Entrance Hall Research Articles

Weituo Statue in Temple Space: Worshipping Weituo as a Patron Deity of the Chinese Saṅgha

Weituo 韦驮 is one of the most frequently represented protective deities in Chinese Buddhist temples. The statue of Weituo is enshrined virtually in every standard Buddhist temple in China today, and at a unique location—in the entrance hall for the four Heavenly Kings and facing inward. Why is the Weituo statue placed at this place and looking inward? The Chinese Weituo can be traced back to the Hindu god Skanda. However, his iconography and functions in China were completely reshaped by master Daoxuan’s 道宣 (596–667) account of this deity. Actually, Weituo is just one of the many Buddhist protective deities for general protection and prosperity. In China, as I demonstrate in this study, Weituo has been known as the most diligent Dharma-protector and is associated in particular with the saṅgha, as a patron guardian and inspector of monks and nuns. Thus, Weituo’s images are shrined in Buddhist temples. The locations of these images reflect the importance of Weituo and his special role in Chinese Buddhism. In the past, there have been a few studies, but they mainly focus on his origin. The functions of Weituo and the worship of Weituo in the Chinese saṅgha have not been well examined. Going beyond his identities, iconography, and style, this study aims to contextualize Weituo images in temple space and religious practice.

Teachers’ reflections on linguistic diversity in the linguistic and semiotic landscapes of Swedish-medium ECEC units in Finland

This article examines teachers’ reflections on their practices regarding linguistic diversity in linguistic and semiotic landscapes (LSLs) in Swedish-medium early childhood education and care (ECEC) in Finland. Data comprising 14 videos and written assignments were collected during in-service training for ECEC staff. Based on a qualitative thematic analysis, four practices related to the interplay between the language of instruction and children’s other languages were identified and related to different spatial frameworks in the physical learning environments. The findings reveal a distinct promotion of the language of instruction throughout the landscapes. Linguistic and semiotic resources were produced or emplaced by the teachers to enhance interaction in and learning of the language of instruction for all children. Other languages were displayed, especially in the entrance hall, with caregivers as the primary audience, welcoming the families to the unit and providing a means of disseminating information, but not as a learning resource for the whole group. While the study reveals that teachers are aware of the potential of using LSLs as a part of their pedagogical work, it also reveals a lack of systematic planning when it comes to developing the landscape to support language awareness for all children.

A Peek Behind the Façade. The Virtual Interiors Approach to Visualise Herengracht 573 in the 17th century

The Amsterdam City Archives have launched a vast plan for the digitization of notarial deeds and other historical documents with the aim of making their collection available and fully searchable online. This and other initiatives provide a large amount of previously unknown data about the city of Amsterdam and its inhabitants over the centuries. The challenge ahead is to organize these thousands of digitized documents in a way that facilitates access and consultation by a larger public. The spatial information that can be extracted with varying degrees of accuracy from these documents allows them to be mapped to reconstruct urban historiographies and geographies. This contribution takes the house as a starting point for this spatialization and discusses the approach of the Virtual Interiors project which aims to create virtual reconstructions of XVII century domestic interiors that act as interfaces to access the archival documents used as primary sources for their creation. The case study that will be presented in detail is Herengracht 573 in the Amsterdam historical centre. As will be demonstrated with the reconstruction of the XVII century entrance hall, a prototype web viewer developed as part of the project integrates the 3D models and contextual information, thus giving direct access to digitized archive documents. This approach would offer a way to organize the sources about this and other houses and to make the stories hidden behind the façades known to a larger public even when these historical buildings are closed.

