Discipline Of Entrepreneurship Research Articles

Discerning citation patterns in dominant BME literature streams - lessons for other streams?

As the business and management education (BME) literature mounts, some highly-cited streams have become more dominant than other lesser-cited streams. In this bibliometric study, we compare the development of two highly-cited BME streams–online management education and entrepreneurship education– against a more established BME literature stream, experiential learning. Although the latter has some very well-cited articles, it curiously remains relatively less cited than other streams. Our goal is to investigate similarities and differences among these three BME streams’ citation patterns to provide prescriptions on how other BME streams could avoid self-inflicted citation barriers. We found distinct differences in behavior patterns between the streams using citation-based input and outcome measures. The entrepreneurship education literature shows strong linkages to the research of entrepreneurship discipline, whereas the online/hybrid education literature showed evidence of either influencing or being influenced by educational research. Conversely, although it had some very highly cited articles, the experiential learning stream showed inconclusive patterns in both types of works that it cited or was cited by in other articles. We believe this suggests that there is opportunity for scholars in other streams to raise their scholarly profiles by increasing their dialogue and defining their terms more consistently.

International Entrepreneurship as an Admittance-Seeking Educational Field

ABSTRACTInternational entrepreneurship (IE) research has gained significant attention over the last 30 years, but IE education has not yet obtained the same recognition. We investigate whether and how IE might gain admittance as a specific educational field. By employing the Delphi method with expert scholars and practitioners from around the world, we identify the key knowledge base and attributes that potential IE graduates should possess. We position our findings relative to extant research on education from IE’s parent disciplines of international business and entrepreneurship. This allows us to discuss whether and how our identified IE curriculum is differentiated and potentially legitimate. We show that while our IE curriculum has these characteristics, it requires contributions from both parent disciplines. From these results, we discuss the pedagogical implications of our study.

TOT Employability Skill Bagi Guru dan Siswa SMK

EMPLOYABILITY SKILL TOT FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS OF VOCATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL. The issue of employability is a serious problem in Vocational High School today. The data show that the highest unemployment is dominated by graduate of Vocational High School. Vocational High School graduates who are not ready to work much become unemployed because they can not compete and get a job. In addition, when it was working will be difficult to carry out tasks in the work that eventually turned over. Teachers have difficulty in improving students' readiness because teachers do not have good employability skills so that teachers can not teach their students. TOT Employability is implemented with the aim to train students and teachers to become employability skill trainers. TOT Employability implementation method with lecture, game, role play and discussion methods. Participants in TOT Employability are students and teachers of SMK Negeri 1 Seyegan and SMK Negeri 1 Kalasan Sleman. The results of this program are students and teachers have good interpersonal communication skills, adaptability, cooperative ability, self-management ability, high entrepreneurship desire, independence, discipline, responsibility and motivation to learn high. Students and teachers who have good employability skills are expected to apply it to other students so as to have an impact on the overall employability capability.

Caracterización de los clásicos del emprendimiento (1968-2016). Un análisis basado en la Web of Science

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo profundizar en el análisis del campo del emprendimiento mediante la búsqueda bibliográfica de los trabajos que se configuran como “clásicos del emprendimiento” y su caracterización, así como la del “conocimiento base” (trabajos citados) en que se apoyan los mismos. Se aplica la metodología H-Classics para seleccionar estos trabajos clásicos y se realiza un análisis en profundidad de documentos, autores citantes y citados y revistas. Los resultados alcanzados llevan a aislar las fuentes que permitirían determinar qué obras podrían constituir la disciplina del emprendimiento y lo que es más importante, cuáles cuentan con mayor “probabilidad” de mostrar aquellos paradigmas necesarios para conformarla.

Technological catch-up by east Asian firms: Trends, issues, and future research agenda

This paper reviews extant research on technological catch-up of East Asian firms, which has recently emerged as an important issue. We review 76 articles on technological catch-up in the East Asian context published in 17 journals over 23 years (1995–2017), covering the academic disciplines of strategic management, international business, entrepreneurship, technology and innovation management, and economics. Based on a systematic analysis of this literature, we develop an overarching framework to this topic. We then identify the major gaps in the literature and suggest areas for future research on technological catch-up of Asian firms.

