Entrant Advantage Research Articles

Knowledge mapping of immunotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer: a bibliometric and visualized study (2003–2022)

ObjectiveTo utilize bibliometric analysis to examine the literature about immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer published within the past two decades. Through this method, we aim to visualize and analyze the research progress in this field and identify the most recent trends and developments.MethodsThis research conducted a comprehensive literature review on immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. The time frame spanned from January 2003 to December 2022, and the data were extracted from the Web of Science Core Collection database. The application of various software tools, such as CiteSpace, Bibliometrix, and VOSviewer, facilitated the visualization and analysis of the gathered data. These technological utilities illustrated the progression of prominent focus areas within the field.ResultsAfter excluding irrelevant studies, 373 papers were selected for this study. The findings suggested that the field of immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer was rapidly developing. The USA was considered to have a significant early entrant advantage in this area and profoundly influenced the field. Similarly, China’s National Cancer center demonstrated notable advantages as a recent participant in this research domain. Major research institutions contributing to the field include the University of California, San Francisco; the University of Washington; and the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Research Center. Notably, US authors James L. Gulley, Charles G. Drake, and Lawrence Fong had the largest number of publications in this area. The main research trends for immunotherapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer are membrane antigen expression, checkpoints T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) blockade, radium-223, and vaccines, and the refinement of establishing organoid models might fuel castration-resistant prostate cancer immunotherapy research in the ongoing development.ConclusionThe key trends in immunotherapy research for castration-resistant prostate cancer are membrane antigen expression, CTLA4 blockade, radium-223, and vaccines. Exploring new immune pathways and combining different therapeutic approaches to enhance immune response will be a major trend in the field in the future.

Pioneering Multi-Sided Digital Platforms: The Effect of Firm Characteristics and Platform Strategies on Pioneer Outcomes

With the emergence of digital multi-sided platform (DMSP) ecosystems, scholars are revisiting core strategic frameworks created in traditional settings. We examine how variation in pioneer firm characteristics may impact two critical platform governance strategies — single vs. multi-firm provision of platforms, and open vs. closed user access — with implications for performance. Within the context of the nascent mobile money industry (1997-2017), we triangulate across rich quantitative and qualitative data to examine the census of 31 pioneering firms who launched 30 platforms across 20 countries. Some wisdoms, such as internal integration and diversifying entrant advantage for pioneers are not supported in our DMSP context. Other wisdoms, such as the importance of external integrative capabilities and ecosystem orchestration, seem to gain even more prominence.

How the source of the entrant's advantage limits entry‐deterring tying

AbstractI revisit a simple model of entry‐deterring tying—example 1 from Whinston's (1990) seminal paper—but allow the potential entrant to have either a cost advantage or a willingness‐to‐pay (WTP) advantage relative to the incumbent. I show that, compared to the usual case in which the potential entrant is cost‐advantaged, tying is less effective against an entrant with a WTP advantage because an entrant with a large WTP advantage may be able to induce the buyer to buy both the tied bundle and the entrant's product. I also show that tying but failing to deter entry can be less costly when facing an entrant with a WTP advantage than when facing an entrant with a cost advantage. For a firm facing uncertainty about, for example, the entrant's entry costs, this makes tying a more attractive entry deterrence strategy against a WTP‐advantaged entrant. These results shed light on the important policy question of which markets are most likely to be susceptible to entry‐deterring tying.

Product survival analysis for the App Store

We empirically analyze both free and paid products on the top 100 Free and Grossing charts in the Korea App Store using Weibull parametric survival analysis on the product level. The findings are as follows: First, influences of ranking, customer ratings, and contents size on product survival are different for free and paid products. Customer ratings and contents size critically affect product survival when the price is zero. Second, the early entrant advantage exists in App Store, which results from a ranking system in the App Store and consumer learning. However, the effect of early entrant advantage differs between the Free and Grossing charts; the benefit of early entrant advantage is greater on the Free chart than that on the Grossing chart. Finally, we provide a competitive profit model that is related to free products.

Asymmetries in the Sequential Learning of Brand Associations: Implications for the Early Entrant Advantage

The highlighting effect occurs when the order in which consumers learn about brands determines the strength of association between these brands and their attributes. In four experiments, we find that consumers more strongly associate common attributes with early learned brands and unique attributes with late-learned brands. These findings imply an advantage for late entrants when unique attributes offer a higher value than attributes that are common to late and early entrants. We extend an attention-based model of associative learning to accommodate sequential learning of brand associations and predict when late versus early entrants will be able to sustain an advantage.

