Entrepreneurial Class Research Articles

“Shadows in the Image” or about the Political Mentality of the Commercial Entrepreneurial Class in Svishtov in the Context of the Development of the City after the Liberation until the End of the Nineteenth Century

“Shadows in the Image” or about the Political Mentality of the Commercial Entrepreneurial Class in Svishtov in the Context of the Development of the City after the Liberation until the End of the Nineteenth Century

Becoming Austrian, Becoming European? Supranationalism in the Habsburg South in an Age of Emerging Nationalisms: The Comparative Relevance of Trieste

Between 1848 and 1867, at a time that is often considered to be central to Italian, German, and Slavic nation building, the Habsburg port city of Trieste witnessed a significant immigration from throughout Europe and the eastern Mediterranean. While the historiography of the city has focused on the Triestine entrepreneurial class, understandably described as cosmopolitan, little research has been conducted on the rest of the urban population, too often seen as polarized along distinct national affiliations. This article argues that such national allegiances are anachronistic and that ‘vulgar cosmopolitanism’, national indifference, dynastic patriotism, and urban and regional allegiances better define the lived experiences of the majority of the population. Archival material, the applications for Austrian naturalization that thousands of foreigners submitted in the period studied here, shows the intense inter-ethnic engagement of those people who did not belong to the cosmopolitan trading community, who often proved to be insensitive to nationalist agitation and unaware of the existence of ‘nations’. This study of Habsburg Trieste at the time of nation building in Central and Southern Europe provides further elements that refute standard national narratives and classic interpretations of the development of nationalism. It also offers comparative evidence for global cities that have been integrated into mono-national states or have managed to avoid such integrational efforts.

‘It Is Said That at Least 300,000 rt of Capital are Required for a Raft Trade’

Although the Dutch timber trade from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century has been the subject of many historical studies, the development of the capital-intensive timber wholesale trade has remained rather underexposed by economic historians with regard to the actors involved. This is surprising since a capital of up to 600,000 Reichstaler had to be raised for the Dutch timber trade; amounts that were hardly invested in any other commercial enterprise in Germany at the time. The article therefore focuses on the timber wholesalers of the eighteenth century and analyzes in detail, based on our own archival research and previous research results, how the timber wholesalers organized their business (business strategies, business practices, etc.) and what significance their income had for the economic development of the participating economic regions of West and South-West Germany in the long term. It appears that around 1750 the German timber wholesaler and the timber companies from the Black Forest had long since driven out their Dutch competitors and acquired large fortunes. With the Dutch timber trade, capitalist practices (creation and management of companies, accounting, new methods of credit financing, etc.) also spread, which also formed an important building block for the further development of the South-West and West German economy. However, the most important thing was undoubtedly the emergence of a risk-loving entrepreneurial class with a sufficient capital base and business knowledge, which had long since broken away from 'artisan' self-reliance. Because the timber wholesalers often also invested their capital acquired in the Dutch timber trade in other industries, and these often formed a crystallization point for the West and South-West German industrialization after 1815, it can be said that the timber trade with the Netherlands not only generated an enormous volume in the eighteenth century and supported West German economic growth from 1740 onwards, but in the long term also contributed to the economic and social structural changes of the nineteenth century.

The homocapitalist politics of queer tourism: global LGBTQ+ activism, queer travel, and other queer mobilities in Buenos Aires, Argentina

ABSTRACT The article sheds ethnographic light on the homocapitalist politics of queer tourism in Argentina. Tracing the growing incorporation of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and queer (LGBTQ+) inclusion into the country’s tourist offer as a “global brand,” it interrogates how different forms of access to queer mobility, liberation, and privilege unfold across different “zones of encounter” within the landscape of queer tourism in Buenos Aires. I suggest that while homocapitalist investments in queer tourism strongly resonate with an entrepreneurial class of global(ized) elite LGBTQ+ activists and small business owners who are able to “sell liberation” by forging partnerships with tourism authorities and corporations, their effects are more ambivalent for those who are unable and/or unwilling to appropriate the products and processes of globalization in pursuit of their own goals. These tensions come to the fore in the city’s LGBTQ+ nightlife, where encounters between local sexualities and the mobile subjectivities of Global North LGBTQ+ tourists take place against the backdrop of global economic crisis, economic precarity, and inequalities within lesbian, gay, bisexual, travesti, trans, transexual, and intersex (LGBTTTI) communities.