Theoretical and legal perspective on the content of the objectivity of Article 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences: thesis, antithesis, arguments, presentation

The article is structured according to the elements of the logical operation of “proof”, which includes the following elements.
 Thesis: it is impossible to bring a person to administrative liability for violation of Article 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences for drinking beer, alcoholic or soft drinks in public places, if the person drinks these beverages, for example, in the apartment building entrance.
 Antithesis: administrative liability under Art. 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences is incurred for drinking beer, alcoholic or soft drinks in an entrance hall as a place prohibited by law, i.e. a public place, in accordance with para. 1, Part 1, Article 1 of the Law of Ukraine “On Measures to Prevent and Reduce the Use of Tobacco Products and Their Harmful Effects on Public Health”. The application of the Law regulating the state policy on prevention of smoking of tobacco products to regulate legal relations in the field of public order and public safety, in terms of drinking spirits in public places, is justified by using a specific method – analogy of law.
 Arguments: firstly, the presence of the phrase “other places prohibited by law” contained in part 1 of Article 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences does not indicate incompleteness of legal provisions, referring to part 3 of Art. 15-3 of the Law of Ukraine “On State Regulation of Production and Circulation of Ethyl Alcohol, Cognac and Fruit Alcohol, Alcoholic Beverages, Tobacco Products, Liquids Used in Electronic Cigarettes and Fuel”, and therefore there are no grounds for applying the analogy of the law; secondly, when establishing the objective side of Art. 187 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences in terms of drinking beer (except for non-alcoholic), alcoholic and soft drinks, it is necessary to distinguish between the categories of “public places” and “places prohibited by law”; thirdly, according to the current legislation, the application of the analogy of the law is the privilege of judges, while police officers do not have such powers, and the opposite may indicate a violation of the principle of legality of proceedings in cases of administrative offences.
 Presentation: the combination of the above arguments confirms the thesis that a person cannot be brought to administrative liability for violation of Article 178 of the Ukrainian Code of Administrative Offences.

Increasing civil participation in public control at the municipal level

The subject of the research is public control, which is considered to be a modern instrument of citizens' participation in the cases of local self-government. It significantly complements the basic mechanisms of direct democracy at the municipal level, providing the population with the opportunity to evaluate the activities of local authorities.The purpose of the study is to consider public control from the perspective of its implementation at the municipal level. The key task is to find and justify additional subjects close to this level, revealing new opportunities for a more active response of residents to the short-comings of the local authorities. The most important in this series is the definition of citizens’ role and the public structures they create in the implementation of public control. Another significant task is to develop recommendations for improving the legal regulation of public control at the municipal level.The methodology. The solution of the set tasks is supposed to be carried out using a number of cognition methods with the analysis as the leading one. It has become determinant in the study of scientific sources and the empirical base. The doctrinal method was used to study the opinions of legal scholars on the issue under discussion. Working with legislation regulating public control was based on a formal and logical method. To formulate the research conclusions the authors used general scientific methods of synthesis and analogy, as well as general-to-specific method.The main results. The analysis showed that the public chambers (councils) of municipalities created by local governments to exercise public control are to a certain extent dependent on these bodies. We focused on more independent segments of the local community that are not included in the law, but show examples of social activity. The resource of society increases many times if three new subjects at the municipal level are given legislative access to public control: citizens, local public associations, and organized groups of citizens – territorial public self-governments that successfully operate in the local territories of municipalities. Conclusions. The recommendations presented in the study are the basis for improving domestic legislation on public control and local self-government. Filling in the legislative gaps should have a positive impact on law enforcement practice. The practical nature of the received conclusions and proposals is that they open up new opportunities for the representatives of the local community: (a) to protect their rights and legitimate interests with the help of the tools of public control; (b) to promptly correct mistakes and miscalculations of local authorities. The authors are convinced that the development of democracy on the scale of such a huge state as the Russian Federation should start with a small entity — its entrance hall, street, neighborhood, settlement, and city.

