Entrepreneurship Index Research Articles

A configurational approach to a country’s entrepreneurship level: Innovation, financial and development factors

The aim of this study is to analyse the combinations of innovation, financial and sustainable development conditions that enhance the entrepreneurship level of a country. A cross-national analysis, based on data from 64 countries, examines the causal configurations behind the manifestations of these factors using fuzzy‐set qualitative comparison analysis. Data were retrieved from four databases: the Global Entrepreneurship Index, the Country Risk Score, the Global Innovation Index and the Sustainable Development Goals Index. In our analysis, we find that the entrepreneurship level of a country is simultaneously related to both its Innovation level and its Country Risk Score. When we study this relationship in association with sustainable development goals, we identify that a country’s entrepreneurship level is positively linked with SDG3 and SD11, while with the SDG7 no relationship is found.

A comparative analysis on the entrepreneurial ecosystem of BRICS club countries: practical emphasis on South Africa

The effectiveness of entrepreneurial activities is not only determined by the quality of entrepreneurs but also by the ecosystem of entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) that nurtures low-quality “moppets” to highly impactful “gazelles” is being widely debated and on-demand in literature. This study, therefore, is aimed to advance the discussion and make a comparative analysis of the entrepreneurial ecosystem, which has been given a little attention, of BRICS club countries with an especial focus on South Africa, Brazil, and India. Various entrepreneurship-economic growth-related measures including Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI), Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), Index Economic Freedom (IEF), and Legatum Prosperity Index (LPI) are used to compare the countries’ entrepreneurial ecosystem. Especially, the data set (2012–2018) of GEI was utilized for the analysis. According to GEI and GCI of 2018, China is leading BRICS club in terms of growth and entrepreneurial ecosystem. On the other side, LPI, IEF, and GEI put South Africa’s entrepreneurial ecosystem in a favorable position as compared to Brazil and India. South Africa performs poorly in startup skills, while both the latter ones are better and stand at the same level. This shows that South Africa’s tertiary education, coupled with low skill perception, is less effective in equipping the population to be entrepreneurs as compared to India and Brazil. Whereas Brazil and India are at their worst in internationalizing the country’s entrepreneurs and technological absorption, respectively. South Africa is more like India in product innovation and risk acceptance. On the other side, it is more like Brazil in risk capital, technological absorption, opportunity perception, and in their sluggish economic growth. Overall, South Africa (57th/140 as of 2018) is categorized among those poorly performing countries in terms of start-up skills, networking, technology absorption, human Capital, and risk capital pillars. The government of South Africa needs to primarily work on these bottle-neck pillars to improve its EE. To increase GEI by 5%, it should invest 77% of its extra resource on start-up skills, 18% on risk capital, and 5% on technology absorption. Applying GEI set up, this paper claims to have uniquely contributed to how to make a country comparison on the EE. Further empirical research can be done including all BRICS countries to bolster their development effort and on how to promote EE by tackling the underlying bottlenecks.

National culture dimensions as predictors of innovation, creativity, and entrepreneurship

The purposes of this study were twofold. The first was to encourage other investigators to examine more closely three indices related to economic growth, specifically innovation, entrepreneurship, and creativity. The second was to encourage further investigation of Hofstede’s national culture as explanatory variables. This investigation addressed this research gap by examining the relationships among indices of nations’ creativity, entrepreneurship, and innovation, and their relationships with Hofstede’s (2015) national culture dimensions. No previous research was identified which examined countries’ creativity, entrepreneurship, and innovation in the same study. The relationships among four measures associated with economic development—the Global Innovation Index (GII), the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI), the Global Creativity Index (GCI), and Bloomberg 50 most innovative countries (B50) were studied. Two rarely investigated indices (B50 and GCI) were included in this research. Results indicated that all four indices were highly correlated. The factor structure of Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions was reduced to three major factors: heteronomy-autonomy, gratification, and competition-altruism. Using multiple regression analysis, heteronomy-autonomy and gratification predicted GII. Gratification predicted the remaining three criteria. This study addressed this research gap of criterion development by examining the relationships among these variables, their relationships with national culture, and their predictability from different national culture dimensions. Practical implications of these findings for decision-makers and policymakers who want to increase their country’s economic growth through the support of creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship were discussed.

