Entities In Ukraine Research Articles

СОЦІАЛЬНО-ЕКОНОМІЧНА РЕЗИЛЬЄНТНІСТЬ СУБ’ЄКТІВ ГОСПОДАРЮВАННЯ В УМОВАХ НЕГАТИВНИХ ЕКСТЕРНАЛІЙ

The article identifies the key determinants that determine the socio-economic resilience of economic entities in Ukraine during the war and will determine it in the period of post-war recovery, which will allow forming criteria for its further assessment. Since the beginning of the fullscale war, Ukrainian business entities have generally demonstrated a high level of absorption and adaptive capacity in wartime. In the future, in the context of the 3-D Resilience Concept, it is important that they also have the ability to ensure transformational capacity to ensure resilience. The external determinants include various areas of support for Ukraine: military, economic, sanctions, humanitarian, diplomatic, logistical, informational, psychological, educational and cultural. The internal determinants include: the effectiveness of the internal economic policy of the State, the effectiveness of support from local governments, the commitment of the local population in the areas of active hostilities, the geographical location of economic entities, the industry affiliation of economic entities and the sensitivity of a particular industry to the development of the military economy and ensuring military resistance, the availability of labour, the availability of own working capital and minimal external borrowing, the availability of effective demand. It is proposed to develop methodological approaches, criteria and a system of indicators for assessing the level of resilience of economic entities in the face of negative externalities on the basis of the identified determinants.

Superficies as one of the legal forms of land use in farming activities

The relevance of the study is due to the emergence of new agricultural entities in Ukraine – farms of various types, which need not only to engage in agricultural production but also to develop other areas of activity, in particular, construction. The absence of settlement in the farm legislation of land use based on superficial agreements and the possibility of further disputes between the parties is one of the grounds for conducting this study. The purpose of the study is to outline the formation and development of the superficies institute in Ukraine during 1990-2022 and establish the specific features of introducing it into farming activities. The study is conducted using a complex of general scientific and special methods of cognition. The dialectical method helped to determine the regularities of the development of the institution of superficies from the time of the Roman Empire to the present. The comparative legal method is used in the examination of the formation and development of farm land use in the modern Ukrainian state. In the course of the study, a historical and legal analysis of the peculiarities of using someone else’s land plot, which has a intended purpose-construction, is conducted. A thorough comparative legal analysis of the norms of the Civil and Land codes of Ukraine concerning superficial land use is conducted. Originalities of legal regulation of land use in farms of independent Ukraine are considered. It is proposed to supplement Article 12 of the Law of Ukraine “On farming” by granting farms the right to conclude emphyteusis and superficies agreements. The main terms of superficies’ contracts – the right to use someone else’s land plot for development, are outlined. The specific features of the conclusion of such transactions are determined, it is noted that the registration of a superficial contract in the State Register of property rights to immovable property is an electronic proof of its conclusion. The practical value of the study lies in the fact that the proposals formed on the basis of its results can be used to improve the current legislation.

Labor potential as a factor of ensuring competitive advantages of business entities in Ukraine

Abstract The purpose of the article is to justify the use of a matrix approach to the interpretation of the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the development of labor potential. As evaluation indicators, we propose the level of management of labor potential, which is determined using the grapho-analytical method “potential square” and the level of management of the competitiveness of the business entity, which is determined using the graphic method “polygon of competitiveness”. To identify these indicators, we used a developed three-point aggregated scale, which made it possible to quantitatively divide the formed quadrants according to threshold values: the zone of high efficiency in the use of labor potential (quadrant 9(MLLPQPHigh; MLCBECBHigh)), average (quadrants 3 (MLLPQPHigh; MLCBEC-BLow), 5 (MLLPQPAverage; MLCBECBAverage), 6 (MLLPQPHigh; MLCBECBAverage), 7 (MLLPQPLow; MLCBECBHigh), 8 (MLLPQPAverage; MLCBECBHigh)), and low (quadrants 1 (MLLPQPLow; MLCBECBLow), 2 (MLLPQPAverage; MLCBECBLow), 4 (MLLPQPLow; MLCBECBAverage)). The value of the research lies in the fact that the proposed matrix approach to the results of evaluating the effectiveness of the development of labor potential makes it possible to take measures to improve its management. It is emphasized that in today’s conditions and the limitation of financial resources, the vector of management should be aimed at preserving the labor potential, using its opportunities and experience.