In consideration of entrepreneurship theory

This study analyzes more than three decades of theory testing published in leading entrepreneurship journals. It uncovers the amount of theory testing; the extent to which theories are tested multiple times; and, the disciplinary origins of the theories that are tested. The analysis reveals that empirical researchers have increasingly responded to demands for more theory-driven knowledge over time through domestic theory creation and wholesale adoption of theories from other fields. It is observed that the most tested theories are borrowed from other scientific fields. The value of agency theory, the most popular one, is assessed via a foreign theory screening model. The result suggests that researchers cannot be too cautious when considering foreign theory for domestic knowledge development. Ultimately, researchers are strongly encouraged to consider testing the many domestic theories that have been specifically designed to answer the pressing, practical problems of the entrepreneurship discipline.

Extending the Economic Foundations of Entrepreneurship Research

As the entrepreneurship discipline grows, it increasingly faces unique research challenges. Recently, ‘interactive, activity based, cognitively hot, compassionate, and prosocial’ approaches to the study of entrepreneurship have arisen to meet these challenges. This paper builds on recent discussions by emphasizing, in addition, the persistent value of economic foundations for a progressive research agenda in entrepreneurship. A realist economic perspective is both fundamental for entrepreneurship and complements newer research trends. It has also stood the test of time: economic questions relating to methodological individualism, uncertainty, judgment, opportunities, social motivations, and incentives have not only set the tone for past research, but continue to offer starting points and insights for contemporary work. This paper thus makes two contributions: first, it explains the relevance of each of these concepts for contemporary work in entrepreneurship studies, and second, it uses them to pose novel research questions. These questions complement the abovementioned emerging trends in entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneurial sport policy

ABSTRACTFor most sport policy planners, the integration of entrepreneurial initiatives that are practical and relevant to the community is an important way of staying competitive, innovative and forward thinking. Policy regarding sport tries to balance ways to improve financial and social results but facilitate the interest of non-profits and community stakeholders. In addition, with the introduction of more sport policies aimed at increasing tax and other related revenues, there has been an emphasis on innovative policy strategies that go beyond the current status quo and present unique ideas. The aim of this article in this special section is to discuss how the concept of entrepreneurial sport policy can make a contribution to the disciplines of sport management, public policy, entrepreneurship and innovation. This is due to studies of the sport policy process from an entrepreneurial perspective having the prospect of making an interdisciplinary contribution to the literature. As very few studies link the disparate sport and entrepreneurship literature, this article will present a theoretical framework to help understand the importance of taking an entrepreneurial sport policy perspective. Suggestions for policy planners and future research are stated.

The Phenomenon of High-Growth SMEs (Gazelles), Part 2

The primary objective of this paper is to advance the theoretical knowledge on the phenomenon of gazelles by integrating the findings of previous studies into a conceptual model that would account for a sustainable high growth. A theoretical explorative and deductive method is adopted. A number of published works on gazelles were systematically reviewed. Based on this review, the paper attempts to identify the key factors that have been found to explain the high growth of the gazelles and its discontinuity, and integrate them to form a conceptual model. The proposed model illustrates the linkages between Entrepreneurship and Marketing disciplines. Five building blocks of the model are identified. It is developed based on previous studies on gazelles which are majorly mixed sector studies. Therefore, to refine the understanding of the phenomenon of HG-SMEs, future research suggestions would be to enrich the concepts obtained from the literature by gathering the data from the field and to test the new model in HGSMEs operating only in the service industry.

Teaching practice across disciplines: marketing and entrepreneurship for youths

This paper introduces teaching practice in the marketing and entrepreneurial disciplines with entrepreneurial cases. After giving examples for practice, the paper suggests implications and considerations. Entrepreneurial education is explained. Marketing topics including growth strategies and entrepreneurial marketing concepts which can be used in teaching entrepreneurship are analysed. Three examples of teaching cases illustrate the implications. Examples are drawn from in-depth interviews with SME owners. Primarily, entrepreneurial cases can be used to teach across marketing and entrepreneurship disciplines. Cases help to clarify marketing topics, growth strategies, entrepreneurial marketing strategies, entrepreneurial practices, teaching objectives and entrepreneurial qualities. Two points should be noted. First, the same marketing strategies have different applications in large and small firms. Second, new ways to perform traditional marketing strategies could bring innovation. Teaching entrepreneurship and marketing to youths is important, but teaching with cases from large international firms causes problems. This paper shows how to use SME cases in entrepreneurial marketing classes. Practice was introduced but not measured formally. Future research is required. In other contexts, this teaching practice needs to be modified.