WAYS OF INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF ENTREPRENEURS 'ACTIVITIES IN THE CONTEXT OF MARKET DEVELOPMENT AND MARKET DEVELOPMENT

Topicality. The issues of efficiency and effectiveness of economic activity of the subjects of the enterprise are becoming increasingly important in the context of globalization, the consequences of the coronavirus pandemic and increasing the level of competitiveness of both entities and Ukraine in the world. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of the efficiency of economic activity with defined tasks and strategic goals, in the context of the identified business needs, forms the overall effectiveness of the enterprises of the region.Aim and tasks. The purpose of this work is to develop recommendations for improving the effectiveness of business entities in the region from the standpoint of development of the market of innovative technologies. This goal allowed to form the following tasks: to analyze the main indicators of Ukraine according to the Global Entrepreneurship Index; to analyze the structure of appeals-complaints of representatives of the business sector to the Council of Business Ombudsman of Ukraine in order to identify the reasons that affect the effectiveness of their business activities; develop a questionnaire to interview business representatives in order to identify problematic issues at the local level and opportunities for their elimination.Research results. This article identifies the impact of indicators according to the Global Entrepreneurship Index, namely: venture capital; labor capital; startup skills; growth rate; willingness to take risks; competition; perception of new opportunities; product innovation; business culture; involvement of technologies and their impact on the effectiveness of business entities in the region and the competitiveness of the business sector of Ukraine in the world. In order to systematize specific problems in the business sector in the context of the development of the market of innovative technologies in the scientific article summarizes the data on appeals of business entities to the Council of Business Ombudsman and introduced an author's questionnaire "Assessment of barriers and external influences on the effectiveness of economic activity", which consists of the following blocks of questions: a block of questions on awareness of doing business; a block of questions on staff evaluation and its impact on business development; block of questions on administrative influence on business entities; block of questions on the assessment of the competitive situation in the market; a block of questions on the priority areas of business development in the market.Conclusion. The practical orientation of this scientific article is to develop a number of proposals to increase the effectiveness of business entities in the region and systematize them into the following groups of activities: organizational; economic (foreign economic); tax; personnel; measures to protect the intellectual rights of economic entities; financial.

Entrepreneurship Practices and Poverty among farmer entrepreneurs in Jos, Nigeria

The study seeks to examine the effect of Entrepreneurship practices on poverty among farmers in Jos, Nigeria. The study covered small and medium scale farmer entrepreneurs within Jos North, Jos South and Jos East. A sample size of 518 was obtained from the population of 834 at 5% error tolerance and 95% level of confidence, using Simple Random Sampling. 505(97.5%) of the questionnaire distributed were returned while 13(2.5%) of the questionnaire distributed were not returned. self-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. The study conducted a pre-test on the questionnaire to ensure the validity of the instrument. Data collected were presented in frequency tables. To measure the effect of entrepreneurship practices on poverty, Probit and order probit models were specified and analysis was based on FGT and MPI measures of poverty. The study revealed that a very high level of entrepreneurship practices among farmers will reduce poverty among farmers. The study recommends among other things that entrepreneurship practice intensity among the farmers be increase so as to help in improving their standard of living by reducing poverty through increased income resulting from high entrepreneurship activities.
 Keywords: Entrepreneurship Practice, Poverty and Entrepreneurship Index

Ekonomik Özgürlüğün Girişimcilik Boyutunu Etkilemesine Yönelik Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli Uygulaması (The Implementation of Structural Equation Model for Economic Freedom to Affect the Entrepreneurship Dimension)