Exploring designers’ finishing materials selection for residential interior spaces

ABSTRACT The increasing diversity of materials creates many possibilities and constraints that designers have to consider when selecting materials for projects. While the literature has investigated materials selection in engineering, product, and architectural design, knowledge is still lacking in interior design. Accordingly, this study focused on interior finishing materials with three objectives: (1) explore the determinants of materials selection in interior design, and within the residential design context, (2) identify designers’ finishing material preferences and selection criteria for floors, walls, and ceilings; (3) investigate designers’ criteria prioritizations while selecting materials. For this we conducted one-to-one interviews with architects and interior designers specializing in residential spaces. We first explored their material selection considerations in general. Second, we documented their material designations in residential project entry halls they had designed along with their selection criteria. Third, we presented an entry hall of a residential space for them to choose the materials while we questioned them about their materials selection priorities. The results reveal that the main determinants of materials selection include material-related, project-related, and designer-related factors. Moreover, materials choices and selection criteria vary between surfaces in space. Finally, the designers give the most priority to sensorial properties and the least to ecological properties. These findings expand our knowledge about materials in interior design, enhance the knowledge base for materials education, and have implications for designers and manufacturers regarding selecting and designing finishing materials.

The Bethlen-Haller Castle of Cetatea de Baltă. A Renaissance Fortified Noble Residence in Transylvania

Our study aims to reconstruct the history and the appearance of the noble residence of Cetatea de Baltă from the sixteenth‑century mansion to the Jidvei company residence. The research is based on unpublished or scarcely exploited sources, such as the historical inventories of the estate. A manor house preceded the present castle, that in the sixteenth century belonged to the Patócsi and Kendi families, and later to noblemen from the princes’ entourage: Pongrác Sennyei, Menyhárt Bogáthi, János Petki, István Bethlen of Iktár. The latter commissioned the construction of the present castle from 1622 onwards, taking advantage of skilled craftsmen ‘borrowed’ from the princely court of his brother. In 1758, the estate was bought by members of the Bethlen of Beclean family. Miklós Bethlen conducted the Baroque‑style refurbishment of the castle: the construction of a new entrance hall and stairway, a gatehouse and a chapel on two levels in the rear part of the castle. The building has a compact, symmetrical Renaissance layout, without an inner courtyard, fitted with four round towers on the corners. Our sources reveal fresh details of the castle’s functions and interior decoration. The building stands out among the Transylvanian Renaissance residences for its exceptional height of five levels, recalling medieval donjons. The cellars and the ground floor served as storerooms, dungeon and chambers for some of the estate officials. The owners’ chambers were on the first and second floors, as well as the state rooms. The last floor served defensive purposes. The typology of the fortified castles with compact layout derives from Italian Renaissance treatises taken up and adapted north of the Alps, where the defensive elements, although not very effective, still dominated the appearance of the residences of this type. The closest analogies, that preceded the construction of Cetatea de Baltă, are Țopa, the ‘lower castle’ of Sânmiclăuș in Transylvania, and Dolná Mičiná and Kéked in the north of the former Hungarian Kingdom.

Study on insulation retrofitting based on thermal environment and the CASBEE health checklist evaluation

The Carbon Neutral Declaration has been issued in Japan and various initiatives are introducing to realise it, but in the housing sector it is essential to improve the energy efficiency of the stock of over 50 million homes. However, the progress of insulation retrofitting is slow. In particular, there are many challenges in implementing insulation retrofitting in condominiums, including the requirements of residents consent. This study aims to clarify that thermal environment data and the Comprehensive Assessment System for Built Environment Efficiency (CASBEE) health checklist for motivating thermal insulation retrofitting and to support the effectiveness of this approach. The thermal environment data compares energy consumption and room temperature before and after the retrofit and quantifies the effect of the retrofit. The CASBEE health checklist displays health characteristics and health rankings for each room and health factor by answering 50 questions about the indoor environment in winter. These are considered to visualise the effects of the renovation of respondents' homes and enable them to realise the need for renovation. This method was applied to Ta housing complex in Kanagawa prefecture and X housing complex in Tokyo, where insulation retrofitting had already been carried out, and an attempt was made to verify the effectiveness of the method by comparing the environmental improvements resulting from insulation retrofitting and the differences in residents' responses. The results of the Ta complex showed that the room temperature was 20°C in the living room and 18°C or higher in the entrance hall, indicating that good environment had been achieved; the CASBEE health checklist also showed an improvement in health characteristics and health ranking in both the Ta and X complexes. The results suggest that the effects of retrofitting in terms of both physical and psychological health are significant. In the future, the results will be presented to the management associations of non-retrofitted dwellings and, in combination with experience sessions in retrofitted dwellings, will be verified as an effective motivational tool.