The marketing-entrepreneurship paradox: A frequency-domain analysis

The areas of overlap between the disciplines of marketing and entrepreneurship are substantial and they provide a wide variety of opportunities for multidisciplinary research. This paper lays out multidisciplinary foundations for the formal theoretical and practical treatment of the interaction between marketing, entrepreneurship and profi tability in an organization. The focus of this research is on a company’s success as a function of organizational changes and the level of acceptable risk, measured by its profi tability. The contribution to the literature on the relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing is refl ected in a new approach that relies on the multi-scale (i.e., frequency-dependent) approach or the so-called “spiral of success”. In addition, this paper highlights the necessity for dynamic abilities and innovative character in an organization. More broadly, it explains an important theoretical paradox that organizations always face high risk, but, in order to survive in business, they need to enter new cycles of entrepreneurial activities (innovation and diversifi cation) that involve even more risk. The novelty of this study lies in its application of the causality tests in the frequency domain for the bivariate system in order to demonstrate the marketing-entrepreneurship paradox. This is, to the authors’ best knowledge, the fi rst paper that uses such a methodology in marketing and entrepreneurship. The paper’s principal hypothesis is tested on a well-diversifi ed company (Amazon.com) where it is shown that marketing drives changes in net income at both medium and long horizons, but not vice-versa. The fi ndings and related discussions can be useful to academics and practitioners, as well as to public policy-makers.

The price of everything, and the value of nothing? Stories of contribution in entrepreneurship research

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to report findings from the first stage of a study that focusses on research in the domain of entrepreneurship as a process of knowledge creation and exchange. It seeks to discover what entrepreneurship scholars really believe that they contribute. Focusses on the entrepreneurship academic community and examine two issues: the value scholars perceive, in terms of both how an individuals’ work can be seen to be a contribution to knowledge, and what “contribution to knowledge” means to the individual researcher. Design/methodology/approach The authors employ a qualitative approach within which 20 entrepreneurship professors were asked to complete a semi structured research instrument to express their opinions on the value of the authors’ research and the extent to which the authors’ work contribute to knowledge and practice. The sample was drawn from full entrepreneurship professors from the UK, USA, Europe, New Zealand, and Australia. Findings Suggest that entrepreneurship scholars publish for a plurality of reasons including personal fulfilment, interest, and necessity. It was also noted that the motivations for academic scholarship have changed with increased internal and external pressures and a drive to publish in certain journals. Research limitations/implications This is a novel study not undertaken previously in the entrepreneurship discipline. The results will inform research practices within the entrepreneurship discipline and represent the basis for an ongoing large scale global quantitative study of the entrepreneurship discipline. Originality/value The outcomes of this research inform higher education stakeholders in the construction of valid research strategies thus providing a suitable impact upon academia and society. It provides an initial insight into drivers for academic research within the entrepreneurship discipline, and the opportunities, challenges and paradoxes which various approaches to research contribution entail.

“Fake it until you make it”: business model conceptualization in digital entrepreneurship

Digital business model research spans the disciplines of information systems, marketing and entrepreneurship. Despite the growing research in the area there is a lack of understanding of how digital entrepreneurs identify business opportunities and conceptualize those in a business model. The literature on business models lacks consistent terminology and specification of critical components. Through an explorative study of digital entrepreneurs we examine how entrepreneurs identify business opportunities and how they translate them into a workable business idea. Although entrepreneurs typically have difficulty explaining their business model components we identified that critical features in our simplicity framework include three main modules, transaction/matching, marketing and back-office components, and simplicity in terms of value proposition, conceptualization approach and usability. This research proposes that a parsimonious view of digital business models, aligned with the lean start-up idea, makes sense for theory development and in terms of usefulness for entrepreneurs.

Entering the base of the pyramid market in India

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to shed light on the international market expansion of multinational corporations (MNCs) to the base of the pyramid (BoP). The authors employ the corporate social entrepreneurship (CSE) perspective to reveal how MNCs can enter this market, the key enabling factors and the benefits they can gain. CSE is related to entrepreneurial and marketing strategies that are inspired by social responsibility.Design/methodology/approach– An exploratory, qualitative multiple-case study has been employed. In-depth interviews were conducted with managers from three MNCs that have entered the BoP market in India.Findings– The findings of this research confirm that successful entry into the BoP requires the pursuit of social responsibility and the adaptation of marketing strategies. In addition, MNCs should identify the key environmental factors (demand conditions and socio-political actors’ expectations) and develop organisational characteristics (management support, network orientation towards non-governmental organisations and availability of financial resources) to match. The findings of this research show that engagement in CSE in countries with considerable BoP populations can bring firms legitimacy and sustainable profitability.Research limitations/implications– This research is based on interviews with a limited number of MNCs in India. Future studies could generalise the findings of this research to a larger number of corporations in other countries.Originality/value– This research brings new insights to the field of international marketing by integrating the corporate social responsibility, marketing and entrepreneurship disciplines. The findings of this research offer empirical support for CSE and its role in international marketing strategies.