Purpose - It is to measure the sensitivity values of the factors affecting the economic freedom's entrepreneurship, the values of the factors contributing to the relational structure in the effect of economic freedom on entrepreneurship and the effect of economic freedom on the entrepreneurship dimension. Design/methodology/approach - For 2019, the effect of the economic freedom dimension on the entrepreneurship dimension was measured by structural equation modeling based on the values of the factors that constitute the Economic Freedom Index and the Global Entrepreneurship Index for 115 countries. Findings - In the research, it was concluded that economic freedom affects or provides entrepreneurship in a significant, positive and very high level. In the continuation of the research, it was determined that the most sensitive and most contributing factor to the relational structure of the economic freedom dimension is the rule of law in terms of economic freedom and entrepreneurial skills in terms of entrepreneurship dimension. In addition, it has been determined that the goverment size factor contributes the least to the relational structure towards the effect of economic freedom on the entrepreneurship dimension. It has been found that entrepreneurship contributes more to the relational structure between economic freedom and entrepreneurship dimensions than economic freedom. Discussion – With the structuring of economic freedom activities on a legal basis and the more pronounced entrepreneurial capabilities, economic freedom plays a more functional role in the formation of entrepreneurship in the global sense. In the framework of the limited state factor affecting entrepreneurship less within the scope of economic freedom, it has been evaluated that goverment size practices of countries around the world restrict entrepreneurship and also, economic freedom is needed to ensure entrepreneurship within the framework of the relational structure, entrepreneurship contributes more than economic freedom. Apart from these, this study is thought to contribute to the literature in the context of explaining the importance of establishing economic freedom in order to ensure entrepreneurship.

Measurement Model on Community Farmer for Agriculture Cluster Development

Community entrepreneurship (CE) is an established synergetic network between the community and social entrepreneurship. CE in agricultural cluster area development (ACD), which is based on small-medium enterprise (SMEs) comprises the collaborative engagement between farmer community, agribusiness cluster, and common resources. This research aims to analyze CE performance in ACD based on SMES through emerging CE variables and how to manage CE’s variables most effectively. This study contributes to the enhancement of CE performance in ACD. It also contributes to the methodology through the community effectiveness entrepreneurship index (CEEI). CEEI is a model to measure CE in ACD. It is an average score of 30 indicators from CE functions: collective innovation, collective supply chain management, collective accessibility to economic resources and opportunities, profit accumulation, and benefit-sharing. Using a factor analysis validation, CEEI has been applied to farmer groups in Lembah Gumanti subdistrict, Solok regency, West Sumatra province, Indonesia as a pilot test. The results indicated constructing the measured performance of CE in ACD identified CE performance supported by all CE variables. There are three CE effectiveness categories in ACD; strong (4), fair (3), and weak. Primarily, the management has yet been effective for CE variables. This is because the majority of CE is still not managed by non-social business communities. Community social businesses are better at managing synergies with the dimensions of collective action for innovation, SCM, accessibility, profits, and benefit-sharing.

Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Performance in Egypt: An Empirical Study Based on the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI)

Entrepreneurship is a significant economic process in regional economic development. This study aims to analyze the characteristics of the Egyptian entrepreneurial ecosystem by using the global entrepreneurship index (GEI) data from 2006–2017. This empirical study provides an in-depth insight into the Egyptian entrepreneurship ecosystem situation based on GEI methodology and its sub-indexes, pillars, and individual and institutional variables. Results revealed that the Egyptian entrepreneurial “Aspiration” pillars play a promising role in the Egyptian entrepreneurship ecosystem, especially the “Process Innovation” and “Risk Capital” pillars. Although the entrepreneurial “Abilities” pillars appear as shortcomings in the Egyptian GEI, especially the "Opportunity Startup" and "Competition" pillars. Furthermore, Egyptian entrepreneurial “Attitudes” pillars are considered to be the main disadvantage of forming the Egyptian GEI score. Finally, the paper proved that the “Risk Acceptance” and “Networking” pillars appeared as the weakest aspect of the Egyptian entrepreneurship ecosystem. Consequently, developing national policies and strategies to enhance these two pillars will improve the Egyptian GEI score by 2%.