Oltre il ‘povero ma bello’: Renato Salvatori e il lato oscuro del Boom italiano

ABSTRACT Starting from 1960, Renato Salvatori radically transformed his picture personality, hitherto anchored to characters conveying the optimistic drives of a country headed towards a prosperous future. After his encounter with Luchino Visconti, who cast him as the lead in Rocco e i suoi fratelli (1960), Salvatori reshaped his cinematic persona and brought to life some of the fiercest incarnations of the Boom era. By focusing on Visconti’s Rocco, Ugo Gregoretti’s Omicron (1963) and Giuliano Montaldo’s Una bella grinta (1965), this essay highlights how Salvatori came to embody – through his complex and morally-degraded characters – the most controversial features of the sociocultural context of 1960s Italy: from the tragic uprooting of Southern emigrants in Northern Italy to the alienating effects of factory life, from the recklessness of the new entrepreneurial class that would build the foundations of modern-day Italy to the irreversible crisis of traditional models of masculinity.

Creativity, Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development

Education is considered the key to effective development strategies. Entrepreneurship is the master key that can unlock the potential of Youths through acquisition of appropriate skills relevant to the world of work and for the development of the individual in particular and national economy in general. No effective development will be achieved under the production of graduates that have no relevant skills that will get them engaged on job for profitability to themselves and the larger society. It is against this back drop that this paper examines the roles of Vocational and Technical Education in Nigeria characteristics of Nigeria Economy, Entrepreneurship and Development of small, and medium enterprises. The paper also outlines what new class of entrepreneurship can do, identify and discussed challenges faced by entrepreneurs in developing countries as well as suggestions and recommendations that will enhance a new class of entrepreneurs who will appreciate the crucial role of knowledge and innovation in the economy.

Unpacking Indigenous Social Mobility: Entrepreneurs, Social Networks, and Connections to Culture.

In settler societies, upward social mobility by Indigenous people is seen in the growth of successful professional and entrepreneurial classes where both wealth creation and social power are significant resources. Yet, public and academic discourses perpetuate the belief that social mobility impacts negatively on Indigenous people by placing cultural identity in conflict with capitalist business practices. Using data from an international comparison consisting of interviews with 220 Indigenous entrepreneurs in research sites across three countries, this article shows that the belief is unfounded and reveals how this duality creates an impossible tension when Indigenous cultural identity is framed as "at risk" because of social mobility. A discursive colonial mind-set remains a central, enduring and problematic organizing principle of the field of Indigenous social mobility, one that requires a shift in the kinds of research questions that are asked and the ways in which social mobility is ultimately defined.

Business Incubation and its Impact on the Entrepreneurial Performance of University Students in Anambra State

The absence of Business Incubators in universities in Anambra State necessitated this study to ascertain the influence of business incubation on the entrepreneurial performance of students in the selected universities in Anambra state. The work was anchored on Real-Driven-Options Theory of Business Incubation and New Venture Creation Theory. Survey research design was adopted by the study. The population of the study consisted of 300 level students of the selected universities who have taken entrepreneurship course or those that are yet to take it. A sample size of 380 was determined using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) formula. For the purpose of this study, the primary source of data (questionnaire), which was subjected to both validity and reliability was utilized. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were adopted in data analysis and the hypotheses were tested at a 5% level of significance. It was revealed from the analysis that knowledge transfer has a statistically significant positive relationship with promotion of entrepreneurial skills (r = .939; P-value < 0.05) and between inculcating innovative ideas and promoting the entrepreneurial mindset (r = .940; P-value < 0.05). It was concluded that business incubation has a significant relationship with student’s entrepreneurship performance. Sequel to this, it was recommended among others that teachers, facilitators and managers of entrepreneurial classes in universities should take the business of entrepreneurial knowledge transfer very serious, and more emphasis should be placed on practical aspect of knowledge transfer rather than theoretical aspects as this will help in improving the entrepreneurial skills of students that pass through entrepreneurial classes in the selected universities.