Strategic and Operational Determinants of Relationship Outcomes With New Venture Suppliers

While the vast majority of the supplier selection and development literature has focused on relationships between mature, established firms, significantly less attention has been paid to relationships between established firms and new, entrepreneurial ventures. This study addresses this important topic and, using an interdisciplinary lens, investigates the question of how established buying firms can work with new ventures to achieve desired relationship outcomes. Drawing on the literature from the disciplines of entrepreneurship and supply chain management, we propose a theoretical model that links buying firms' strategic orientation in supplier selection (innovation and cost in strategic supplier selection) and operational approach in supplier development (direct and indirect development of new venture suppliers) with new venture‐specific relationship outcomes (purchasing volume and realized innovations). The model's predictions are tested on cross‐sectional survey data from 136 buying firms. Our results contribute to the emerging research stream at the supply chain management–entrepreneurship interface and enhance the understanding of relationships between established firms and new ventures.

Knowledge Management: A Key Driver for Entrepreneurship-an Empirical Study with Special Reference to Software Firms in Pune

Background/Objectives: Knowledge-Based Economies generate high economic value through knowledge management and innovation along with a strong focus on Research & Development and showcase a vivid entrepreneurial culture. Knowledge management can be defined as the achievement of the organization's goals by making the knowledge factor productive. This is done primarily by facilitating and motivating people to tap into and develop their capacities and core competencies and to stimulate their attitude towards entrepreneurship. Methods/Statistical Analysis: This research highlight on the knowledge management activities and the role it plays in promoting and driving entrepreneurship in an organization. A primary survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire among 400 employees working in various software firms in Pune city. The exploratory factor analysis technique was deployed to identify the factors contributing to the knowledge management activities and regression analysis was performed to explain its role in promoting entrepreneurship in these software firms. Findings: Entrepreneurs are dependent on knowledge management systems as they aim to increase organizational knowledge and expertise in order to ensure their firms' competitive capacity and profitability. The findings show that three important factors emerge which contribute to the knowledge management activities in the software firms. These antecedents are 'Knowledge Gap Determination&Evaluation', 'Knowledge Acquisition&Development' and 'Knowledge Sharing' which are the major drivers in promoting entrepreneurship and the success of the firms. Applications/Improvements: This paper provides important empirical evidence to support the role of how knowledge management within software firms can act as a key driver in promoting entrepreneurship. This study attempts to interweave the disciplines of knowledge management and entrepreneurship.

Using a multiple method and mixed mode approach to examine women entrepreneur negotiating styles

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to explore an optimal research design for research on women entrepreneurs involved in negotiating term sheets for private equity capital. This research explores new ways for researchers to connect with such current “invisibles” through the use of a mixed method and mixed mode research design to expand sampling options and secure respondent participation. The authors discuss existing data sets that have been used as secondary sources for data on financing of companies and consider their inadequacy for research questions about process issues in negotiation. The authors present process-related findings regarding the efficacy of the research design. Design/methodology/approach – This paper reviews research on research methodology, incorporating a discussion of practices outside of the entrepreneurship discipline to discover effective practices for identifying respondents and data not currently captured in entrepreneurship data sources. The respondents were found through social media sites, angel networks, University networks and via identification through a proprietary financial intelligence database. Findings – An optimal research design to identify women business owners of growth-oriented firms who have negotiated private equity should consider mixed methods designs and mixed modes, including the use of digital networks that signal to potential respondents that research is being done. Research limitations/implications – Although the authors developed the multi-method, mixed mode (MMMM) research design, the sample size is still relatively small. This raises concerns about generalizability to the larger population and limits statistical analysis more suitable with larger data sets. However, the MMMM research design has enabled the authors to reach a difficult target sample. It has proven effective, although a longer time frame would have been helpful. Research limitations/implications – All of the large scale databases in entrepreneurship have limitations in providing optimal sampling frames for process-related research. The present research study was able to use conventional networks, social media sites and angel networks to connect with women business owners who have raised private equity, but who lack visibility in current data sets. The study shows that through the use of multiple methods, women entrepreneurs can be researched and some will share their experiences about process issues. The sample size was small and the quantitative data cannot be generalized. However, the methodology works and allows researchers to explore experiences that are not captured in existing data sets. Social implications – Entrepreneurship researchers can connect with “invisibles” by becoming more “social” and using social media sites that are used by women entrepreneurs. Researchers may not have immediate access to women entrepreneurs through these means, but rather they need to develop interpersonal contacts, build a social presence and trust to recruit respondents to complete online questionnaire studies about substantive topics such as negotiating term sheets for equity investments in their companies. Originality/value – This paper summarizes the “research on research methodologies” in entrepreneurship, reviews secondary data sources and discusses their limitations for specific types of research questions. A review of the value of MMMM research designs and best practices in online survey research outside of entrepreneurship provides insights into the incorporation of digital tools in other disciplines.