A framework to measure the taxonomic of economic anchor: A case study of the Three Seas Initiative countries.

This research is aimed at determining the characteristics of the current level of entrepreneurial potential of the Three Seas Initiative (3SI) countries, the ability to overcome the consequences of extraordinary events, such as COVID-19 and prospects for the return to an accelerated development once the destabiliser of the economic system, the coronavirus pandemic, has ceased. Eurostat, World Bank and the World Economic Forum data for 2015-2019 were used for the purpose of the research. The research was divided into three stages, i.e. assessment of economic development on the basis of a synthetic ratio of economic anchor development, for which a relative benchmark method based on spatial median (so-called L1 median or Weber point) was used, identification of conditions for the development of entrepreneurial capacity and statistical analysis showing the correlation between economic anchor measures and selected factors of the 3SI countries economic development. Our study found that the entrepreneurial capacity of the 3SI countries in 2015-2019 was determined by nine characteristics, belonging to six areas, i.e. local economy, demographic situation, social situation, trade exchange, innovation and tourism economy. The entrepreneurial potential of the 3SI countries was spatially diversified, and its development was determined, among others, by the entrepreneurial activity of residents (entrepreneurship index) and the conditions for running a business.

Entrepreneurial Motivations, Opportunities, and Challenges: An International Perspective

ABSTRACT The current entrepreneurship research has primarily focused on external environmental factors that influence enterprise development in developed economies, whilst studies from developing economies are lagging. Yet, evidence from the World Bank and Global Entrepreneurship Index suggest that entrepreneurship practice in developing economies has peaked. Using semi-structured interview data from 20 entrepreneurs in The Gambia, we examined their motivations for entrepreneurship, the market opportunities and challenges hindering enterprise growth. We found the factors influencing motivation to be individual (necessity, poverty, job creation, personal knowledge, and experience) and contextual (opportunity recognition, ethnic and religious norms). Interestingly, three forms of opportunities were identified: entrepreneurial networks, competitive market, and discovery. Nonetheless, the entrepreneurs faced individual challenges – insufficient finance and unskilled staff – and contextual limitations such as political change, limited government reforms, high taxes, high business cost, and market uncertainty. We offer critical insights into individual and contextual motivations for entrepreneurship, extending the current discourse. In addition, we expose specific dynamic market influences for enterprise development in a developing economy.

Determinants of Success of Businesses of Female Entrepreneurs in Taiwan

This paper deals with the topic area “female entrepreneurship,” and the research focuses on the determinants of female entrepreneurs’ business success and sustainability, together with their impact on Taiwan’s economic development. According to the Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) and the Financial Times Stock Exchange (FTSE) classification, Taiwan can be considered an emerging economy. Various liberal and social theories and Hofstede’s cultural dimensions were analyzed to develop some hypotheses, including some relevant success factors connected to female entrepreneurship in Taiwan. The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and the Female Entrepreneurship Index (FEI) were relevant for the data analysis because the research was based on secondary data with 1098 observations, and a logistic regression model was performed. The factors of fear of failure and personal network correlated significantly to female entrepreneurs’ business success in Taiwan and the level of education had no significant correlation. Further research is recommended to include additional factors to achieve a higher accuracy of the model. A comparison of Taiwan with another region/country might also deliver some interesting insights.