Sportive Spirit Themes Interwoven in Chetan Bhagat’s Select Novels – An Assesment

Chetan Bhagat has created a name for himself as a block buster novelist and as one among the 100 most Influential people of the world. Bhagat has fabricated readable stories of the youth and young men and women of the IITians, call centers, a love tale of the IIM Ahmedabad and the revolutionary type of young men of the business world, rising up his plots to twist the destiny of the protagonists in their love, corruption ambition and marriage, which have won the hearts of young readers of his novels. Fast Company Magazine has commended him as ‘The Voice of India’s rising entrepreneurial class’.The New York Times applauded Chetan Bhagat as ‘The Biggest selling English language novelist in India’s history’.

Traders to Tycoons: Indian Migrant Businesses and Their Evolution in the Political Economy of the UAE

As most GCC states have just completed half a century of independence, there is a natural inclination to link any discussion around the existence and expansion of migrant communities in the Gulf, with the exponential developmental growth these countries have witnessed in the past 50 years. As such, the dominant focus has been on the experiences of the labour or the professional migrant class. However, prior to the oil boom years of the 1970s that saw a major influx of migrant labour from the Indian subcontinent, the dominant societal presence of the Indian community around the Gulf was in the form of a highly agile entrepreneurial class. This paper examines the current role they play in capital accumulation, diversification, and regime stability in the Gulf. The UAE, home to 3.3 million Indians (the largest Indian diaspora community in the world), is of particular significance to this research, as it also saw the birth of several billion dollars’ worth of business conglomerates owned by Indian migrants in sectors as diverse such as healthcare, education, and retail.

The structure of information and the sources of the "Trade and Industrial Newspaper" (the 90s of the XIX - early XX century)

The subject of research in this article is the "Commercial and Industrial Newspaper" published by the Ministry of Finance of Imperial Russia, the circumstances and process of its appearance, the goals and objectives set for its editorial office, the structure, content and quality of the information published in it, the place and role of the newspaper among other periodicals of the Ministry of Finance and similar Russian periodicals of the period under review (The 90s of the XIX century – 1906). As an object of research, the structure of information in the "Trade and Industrial Newspaper", its content and changes, as well as sources of obtaining this information are considered. The purpose of the study is to show how the "Trade and Industrial Newspaper", thanks to the published materials, the extensive and multilateral information provided by it, contributed to the development of the domestic trade and industrial sphere, the formation of an economically educated Russian entrepreneurial class, its self–awareness and consolidation. The role of the newspaper in ensuring the professional and class interests of the Russian bourgeoisie, in carrying out the state information policy is considered. The "Trade and Industrial Newspaper", which emerged as a publication of a specific professional direction, over time turned out to be one of the most innovative, energetic, knowledgeable, in-demand mass media bodies, which had a great influence not only on the similar publications that were being formed, but also on the information policy of the Russian state.

Antecedents of environmental value creation: an analysis with ecopreneurs in a developing country

ABSTRACT Ecopreneurs emerged as a specific class of entrepreneurs that demonstrate skills to connect business activities with the natural environment. However, while literature has come a long way in addressing drivers and motivations behind value creation in ‘traditional’ entrepreneurs, a conspicuous gap remains when it comes to the generation of environmental value in the ecopreneurial cohort. In this article we assess these relationships by focusing on the impact of ecopreneurial perspectives on environmental value creation, considering the effects of empathy, moral obligation, ecopreneurial self-efficacy, perceived social support, and environmental engagement of ecopreneurs. The sample consisted of 130 ecopreneurs participating in the Atlantic Forest Connection Project in southeastern Brazil, home to one of the most important ecoregions in the world. Analytical procedures involved Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and fuzzy-set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA). According to the PLS-SEM results, antecedents with a positive effect comprehend ecopreneurial self-efficacy, perceived social support, and environmental engagement. Complementarily, the fsQCA analysis indicates that three different configurations are sufficient for a high level of value creation, where empathy and perceived social support function as pivotal elements across paths. These findings contribute to formulating initiatives that aim at fostering sustainable transitions in entrepreneurial ecosystems. The research also contributes with analytical insights to the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Covid 19 Pandemic: The Inspiration to Start Online Business