Forward induction and entry deterrence: an experiment

The Dixit (Econ J 90:95–106, 1980) hypothesis that incumbents use investment in capacity to deter potential entrants has found little empirical support. Bagwell and Ramey (J Econ 27:660–680, 1996) propose a model where, in the unique game-theoretic prediction based on forward induction or iterated elimination of weakly-dominated strategies, the incumbent does not have the strategic advantage. We conduct an experiment with games inspired by these models. In the Dixit-style game, the incumbent monopolizes the market most of the time even without the investment in capacity. In our Bagwell-and-Ramey-style game, the incumbent also tends to keep the market, in contrast to the predictions of an entrant advantage. Nevertheless, we find strong evidence that forward induction affects the behavior of most participants. The results of our games suggest that players perceive that the first mover has an advantage without having to pre-commit capacity. In our Bagwell–Ramey game, evolution and learning do not drive out this perception. We back these claims with data analysis and a theoretical framework for dynamics.

Forward induction and entry deterrence: An experiment

The Dixit (1980) hypothesis that incumbents use investment in capacity to deter potential entrants has found little empirical support. Bagwell and Ramey (1996) propose a model where, in the unique game-theoretic prediction based on forward induction or iterated elimination of weakly-dominated strategies, the incumbent does not have the strategic advantage. We conduct an experiment with games inspired by these models. In the Dixit-style game, the incumbent monopolizes the market most of the time even without the investment in capacity. In our Bagwell-and-Ramey-style game, the incumbent also tends to keep the market, in contrast to the predictions of an entrant advantage. Nevertheless, we find strong evidence that forward induction affects the behavior of most participants. The results of our games suggest that players perceive that the first mover has an advantage without having to pre-commit capacity. In our Bagwell-Ramey game, evolution and learning do not drive out this perception. We back these claims with data analysis and a theoretical framework for dynamics.

Pioneering Disadvantage: Consumer Reactions to Marketing Mix Strategies

Prior research has focused on the early entrant advantage, although a growing body of knowledge suggests that late movers have been outselling pioneers. In this research, the authors examine the issue of a pay phone service provider in Malaysia. In 1990, the company launches its product and creates an industry, but by the tum of the century, it has a meager 17 percent of the market share. The paper examines the specific issue of how a market pioneer has been eclipsed. It is hypothesized that the main cause of the declining sales is the inappropriate marketing mix strategies. The major findings based on a survey include consumers' acceptance level of the product, price, place, promotion, people, process, and physical evidence strategies of the company.

Overcoming the Early Entrant Advantage: The Role of Alignable and Nonalignable Differences

Prior research has focused on early entrant advantage rather than on theories that explain and predict how late entrants can surpass the early entrant's performance. In this research, the authors propose that learning about new brands is influenced by the way the attributes of later entrants compare with attributes of the first. In three experiments, the authors show that attributes that differentiate later entrants from the first entrant are better remembered and listed more often in judgment formation protocols if the attributes are comparable along some common aspect (i.e., they are alignable differences) than if they do not correspond to any attributes of the first entrant (i.e., they are nonalignable differences). The impact of greater memorability of alignable over nonalignable differences is that later entrants whose attributes are superior to those of the first entrant can come to be preferred over the first entrant when the attributes are alignable differences but not when they are nonalignable differences. These findings have important implications for product entry, differentiation, and positioning strategies.

Overcoming the Early Entrant Advantage: The Role of Alignable and Nonalignable Differences

Prior research has focused on early entrant advantage rather than on theories that explain and predict how late entrants can surpass the early entrant's performance. In this research, the authors p...

Dynamic Advertising Strategies of Competing Durable Good Producers

This work develops a diffusion model which incorporates word-of-mouth and advertising effects for two firms introducing competing brands of a new durable product. The competition between the two firms is formulated as a two-player, nonzero sum Markovian game. The firms are assumed to behave noncooperatively in choosing their advertising strategies and the solution concept is a Nash noncooperative equilibrium. Optimal advertising policies for this stochastic closed-loop control problem are obtained via dynamic programming. Our results indicate that both firms will start with high advertising outlays which will get reduced as the number of adopters increases. This is similar to the result obtained previously for a monopolist. Further, we find that there is a significant value in being the first brand to the market, and the greater the intensity of word-of-mouth effects, the greater the value in being first. The first entrant advantage is due to the goodwill generated by its stock of previous adopters. This first entrant advantage can only be overcome if the second entrant enters with a superior brand which is more enthusiastically endorsed by its adopters.