Sustainability: what the entrepreneurship educators think

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to consider the understanding and presence of sustainability within entrepreneurship education. The extant literature on sustainability within the entrepreneurship discipline remains extremely limited. Previously, sustainability within an entrepreneurship context has related to economic viability as opposed to sustainability in its broadest sense. This study explores, through a survey of entrepreneurship educators, three key research questions, namely, how entrepreneurship educators believe that entrepreneurs can contribute to solving sustainability problems. Second, to what extent education about sustainability is integrated within existing entrepreneurship curricula. Finally, what considerations are being made to include sustainability within future programmes.Design/methodology/approach– This study represented part of a larger university project exploring the associations between the sustainability and entrepreneurship disciplines. This part of the study involved a web-based survey from entrepreneurship academics drawn from Australia, New Zealand, UK, and the USA which provided 54 completed questionnaires.Findings– The study uncovered much good practice led by “champions” within the entrepreneurship discipline. However, embedded sustainability practice was typically limited and it was more typically regarded as an “add-on” to traditional entrepreneurial teaching.Practical implications– The study proposes three ways in which sustainability might be more meaningfully integrated into entrepreneurship programmes. First, the QAA (2012) guidelines for enterprise and entrepreneurship need to be reconsidered to encapsulate the sustainability agenda. Second, for entrepreneurship educators to reconsider their pedagogical approaches to encapsulate systems thinking as more holistic educational perspective. Finally, the authors call for entrepreneurship educators to revise their programmes to embed the core facets of social, environmental, economic, and more recently ethical sustainability.Originality/value– The study offers a novel insight into entrepreneurship educators attitudes to sustainability and their approach to it within their curricula. This study provides an initial benchmark regarding the levels of sustainability provision within entrepreneurship curricula which will be of interest to the entrepreneurship academic community, the sustainability community, and policy makers.

How not to do it!! A salutary lesson on longitudinal and qualitative research approaches for entrepreneurship researchers

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the experiences of researchers seeking to undertake mixed methods longitudinal research in the entrepreneurship discipline. In this research, the methodology was thoroughly planned and measures were taken to ensure longitudinal feasibility of the project. This is not what ultimately happened though. The paper reports the experience and reflects on the methodological challenges of longitudinal and qualitative studies, with a view to informing future attempts at these. Design/methodology/approach – The initial study involved a sample of 600+ participants in a survey that investigated entrepreneurial intent and related antecedents and formed the baseline from which longitudinal comparisons would be made. A catastrophic attrition rate rendered neither follow-up statistical comparisons nor qualitative comparative analysis possible. An alternative, entirely qualitative, follow-up was therefore developed. While unintended, this in fact proved advantageous to the r...

Introduction to theSEJSpecial Issue on Business Models: Business Models within the Domain of Strategic Entrepreneurship

The study of business models involves exploring how firms do business at the system level. It lies at the intersection of strategy and entrepreneurship research and is, therefore, a topic of interest for scholars of strategic entrepreneurship. The purpose of this special issue is to publish work that develops theory on business models, or empirically investigates the phenomenon, and to inspire future research on the topic. In our introduction, we briefly review the main conceptual developments of the past two decades. We highlight three contributions that business model research is poised to make to the domain of strategic entrepreneurship, and, by extension, to its constituent disciplines of strategy and entrepreneurship: (1) reconnecting strategy with entrepreneurship; (2) suggesting a more central place for customers in our frameworks and analyses; and (3) emphasizing the importance of implementation. We subsequently present the articles in this special issue and explain how they relate to these themes. We conclude with suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2015 Strategic Management Society.