From the mass media museum to the social media museum: Investigating the museum space in the era of mobile devices

Eliseo Verón has defined the museum as a mass medium whose discourse is materialized through the body of the visitors: their spatial appropriations manifest not only the gap between the spatial proposal and its reception but also the bonds they establish with the institutions. Applying to the museum the notion proposed by Verón to refer to the bond between media and audience, these bonds crystallize different types of visiting contracts. Nowadays, the idea of a contract is central in visitors’ consolidation of the museum experience: it is no longer a matter of merely visiting exhibitions but of sharing content on Instagram, sitting down at the café to study, or frequenting the esplanade to walk the dog. Thus, the bonds branch out into direct contracts (commercial or educational) and distinctive agreements (e.g., allowing the transformation of the esplanade into a park). This bifurcation enables us to rethink the notion of museum visits and analyze contemporary visiting practices. Following Verón’s methodology and based on a seven-year-long study of museum visits, we present some conclusions regarding the practices developed on the esplanades and in the entrance halls of Centre Pompidou and Museo Reina Sofia. In these places, visitors and museums maintain their bonds. We also reflect on contemporary technical possibilities, such as the 360° audiovisual recording used in interactional linguistics and the necessity of studying the links between virtual and physical museum experiences.

ПОРІВНЯЛЬНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ ВИГОТОВ-ЛЕННЯ РІЗНИХ КОНСТРУКЦІЙ РОЗСУВНИХ ДВЕРЕЙ ПРИХОЖ

A comparison of the economic efficiency of investment investments of technological processes for the manufacture of hallway doors from different materials and different structures from a set of furniture for the corridor was made. The necessary materials for two types of production of facade surfaces were selected and calculated - sliding doors for the hallway, which are included in the wardrobe wall set, made of different materials from natural wood. The necessary basic equipment was selected and calculated in accordance with the developed production technologies for two options for the production of facade surfaces - sliding doors for hallways. The necessary technological routes were selected, developed and calculated for each variant of the production of facade surfaces - sliding doors for hallways. The necessary equipment has been calculated in order to technologically perform two variants of sliding doors - entrance hall facades using different materials - natural wood and MDF boards/board. Two shop plans are proposed according to the developed technologies for the production of facade surfaces. A rational technological process for the production of facade surfaces - sliding doors for hallways is proposed. The effectiveness of choosing one technological process for a certain facade of the hallway, which is included in the set of wardrobe walls made of different materials, is calculated and determined. It has been calculated and substantiated that it is worth choosing option number two for the production of facades from block elements, since there is a much smaller investment investment of UAH 50,816.05 thousand (for the first one - UAH 149,712.39 thousand), that is, the value of the comparative economic efficiency indicator is lower. albeit with a longer payback period of 0.85 compared to 0.27.

What Size of Aisle Is Necessary? a System Dynamics Model for Mitigating Bottleneck Congestion in Entrance Halls of Metro Stations

As large passenger flow commonly arises in metropolitan metro stations during peak hours, most of bottleneck congestion appears in the entrance halls of metro stations. Previous research work on mitigating metro congestion mostly focus on optimizing single facility and lack a comprehensive analysis on how congestion arises. We propose a system dynamics based framework for optimizing the aisle length and mitigating bottleneck congestion in the entrance halls. We first define the key bottleneck region (KBR) of metro stations consisting of security check area, automatic fare gate area, and the area between them. Then we propose a system dynamics model for simulating passenger flows in KBR by determining the boundary and using a causal analysis of a KBR system. Finally we conduct a case study on the optimization of aisle length, based on the field observation data from three metro stations of Beijing, China. The results reveal that the minimum aisle length of commuter metro stations for acceptable system’s passing efficiency is 6m, and suggest the optimized aisle length for three different commuter metro stations. Our study provides a feasible and effective approach to alleviate passenger flow bottleneck without changing the number of facilities, and can improve the efficiency of metro stations effectively.