Status Quo of Entrepreneurship in the Mekong River Delta

In the context of an integrated economy with many opportunities and challenges, especially the Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) is causing many difficulties for all nations of the world, entrepreneurship is seen as an effective method to handle social problems and create new values for the economy. Promoting entrepreneurship in the Mekong River Delta is an urgent issue that determines each locality's long-term economic development potential. This study explores the status quo of entrepreneurship in the Mekong River Delta (MRD). The data for this study comes from two sources. First, secondary data was collected from three main publishments: (1) The report of Global Entrepreneurship Monitoring (GEM) about Entrepreneurship index in Vietnam 2017/2018, (2) 2017 Survey of Entrepreneurs and MSMEs in Vietnam, and (3) research papers related to entrepreneurship in the MRD. Second, primary data comes from the survey results of 406 graduates from colleges and universities in the MRD. The data was presented by graphs and tables. There are five key findings. First, entrepreneurial models in the MRD are not really creative and innovative. A mmajority of their products are popular and old, only 22,4% are new products. Second, business activities in the start-up stage, 41.1% of business operations have less than 25% foreign customers. Third, there are 93.3% of start-ups expect to create more than 6 jobs for the market. Fourth, 86% of people started a business because there was no better job choice. Fifth, commercializing and transferring scientific research results of the MRD’s government to the enterprise were evaluated the best in the ecosystem.

Issues And Challenges Of Zakat Institutions Achieving Maqasid Syariah In Malaysia

Zakat institutions in Malaysia oversee the obligatory Islamic donations, which have improved the poor and needy‘s socio-economic conditions through innovative programs. These income-generating programs, which zakat recipients participate in, have enabled people to improve their livelihoods. These programs allow zakat recipients to become business owners with the ultimate goal of becoming zakat payers themselves. However, despite all assistance extended, the number of entrepreneurial failures among asnaf entrepreneurs is quite alarmingly high. Inadvertently, the fulfillment of Maqasid Syariah, the goals or objectives of Islamic law, is still lacking since identifying the rightful recipients from potential recipients is quite challenging. A successful entrepreneur requires motivation, so recipients should be motivated. If the best recipients are not identified, then there must be flaws in the system, so pinpointing those areas for improvement becomes critical. Not only that, once motivated recipients are found, which of these recipients will follow Maqasid Syariah to become zakat payers? In view of these issues, this paper proposes three main pre-selection areas for asnaf entrepreneurs, including a look at the three participants, namely, the zakat recipients, the zakat institutions, and the zakat payers. A thorough understanding of these participants, for future successful zakat process implementation, is crucial. However, the main areas discussed are based on a participant‘s pre-selection which (1) measures their entrepreneurial intent, or motivation, by using an entrepreneurship index to identify true potential asnaf entrepreneurs, (2) a proposal to appoint village headmen who collaborate with local imams to verify potential recipients for better zakat management, and (3) an allocation of capital for targeted Millennial Asnaf who would use the money to initiate their entrepreneurial ventures on a small scale so they can increase the success of the Islamic zakat system.

Fiscal policy, growth and entrepreneurship in the EMU

ABSTRACT The EU sets strict fiscal criteria for its member states and has introduced initiatives to foster entrepreneurship, competitiveness, and growth. Following the financial crisis, which affected certain Eurozone countries, the EU updated its fiscal rules, establishing a stricter framework. The EU is founded on the principle that fiscal stability facilitates entrepreneurship and competitiveness. Therefore, compliance with fiscal rules improves the business environment. Nonetheless, the literature seems to be divided on this principle. One side argues that fiscal stability positively affects entrepreneurship and competitiveness. The opposing side argues that increased public debt and fiscal deficits do not ex ante affect growth rates. In this article, we attempt to evaluate the relationship between fiscal governance, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness. Descriptive statistics, panel data analysis, and ordinary least squares methods were employed to examine the relationship between fiscal governance indicators and entrepreneurship and competitiveness indicators. We used data from countries that experienced fiscal imbalance, namely Portugal, Greece, Spain, and Italy. According to the findings of our research, fiscal balance positively affected the growth rate in all cases. Yet, that current account balance, unit labor cost, and business birth rate equally affected growth rate and global entrepreneurship index in all countries cannot be supported.