The pandemic of covid-19 which was announced as a disaster by President Joko Widodo on March 2, 2020 has been shaking the economic scope of Indonesia. More department stores and even big shopping centers forcibly closed due to the policy of social distancing and local lockdown. As the consequence, more people lost their jobs which worsening the economic sector. Besides this sadly fact, more people started to utilize social media to promote products. The changing of people’s behaviors who previously used to shop offline to online sites became the main reason for businesses owners to take this opportunity to keep their businesses survive. This new life style also inspired many people to start online trades to earn their livings. The objective of this descriptive paper was to present how one of English students of Faculty of Education, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta, who joined entrepreneur class was being inspired by the situation of covid-19 to start online business. This study used both observation and unstructured interview as the tools in collecting the data. The results of the study presented three answers of the research questions, namely: first, the student was inspired by the rapid spreading of online business and most business owners who promoted various products online. Second, in the preparation, he determined a label as his virtual store name, designing logo, creating ‘thank you’ card and buying good quality materials with low prices for the packaging. Third, after the first three months becoming reseller of women’s stuffs such as body treatment, bags, shoes, cosmetics and various accessories, up to end of September, more than hundred goods had been sold and he could earn around one million of net-profit every month. Even more, currently, he has been saving money as the capital, stocking quite big number of stuffs and planning to have one physical store to run the business offline after the pandemic is over.

Covid 19 Pandemic: The Inspiration to Start Online Business

The pandemic of covid-19 which was announced as a disaster by President Joko Widodo on March 2, 2020 has been shaking the economic scope of Indonesia. More department stores and even big shopping centers forcibly closed due to the policy of social distancing and local lockdown. As the consequence, more people lost their jobs which worsening the economic sector. Besides this sadly fact, more people started to utilize social media to promote products. The changing of people’s behaviors who previously used to shop offline to online sites became the main reason for businesses owners to take this opportunity to keep their businesses survive. This new life style also inspired many people to start online trades to earn their livings. The objective of this descriptive paper was to present how one of English students of Faculty of Education, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta, who joined entrepreneur class was being inspired by the situation of covid-19 to start online business. This study used both observation and unstructured interview as the tools in collecting the data. The results of the study presented three answers of the research questions, namely: first, the student was inspired by the rapid spreading of online business and most business owners who promoted various products online. Second, in the preparation, he determined a label as his virtual store name, designing logo, creating ‘thank you’ card and buying good quality materials with low prices for the packaging. Third, after the first three months becoming reseller of women’s stuffs such as body treatment, bags, shoes, cosmetics and various accessories, up to end of September, more than hundred goods had been sold and he could earn around one million of net-profit every month. Even more, currently, he has been saving money as the capital, stocking quite big number of stuffs and planning to have one physical store to run the business offline after the pandemic is over.

Foreign Investment and Upgrading in the Garment Sector in Africa and Asia

AbstractIn many developing countries, the apparel industry is seen as a ‘stepping stone’ towards industrialisation. Countries rely on foreign investment to enter the garment sector by engaging in simple assembly production and aim to gradually upgrade along the value chain by building their networks and capabilities. By comparing case studies in Africa and Asia, this article shows that foreign investors contribute differently to upgrading and creating linkages. The study reviews the historical experiences of Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lesotho and Madagascar to understand the roles played by various types of foreign investors in contributing to upgrading. The model of production of these investors and their embeddedness in the host countries’ markets shape their contribution towards upgrading. This has important policy implications, suggesting that government policies aiming to develop the garment sector beyond the assembly stage need to correctly identify and attract the investors that are most likely to be or become ‘embedded’. The case studies also highlight the importance of creating a domestic class of entrepreneurs that can actively contribute to the development of the garment industry.