FEATURES OF SPATIAL AND SYNTAX ANALYSIS OF MUSEUM AND CULTURAL COMPLEXES

The article is devoted to the study of spatial planning structures of museum and cultural complexes based on spatial and configurational analysis. The author proposes a re-search methodology based on the methods of spatial analysis and syntax. Features of the spatial analysis of interiors on the examples of museum and cultural complexes are considered. It was found that all of them at the present stage have a tendency to form or deepen the degree of integration: the enfilade, didactic model (British Museum) is supplemented by an integrated core, turning into a more democratic one; multiaxial, lattice models form such centers at the intersection of axes, centric models deepen the social aspects of the integrated core.
 The exposition of museums of history and nature is usually placed perimeterally and sequentially (in accordance with a certain historical period), has a linear configuration that does not provide for bridges of meetings, except for the entrance hall. Instead, the interior space of museums of modern art is mostly integral, democratic, integrated, provides one or more meeting places; exhibition rooms and the lobby are connected by a system of stairs and transitions, sometimes on different levels, forming a complete system of internal space.
 A spatial analysis of the configurations of Alvar Aalto's libraries showed that they, as a rule, contain a central integrated core, which turns them into public centers to this day. At the same time, it was determined that the majority of museums in Kyiv have a historical complex, didactic planning model that needs updating from the point of view of improving the experience of visitors and greater democratization of the movement.

Penance

Penance Octavio Escobar Giraldo (bio) Translation from the Spanish Click for larger view View full resolution In Colombian writer Octavio Escobar Giraldo's first publication in English, it isn't only the parishioner saying her Hail Marys. "I confess, Father. I confess that I am happy about the death of Joaquín López." The priest tried to contain his surprise. "They killed Joaquín López?" "Yes, Father, they just confirmed it on the radio. As of this morning, they said that the army was identifying his body." Silently, the priest regretted that he had not heard the news before leaving the rectory. "It's not very Christian to be happy about the death of another human being, my child." "I know, Father. That is why I came to confession." "Did you know Joaquín López?" "No, Father. But my father and brother knew him." The priest remembered how broken the woman had been at the burial of her relatives. He scratched his bald head and softened his voice: "Repent of that feeling, child, for it is a terrible sin. Say five Hail Marys." "Only five, Father?" "If you say them with devotion and repent, then, yes, only five. And see to it that your son isn't absent from Saturday catechism class anymore." "Yes, Father. At eleven o'clock, right?" "Ten, my child. At ten on the dot." "He will be there, Father. I will send along some mandarin oranges for you. They are so sweet! And a few figs in syrup." "That's not necessary, my child." "I will send them along anyway. Thank you for everything, Father." "You're welcome. Now go in peace." The priest blessed the woman through the curtained window and paused for a few seconds before leaving the confessional. He got everything ready for the twelve o'clock mass and told the sacristan to make sure there were no other parishioners inside the church and then to close up. In the entrance hall, he patted the heads of two children playing ball-and-stick, and then, beneath the scorching sun, he crossed the street. The rectory greeted him with that damp mustiness that was ruining his voice. Using the remote control, he searched for the twenty-four-hour news channel. Confirmed: Joaquín López was dead. He watched the news for five minutes as if to convince himself that it was really true, and then he turned off the TV. He went into the kitchen and prepared himself a nice, sweet cup of aguapanela. After gulping it down, he headed off to his room, knelt beside his bed, and, with his gaze fixed on the carved cedarwood crucifix, he prayed fifteen Ave Marias with tremendous devotion. [End Page 36] TRANSLATOR'S NOTE Translating Violence and Silence by D. P. Snyder VIOLENCE AND SILENCE: a slant rhyme. Two sides of the same tarnished coin. The impact of fist on flesh, the pop of gunfire on a provincial street. Missing persons and the thundering silence of impunity. Octavio Escobar Giraldo explores this interplay of violence and silence in "Penance," the short story I've translated for this issue of World Literature Today and the first work by the award-winning Colombian writer to be published in English. For me, the magic and darkness of "Penance" lies in the way Escobar Giraldo offers a compelling portrait of the scars of social violence through the depiction of tranquil, everyday scenes. About two hundred thousand people died in the civil war (1946–64), a period Colombians simply call The Violence. The ongoing internal armed conflict (1964–present) is an asymmetric war between the government, rightist paramilitaries, drug traffickers, and leftist guerrilla groups. Since April 2021, extrajudicial killings by police are on the rise, the majority of these in the mountainous center of the country where the author's hometown, Manizales, is located. Escobar Giraldo's novels are in the noir tradition of Chandler and Onetti, although they are not detective fiction as such: Saide (1995; winner, Premio Nacional Crónica Negra), Destinos intermedios (2010), and his latest, Cada oscura tumba (2022), are linked by characters, locations—and violent deaths. Escobar Giraldo is a professor at...

