH0021-999110.1016/j.jcp.2015.04.017] as well as for three-dimensional one-way coupled simulations of engine-type geometries in B. Dorschner, F. Bösch, S. Chikatamarla, K. Boulouchos, and I. Karlin [J. Fluid Mech. 801, 623 (2016)JFLSA70022-112010.1017/jfm.2016.448] for flat moving walls. The present contribution aims to fully exploit the advantages of entropic lattice Boltzmann models in terms of stability and accuracy and extends the methodology to three-dimensional cases, including two-way coupling between fluid and structure and then turbulence and deforming geometries. To cover this wide range of applications, the classical benchmark of a sedimenting sphere is chosen first to validate the general two-way coupling algorithm. Increasing the complexity, we subsequently consider the simulation of a plunging SD7003 airfoil in the transitional regime at a Reynolds number of Re=40000 and, finally, to access the model's performance for deforming geometries, we conduct a two-way coupled simulation of a self-propelled anguilliform swimmer. These simulations confirm the viability of the new fluid-structure interaction lattice Boltzmann algorithm to simulate flows of engineering relevance.

Effect of collision and velocity model of lattice Boltzmann model on three-dimensional turbulent flow simulation

ABSTRACTVarious collision and velocity models of the lattice Boltzmann model (LBM) were compared to determine their effects on the efficiency of a three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic decaying turbulent flow simulation. We determined that a decrease in the number of velocities, in particular, 13-velocities, which can be used in the quasi-equilibrium lattice Boltzmann and in the multiple-relaxation time models (MRT), could considerably decrease the computational effort. However, decreasing the number of velocities deteriorates the stability and the accuracy of the results. By comparing the collision models, we also determined that the stability of the entropic lattice Boltzmann model (ELBM), and 19- and 27- velocity MRT is much higher than in other models. However, the numerical viscosity introduced by the ELBM underestimates the enstrophy, and the computational effort increases because of the calculation overhead required to solve the additional equations if special care is not given to the calculation.

Grid refinement for entropic lattice Boltzmann models.

We propose a multidomain grid refinement technique with extensions to entropic incompressible, thermal, and compressible lattice Boltzmann models. Its validity and accuracy are assessed by comparison to available direct numerical simulation and experiment for the simulation of isothermal, thermal, and viscous supersonic flow. In particular, we investigate the advantages of grid refinement for the setups of turbulent channel flow, flow past a sphere, Rayleigh-Bénard convection, as well as the supersonic flow around an airfoil. Special attention is paid to analyzing the adaptive features of entropic lattice Boltzmann models for multigrid simulations.

Conjugate heat transfer with the entropic lattice Boltzmann method.

A conjugate heat-transfer model is presented based on the two-population entropic lattice Boltzmann method. The present approach relies on the extension of Grad's boundary conditions to the two-population model for thermal flows, as well as on the appropriate exact conjugate heat-transfer condition imposed at the fluid-solid interface. The simplicity and efficiency of the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), and in particular of the entropic multirelaxation LBM, are retained in the present approach, thus enabling simulations of turbulent high Reynolds number flows and complex wall boundaries. The model is validated by means of two-dimensional parametric studies of various setups, including pure solid conduction, conjugate heat transfer with a backward-facing step flow, and conjugate heat transfer with the flow past a circular heated cylinder. Further validations are performed in three dimensions for the case of a turbulent flow around a heated mounted cube.

Entropic multi-relaxation time lattice Boltzmann model for complex flows

Entropic lattice Boltzmann methods were introduced to overcome the stability issues of lattice Boltzmann models for high Reynolds number turbulent flows. However, to date their validity has been investigated only for simple flows due to the lack of appropriate boundary conditions. We present here an extension of these models to complex flows involving curved and moving boundaries in three dimensions. Apart from a thorough investigation of resolved and under-resolved simulations for periodic flow and turbulent flow in a round pipe, we study in detail the set-up of a simplified internal combustion engine with a valve/piston arrangement. This arrangement allows us to probe the non-trivial interactions between various flow features such as jet breakup, jet–wall interaction, and formation and breakup of large vortical structures, among others. Besides an order of magnitude reduction in computational costs, when compared to state-of-the-art direct numerical simulations (DNS), these methods come with the additional advantage of using static Cartesian meshes also for moving objects, which reduces the complexity of the scheme. Going beyond first-order statistics, a detailed comparison of mean and root-mean-square velocity profiles with high-order spectral element DNS simulations and experimental data shows excellent agreement, highlighting the accuracy and reliability of the method for resolved simulations. Moreover, we show that the implicit subgrid features of the entropic lattice Boltzmann method can be utilized to further reduce the grid sizes and the computational costs, providing an alternative to modern modelling approaches such as large-eddy simulations for complex flows.