The role of the Ministry of Finance of Tsarist Russia in the creation of professional periodicals in the interests of domestic entrepreneurs

The Ministry of Finance of tsarist Russia, after its formation in 1802, played an important role in the life of the country, was one of the most influential in the government. The authors show that the needs of Russia's economic development have pushed the information aspect to one of the leading places in the activities of the government of tsarist Russia. Based on the study of historiographical materials of the Soviet and post–Soviet periods, as well as with the involvement of pre-revolutionary materials, the article examines the active role of the Ministry of Finance of tsarist Russia at the turn of the XIX - XX centuries, which contributed to the development of professional periodicals in the field of trade, industry and finance, which played a certain role in the formation of the domestic entrepreneurial class and reflected the development of capitalism in our country. The Ministry of Finance provided the domestic business community and the interested public with high-quality periodicals covering commercial and industrial activities in the country and abroad. One of such publications is the "Trade and Industrial Newspaper". The article examines the prerequisites for the emergence and stages of formation of one of the popular publications of pre–revolutionary Russia - a Trade and industrial newspaper, which not only fulfilled its main mission by providing information of a commercial and financial nature, but also gradually turned into an authoritative socio-political publication. This publication is the most important source for the study of various aspects of the financial, economic and socio-political life of the Russian Empire during this period.

Entrepreneurship in Emerging Markets: Female Entrepreneurs in Colombia since 1990

This article analyzes changes in the composition of Colombia's entrepreneurial class since the 1990s. We identify an increasing heterogeneity among the country's entrepreneurs, marked by greater diversity in gender, social class, and educational level. We also note more diverse regional origins, career trajectories, and political orientations among this group. The increasing number of women entrepreneurs, especially, played a significant role in changing the dynamics of entrepreneurship within the country. To provide some examples, this article looks at the trajectories and career dynamics of a selected group of women business leaders in Colombia. In terms of conceptual framing, this article makes use of the alternative business history (ABH) approach developed to explore emerging markets.

Willingness to Stay of Tourism Lifestyle Entrepreneurs: A Configurational Perspective

Tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs play an essential role in the innovation, sustainability, and competitiveness of tourism destinations. Thus, the ability of a destination to attract and retain this type of entrepreneur is an essential factor in strategic decisions. The limited research on this class of entrepreneurs implies that decision makers have little information about the factors that contribute to their willingness to stay in a particular destination. To address this challenge, this study employs a mixed-method approach, combining a quantitative survey-based study with a qualitative study by means of in-depth interviews. Based on survey data and using fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis, this study identifies three equifinal configurations of antecedent factors (entrepreneurial self-efficacy, community-centered strategy, community attachment, and place attachment) that lead to a willingness to stay. Place attachment is the single-core condition. Moreover, the findings show that TLEs are not a homogeneous group. On the contrary, these entrepreneurs are driven by different motives and personal backgrounds. These results represent important insights for the definition of more sustainable strategies in destinations.

Unconscious Mind Application in Class-Learning To Increase Gen Z Intention in Becoming Entrepreneur

This research is based on a true experiment of two cohorts in entrepreneurial class at Universitas Sumatera Utara where nowadays the learning materials must be active and stimulate the creativity of Generation (Gen) Z to be more interested to become more independent and entrepreneurial after they graduate. The unconscious mind method was grafted into the teaching material after the consideration that previous material has been more conscious mind. Unconscious mind material was given to fifty students during four meetings with different topics combined with conscious mind material, action, and evaluation. As a comparison, some of the other students who also consisted of fifty students were given materials based on the current syllabus which contained only conscious mind material. The results showed that unconscious mind application in class-learning had performed higher intention to later become entrepreneurs than control groups who tended to decline in interest. Keywords: entrepreneurial intention, entrepreneurship, entrepreneurship teaching method, Gen Z, the unconscious mind

Fuming Chemicals Inc.—An Entrepreneurial Activity in Organic Chemistry

Successful mastery of multistep synthesis is an essential learning objective in the completion of the organic chemistry sequence. This entrepreneurial class project was designed to incentivize students to master multistep synthesis through role-playing as an entrepreneur. In short, students play the role of a group member in a startup whereby they must work with a group in their assigned role to create a multistep synthetic route. This startup presents their synthetic route history, synthesis, and financial cost of a target molecule to the investor (faculty). The results of this class project demonstrated improvement in the overall retention of multistep synthesis pathways as monitored by a paper summative assessment question.