Voyage of Ben Cao, Part II: Development of Chinese Medicinal Specimens in the British Museum

Voyage of Ben Cao, Part II: Development of Chinese Medicinal Specimens in the British Museum

Основные факторы, влияющие на сходимость расчётных и фактических значений деформаций существующих зданий

A study of the interaction between an underground structure and the soil mass in which it is located is based on mathematical modelling by means of geotechnical software packages. Possible settlement of the foundations that support the foundations of buildings located within the influence area of underground construction is normally calculated with the PLAXIS software package. The actual settlements of these buildings when compared to the simulation results show differences in a wide range from 3 to 75%. Specific values are predetermined by the method of excavation support and the adopted technology of works. The paper analyses the ratio of actual and calculated (by different models, including the Coulomb-Mohr model and various modifications of the Hardening Soil Model as the most frequently used in our country and, therefore, analysed most thoroughly in respect of their advantages and drawbacks) deformations of existing buildings during underground works carried out in the vicinity. Factors influencing the deformations are considered. Numerical discrepancies for different methods and in different soils (sand, loam, clay) are given. Possible reasons for discrepancies are formulated. The deviations are strongly influenced by the adopted calculation scheme. A corresponding study on a detailed level required mathematical modelling, which was carried out using the example of excavation of a construction pit for the entrance hall of the Butyrskaya underground metro station in Moscow and a nearby building.

‘The People’s Dinosaur’: How Dippy became British Heritage

In 2015 the Natural History Museum (NHM) in London informed the public that their most beloved exhibit, a Diplodocus replica nicknamed Dippy, was going to be dismounted and removed from the large entrance hall. Protests arose immediately: Facebook groups appeared, the hashtag #SaveDippy was trending and petitions were sent to the authorities. Paleontogists and celebrities debated the decision in the newspapers. When three years the NHM later launched a tour project that will take Dippy around the UK, the dinosaur’s popularity grew to unprecedented heights. Its significance shifted from being a London landmark to becoming a national icon. Although the original fossil was excavated in Wyoming in the late nineteenth century, Dippy has unofficially gained the status of British heritage. This article analyses this transformation by putting recent events into historical contexts, paying particular attention to the presentation of the dinosaur in the NHM in May 1905. The analysis shows how the skeleton cast was articulated with ideological intent in a confluence of museums, science, mass media, politics and popular culture. Throughout its history, Dippy has been appropriated and contested by various actors, and nationalistic ideas have been a recurrent theme in the heritageisation process.

The Stained-Glass Windows in the Entrance Hall of the Rijksmuseum: A Coloured National Art History

Little attention has thus far been paid to the creation of the stained-glass windows in the Rijksmuseum’s Entrance Hall. However, a study of the pictorial programme for the windows reveals some remarkable choices. Driven by the ambition to present a broader overview of Dutch culture than had been disseminated until that time, the Catholic trio of Pierre Cuypers, Victor de Stuers and Joseph Alberdingk Thijm designed an iconographic programme for the stained-glass windows in the Entrance Hall. The programme for the stained-glass windows gives an overview of the major representatives of Dutch art history. Striking among them are two artists from the Northern Netherlands – Willem van Heerle and Jan van Terwen – who played almost no role in the Dutch art-historical canon at that time. The fact that these relatively unknown artists feature in the pictorial programme for the windows clearly indicates that the emphasis lies on the Roman Catholic Middle Ages and shows that it is a coloured version of Dutch art history.