Entropic lattice Boltzmann model for gas dynamics: Theory, boundary conditions, and implementation.

We present in detail the recently introduced entropic lattice Boltzmann model for compressible flows [N. Frapolli et al., Phys. Rev. E 92, 061301(R) (2015)PLEEE81539-375510.1103/PhysRevE.92.061301]. The model is capable of simulating a wide range of laminar and turbulent flows, from thermal and weakly compressible flows to transonic and supersonic flows. The theory behind the construction of the model is laid out and its thermohydrodynamic limit is discussed. Based on this theory and the hydrodynamic limit thereof, we also construct the boundary conditions necessary for the simulation of solid walls. We present the inlet and outlet boundary conditions as well as no-slip and free-slip boundary conditions. Details necessary for the implementation of the compressible lattice Boltzmann model are also reported. Finally, simulations of compressible flows are presented, including two-dimensional supersonic and transonic flows around a diamond and a NACA airfoil, the simulation of the Schardin problem, and the three-dimensional simulation of the supersonic flow around a conical geometry.

Simulation of binary droplet collisions with the entropic lattice Boltzmann method

The recently introduced entropic lattice Boltzmann method (ELBM) for multiphase flows is extended here to simulation of droplet collisions. Thermodynamically consistent, non-linearly stable ELBM together with a novel polynomial equation of state is proposed for simulation large Weber and Reynolds number collisions of two droplets. Extensive numerical investigations show that ELBM is capable of accurately capturing the dynamics and complexity of droplet collision. Different types of the collision outcomes such as coalescence, reflexive separation, and stretching separation are identified. Partition of the parameter plane is compared to the experiments and excellent agreement is observed. Moreover, the evolution of the shape of a stable lamella film is quantitatively compared with experimental results. The end pinching and the capillary-wave instability are shown to be the main mechanisms behind formation of satellite droplets for near head-on and off-center collisions with high impact parameter, respectively. It is shown that the number of satellite drops increases with increasing Weber number, as predicted by experiments. Also, it is demonstrated that the rotational motion due to angular momentum and elongation of the merged droplet play essential roles in formation of satellite droplets in off-center collisions with an intermediate impact parameter.

Entropic lattice Boltzmann simulation of three-dimensional binary gas mixture flow in packed beds using graphics processors

The lattice Boltzmann method is employed for simulating the binary flow of oxygen/nitrogen mixture passing through a highly dense bed of spherical particles. Simulations are performed based on the latest proposed entropic lattice Boltzmann model for multi-component flows, using the D3Q27 lattice stencil. The curved solid boundary of the particles is accurately treated via a linear interpolation. To lower the total computational cost and time of the simulations, implementation on graphics processing units GPU is also presented. Since the workload associated with each iteration is relatively higher than that of conventional 3D LBM simulations, special emphasis is paid in order to obtain the best computational performance on GPUs. Performance gains of one order of magnitude over optimised multi-core CPUs are achieved for the complex flow of interest on Fermi generation GPUs. Moreover, the numerical results for a three-dimensional benchmark flow show excellent agreements with the available analytical data.

Entropy-Assisted Computing of Low-Dissipative Systems

Entropy feedback is reviewed and highlighted as the guiding principle to reach extremely low dissipation. This principle is illustrated through turbulent flow simulations using the entropic lattice Boltzmann scheme.

Entropic Multi-Relaxation Models for Simulation of Fluid Turbulence

A recently introduced family of lattice Boltzmann (LB) models (Karlin, Bosch, Chikatamarla, Phys. Rev. E, 2014; Ref [22]) is studied in detail for incompressible two-dimensional flows. A framework for developing LB models based on entropy considerations is laid out extensively. Second order rate of convergence is numerically confirmed and it is demonstrated that these entropy based models recover the Navier-Stokes solution in the hydrodynamic limit. Comparison with the standard Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (LBGK) and the entropic lattice Boltzmann method (ELBM) demonstrates the superior stability and accuracy for several benchmark flows and a range of grid resolutions and Reynolds numbers. High Reynolds number regimes are investigated through the simulation of two-dimensional turbulence, particularly for under-resolved cases. Compared to resolved LBGK simulations, the presented class of LB models demonstrate excellent performance and capture the turbulence statistics with good accuracy.