An Analysis of the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem of Malawi: The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) Approach

The research paper provides an in-depth analysis of the entrepreneurial ecosystem of Malawi. Employing the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) methodology, the findings reveal a weak entrepreneurial ecosystem with a GEI score of 12.2 out of a possible 100. The relationship between the GDP per capita and the three entrepreneurship sub-indices, thus, attitude, ability, and aspiration are very weak and fall well below global average trends. Unfortunately, despite the high total entrepreneurship activities (TEA) in Malawi, this leads to little contribution to the country's GDP per-capita – a common phenomenon in many developing countries. At the pillar level, Malawi’s performance is a mixed bag, however, with most pillars performing not only poorly but below world averages. Despite the general positive perception of entrepreneurship by citizens, the country’s weak entrepreneurial ecosystem has failed to harness the propensity to develop new products and adopt new technologies for innovation and high growth entrepreneurship. From a policy intervention perspective, Malawi needs to focus most of its efforts and investments in five areas that include start-up skills, risk acceptance, high growth, risk capital, and human capital to improve the country's GEI score by 0.02.

Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü’ne Üye Ülkelere Göre Küresel Girişimcilik Endeksi Bileşenlerinin Önemlilik Analizi

Ülkelerin kendi bünyesindeki organizasyonların girişimcilik faaliyetleri konusunda bilgisi olması ve girişimcilik faaliyetlerini analiz yapması kapsamında girişimcilik değişkenlerinden hangilerine önem verildiğinin ve verilmesi gerektiğini tespit edilmesi ile ülkelerin diğer ülkelere kıyasla farklılaşmalarına, yenilik ve rekabet üstünlüğü sağlamalarına ve buna bağlı olarak diğer sosyal gelişimleri oluşturabilmelerini sağlayabilmektedir. Bu anlamda araştırmanın amacı, Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü’ne üye ülkelere göre 2019 yılı için CRITIC, ENTROPİ ve SWARA teknikleri ile Küresel Girişimcilik Endeks değerlerini belirleyen 12 bileşenin önemlilik derecelerini ve bunların sıralamasını bütünleşik olarak tespit etmektir. Bulgular kapsamında CRITIC, ENTROPİ ile tespit edilen girişimcilik bileşenlerinin önemlilik dereceleri ve bu derecelerin sıralamasının bütünleşik analizini yapan SWARA yöntemine göre söz konusu ülkeler tarafından önemsenen ilk 3 bileşen risk alma (GTAD3), fırsat girişimi (GYAD1) ve ürün yenilikçiliği (GAAD1) olarak sıralanmıştır. Bunun yanında yine bulgulara göre 14 girişimcilik bileşenin oluşturduğu alt dizinler (faktörler) kapsamında girişimsel yetenekler alt dizininin önemlilik derecesi, girişimsel tutumlar ve amaçlar alt dizinlerine ait önemlilik derecelerinden fazla olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü’ne üye ülkelere göre genel anlamda girişimcilik yeteneğini, girişimcilik tutumlarından ve amaçlarından daha fazla önemsediği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Environmental Regulation, Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study Based on Threshold Effect Test in China

Based on panel data from 2000 to 2017 on 30 provinces in China, we analyse the threshold effect of environmental regulation on the quality improvement of economic growth in Eastern, Central, and Western China using a threshold regression model with entrepre-neurship as the threshold variable. The conclusions are as follows: (1) With a low entre-preneurship index, environmental regulation inhibits the quality of regional economic growth. When the entrepreneurship index is at a middle level, the effect changes from an original adverse impact to a favourable impact, which is very significant in Eastern and Western China, but not significant in Central China. When entrepreneurship is highly active, environmental regulation is beneficial to economic growth quality in all regions, and environmental regulation can bring into play the function of "reversed mechanism" to promote economic growth quality. (2) The differences in entrepreneurship level in the three regions lead to regional heterogeneity of the threshold effect between environmental regulation and economic growth quality. Eastern China realizes a double dividend of environmental improvement and economic growth. The entrepreneurial activity in the Central and Western regions is a little far away from their threshold values, at which environmental regulation can produce a significant incentive effect. In conclusion, we put forward three suggestions to improve the entrepreneurial activity and fully realize the double dividend of environmental improvement and economic growth.

Entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation ecosystems

This research aims to determine the relationship between entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation ecosystems at a global level. To assess the structural relationships between ecosystems, the unconditional quantile regressions using annual country data are estimated from two perspectives, namely: pooled data and data with fixed effects and time control. The Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI), the US Chamber International IP Index (IPI) and the Global Innovation Index (GII) are used as a proxy for the entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation ecosystem, respectively. The results indicate that the entrepreneurship and intellectual property ecosystems has a causal relationship with the global innovation ecosystem. However, when control of individual and fixed time effects is included, the relationship between ecosystems is confirmed in just a few quantiles. The sterile results require efforts from public, private and other agents to improve the performance of ecosystems, especially to increase the generation of innovative assets. This study looks at ecosystems from a different perspective, and the results are relevant to policymakers looking to improve the ecosystems of entrepreneurship, intellectual property and innovation. The originality of this article lies in bringing together issues that are generally dealt with in theoretical and empirical literature in separate domains. The study of the relationship between ecosystems from global indexes remains a little explored field, despite the various alternative approaches already investigated.

Entrepreneurship in Turkey and other Balkan countries: are there opportunities for mutual co-operation through internationalisation?

PurposeThe aim of this study is to evaluate the entrepreneurship activity in Turkey and the Balkan countries and to show in which fields they can cooperate in the future.Design/methodology/approachDocument analysis was used in the research. In this context, taking into consideration the Global Entrepreneurship Index data published in 2019, the entrepreneurial potentials of Balkan countries, its current status was examined. Therefore, Turkey’s contribution to the development of entrepreneurial activities in the Balkan countries is shown in the study.FindingsThe results of the research show that entrepreneurship activities in the Balkan countries are not at the expected levels. In addition, it is determined that Turkey is in a central position in the Balkan’s entrepreneurship ecosystem in subjects such as especially, product innovation, risk capital, the ability of entrepreneurial start-up and its enterprises show high growth. Other Balkan countries may cooperate with Turkey about the production of technological products and technology transfer issues. Partner incubation programs can be formed. Training activities related to the entrepreneurship ecosystem can be organised together.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is one of the first study that addresses the current situation of Balkan countries by analysing the entrepreneurship index scores of Turkey and Balkan countries (Albania, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, northern Macedonia, Greece and Slovenia). It also formulated suggestions on establishing cooperation with Turkey.

Entrepreneurship ecosystem in the United Arab Emirates: An empirical comparison with Qatar and Saudi Arabia

Objective: This paper aims to investigate and assess the UAE’s overall entrepreneurship performance (ecosystem) by applying the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI).Research Design & Methods: This paper assesses the United Arab Emirates’ entrepreneurial ecosystem and compares it with Qatar and Saudi Arabia by using the Global Entrepreneurship Index (GEI) data collected between 2011 and 2016. The GEI approach is applied to measure the entrepreneurship ecosystem at the country level, and it constitutes an appropriate method to encourage a higher level of entrepreneurship by considering its quality aspects.Findings: Outcomes show an entrepreneurial ecosystem with a GEI index of 44.6. Technology absorption is a critical bottleneck that suppresses entrepreneurial goals. Despite the low score of this pillar, the UAE has one of the highest GDP per capita among all participating countries. As a result, the GEI score of the United Arab Emirates and its sub-indices are above the global average trend and count to the most innovation-driven economies worldwide. However, the UAE is not performing well compared to other average performers in its category.Implications & Recommendations: Crucial policy interferences are required for the improvement of technology absorption. UAE calls for 4% additional resources to expand the GEI score by 10%.Contribution & Value Added: Using a novel approach incorporating individual and institutional variables into a single model, this paper identifies the weak aspects of UAE’s entrepreneurial performance. Also, the utilisation of (PFB) is used to identify which entrepreneurial factors should be tackled.