Taking into Account the Requirements of Ergonomics as an Important Factor in Creating a Comfortable Environment in an Educational Institution

The research aim was to suggest a project version for a comfortable stay to people, including handicapped population groups in an educational institution, taking into account current ergonomics requirements. It is the principle of ergonomics that determines the concept of design, architectural and equipment capability of a building. The objective of the present research is to find the right combination of ergonomic principles suggested by the authors for the most comfortable stay of various groups of people, including those with limited mobility while studying in a university building. The university building was modeled in the Revit Structure 2020 Computer-aided design (CAD) system to solve this problem taking into account actual building regulations including the ergonomics requirements. The scientific merit of the study consists of the suggestion and validation of the available ergonomic requirements applied in a definite project. The object is a university building with an inner courtyard and an adjacent entrance hall, a gym and four academic buildings. The structure of the main building of the university is an elliptic paraboloid. The safety provisions and ergonomics for people with reduced mobility are focused on according to the present performance requirements. The paper also describes the original construction of the building. In addition to the convenient location of objects, it lets the wind flows level down.

The role of cave ventilation in the triple oxygen and hydrogen isotope composition of condensation waters in Altamira Cave, northern Spain

In cave environments, water vapor condensation occurs naturally when warmer/wet air masses flow close to colder cave surfaces. Artificial microclimate perturbations in show caves can enhance this process, leading to potential deterioration of rock art and degradation of speleothems. Here we investigate the triple oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of condensation water in Altamira Cave (Cantabria, northern Spain) to evaluate the potential of stable isotopes in the study of condensation mechanisms in caves. We assess the role of cave ventilation in the spatiotemporal isotopic variability of condensation water in Altamira Cave. To this end, water drops that condense naturally on artificial supports in different parts of the cave were collected for 7 years and their isotopic compositions (δ17O, δ18O, δD and derived parameters 17O-excess and d-excess) were compared to those of droplets with no apparent dripping taken from the cave ceiling (i.e. presumably condensation water) and fast dripping points (i.e. infiltration water) during the same period. Condensation waters in the outmost cave sectors, closer to the entrance, show higher δ17O, δ18O and δD values during the cave ventilation period (June to October) compared to the rest of the year. This seasonal pattern can be explained by changes in the contributions of two moisture sources for condensation: advection of allochthonous water vapor from outside during the cave ventilation period and recycling of autochthonous vapor generated from cave dripwater during the stagnation period. In contrast, the isotopic values of condensation waters in the inner cave sectors are similar to those of infiltration water, with insignificant seasonal variability. This suggests that water condensation in the inner cave sectors is sourced by autochthonous vapor, with no significant contributions of external moisture, even during the cave ventilation period. We conclude that allochthonous water vapor condenses preferentially in the Entrance Hall and does not affect significantly the rest of the cave. These results are relevant for the management of Altamira Cave and for future investigations on condensation mechanisms in cavities elsewhere.

90° 曲がりを有する円形断面ノズル内の非定常流がオイルジェット挙動へ与える影響

Methods of decreasing the CO2 emissions of the internal combustion engine have been suggested. However, these methods generate high combustion temperatures that increase the heat load in general. Therefore, the piston cooling gallery has been proposed as a system for cooling. For supplying the oil to cooling gallery, an oil jet injected from a nozzle placed under the piston flows into the cooling gallery through an entrance hall. It may thus be desirable to control the shape of the oil jet such that it is stable and straight. However, the interface of the ambient air and oil jet may have unstable, and the mechanism is unclear. In this paper, we measured nozzle internal flow using two-dimensional two-component time-resolved particle image velocimetry and visualization of the jet time-synchronously. As the result, we clarified that the characteristic POD (Proper Orthogonal Decomposition) modes of nozzle internal flow makes oil jet wavy.