Simulations of Heated Bluff-Bodies with the Multi-Speed Entropic Lattice Boltzmann Method

Two-dimensional simulations of heated circular and square cylinders are performed in order to validate a recently introduced entropic thermal lattice Boltzmann model (Frapolli et al. in Phys Rev E 90:043306, 2014), and the new boundary conditions for complex walls and multi-speed lattices. Validation is carried out by comparing simulation results with other reference simulations and experiments. For the hydrodynamic field, the wake structure was analyzed by means of the wake recirculation length for both steady and unsteady two-dimensional regimes, by comparing the Strouhal number of the vortex shedding associated with the first instability of the hydrodynamic field, and qualitatively by showing the streamlines for different Reynolds numbers. For the thermal part of the simulations, isotherms and mean Nusselt number are qualitatively and quantitatively compared with the literature results. All the computed quantities are found to agree excellently with the reference data available in the literature. This opens door for accurate simulations in complex geometries in thermal and compressible flow regimes with multi-speed lattices.

Entropic lattice Boltzmann method for multiphase flows: Fluid-solid interfaces.

The recently introduced entropic lattice Boltzmann model (ELBM) for multiphase flows [A. Mazloomi M., S. S. Chikatamarla, and I. V. Karlin, Phys. Rev. Lett. 114, 174502 (2015)] is extended to the simulation of dynamic fluid-solid interface problems. The thermodynamically consistent, nonlinearly stable ELBM together with a polynomial representation of the equation of state enables us to investigate the dynamics of the contact line in a wide range of applications, from capillary filling to liquid drop impact onto a flat surfaces with different wettability. The static interface behavior is tested by means of the liquid column in a channel to verify the Young-Laplace law. The numerical results of a capillary filling problem in a channel with wettability gradient show an excellent match with the existing analytical solution. Simulations of drop impact onto both wettable and nonwettable surfaces show that the ELBM reproduces the experimentally observed drop behavior in a quantitative manner. Results reported herein demonstrate that the present model is a promising alternative for studying the vapor-liquid-solid interface dynamics.

Simulation of Droplets Collisions Using Two-Phase Entropic Lattice Boltzmann Method

The recently introduced entropic lattice Boltzmann model for multiphase flows (Mazloomi et al. in Phys Rev Lett 114:174502, 2015) is used to simulate binary droplet collisions. The entropy-based stabilization, together with a new polynomial equation of state, enhances performance of the model and allow us to simulate droplet collision for various Weber and Reynolds numbers and large liquid to vapor density ratio. Different types of droplet collision outcomes, namely coalescence, stretching separation and reflexive separation are recovered in a range of impact parameter for two equal sized droplets. The results demonstrated the essential role played by the surface tension, kinematic viscosity, impact parameter and relative velocity in the droplet collision dynamics leading to coalescence or separation collision outcomes. Comparison between numerical results and experiments in both coalescence and separation collisions demonstrate viability of the presented model.

Free surface entropic lattice Boltzmann simulations of film condensation on vertical hydrophilic plates

A model for vapor condensation on vertical hydrophilic surfaces is developed using the entropic lattice Boltzmann method extended with a free surface formulation of the evaporation–condensation problem. The model is validated with the steady liquid film formation on a flat vertical wall. It is shown that the model is in a good agreement with the classical Nusselt equations for the laminar flow regime. Comparisons of the present model with other empirical models also demonstrate good agreement beyond the laminar regime. This allows the film condensation modeling at high film Reynolds numbers without fitting, tuning or empirical parameters.

Entropic lattice boltzmann method for multiphase flows.

A novel thermodynamically consistent lattice Boltzmann model that enables dynamical effects of two-phase fluids is developed. The key innovation is the application of the entropic lattice Boltzmann stabilization mechanism to control the dynamics at the liquid-vapor interface. This allows us to present a number of simulations of colliding droplets, including complex phenomena such as the formation of a stable lamella film. Excellent agreement of the simulation with recent experiments demonstrates the viability of the present approach to simulation of complex dynamic phenomena of multiphase fluids.