THE BENEFIT OF THE SELLING PROPOSITION UNIQUENESS IN MODERN BUSINESS PROCESS DIVERSIFICATION REALIA FROM THE EUROPEAN INTEGRATION DEVELOPMENT PERSPECTIVE

This article attempts to explore business process diversification in the context of Ukraine’s economic growth from the European integration perspective. The study focuses on one of the five elements that are essential for the aggressive entry of domestic consumer industry enterprises into European markets. A comparative analysis of the competitiveness of the TOP-50 world economies was carried out against the TOP-50 countries with the highest GDP per capita. The study provides insights on the structure of the European countries in these ratings which offers implications on practical significance of boosting the competitiveness of business entities in Ukraine as well as the importance of the relevance of investigating the issues of business process diversification in the context of European integration development. The study also discusses a competitiveness concept definition, both in the theoretical domain and within the applied aspect of the methodology for assessing competitiveness by the IMD. Based on the analysis, a new interpretation of competitiveness, more precise, from the applied perspective, has been offered as an integrating concept of business process diversification. Developing the methodological framework laid down in in the first article of the series of publications on the above issue, this study explores only the essence of product uniqueness, however also describing the relationships of product uniqueness and all the four business processes under consideration: quality management, promotion, sales and personnel training. Apart from that, a new interpretation of product uniqueness as a unique selling proposition (USP) is proposed, thus revealing the structure of a uniqueness concept which has not yet been an object of a scientific discourse. In addition, the meaningful content of the uniqueness notion, under both marketing and financial perspectives, as well as from the standpoint of the strategic role of uniqueness for enhancing the nation's industrial, research and intellectual potential has been revealed. Thus, this study offers the foundations for a new, in our opinion, more progressive understanding of the competitiveness and quality management framework through identifying the structure of its constituent elements embedded in the above concept.

PROFIT MANAGEMENT OF ENTERPRISES IN CRISIS CONDITIONS: SOME FEATURES AND SECURITY SYSTEM

The problem of bankruptcy in Ukraine is quite relevant during the economic crisis. In connection with the full-scale armed aggression of the Russian Federation, citizens and business entities in Ukraine are experiencing financial losses that lead to insolvency. The war prevents enterprises from effectively conducting business activities, making timely payments to counterparties, and fully fulfilling their obligations. The crisis that began in the domestic economy with the beginning of the war in Ukraine showed that enterprises were not ready for it at all. The lack of profit prompts organizations to borrow, which ultimately, in the case of an ineffective debt policy, can lead to a financial crisis and bankruptcy. In addition, the process of gradual integration of Ukraine into the European community with its specific, clear rules and conditions of operation in the market is currently underway, which may lead to a decrease in the financial stability of domestic sectors of the economy.
 An increase in the profits of enterprises has a significant impact on the pace of economic development of the country, individual regions, and the improvement of the standard of living of the population. Therefore, the problem of competent and effective management of the profits of enterprises is relevant for the economy of Ukraine at this time.
 The modern market of economic relations is unstable and changeable. The economic situation is prone to constant changes and, as a rule, the inability of business entities to quickly adapt to changing market conditions creates a crisis situation at the enterprise. The emergence of a crisis situation gives an impetus to the improvement of effective management processes, the choice of anti-crisis management methods in order to maintain profitability, because profit is the final result of the activity of every enterprise.
 The article examines theoretical generalizations, the essence of profit as an economic category and the main element of the enterprise's efficiency, factors that affect its value and its importance in the financial and economic activity of the enterprise. The conceptual principles of profit management are characterized and the profit management system of enterprises is analyzed, as well as proposed actions to improve the mechanism of profit management.

Development of the credit market of Ukraine under macroeconomic instability

The development of Ukraine’s credit market occurs under periodic economic crises. Available destructive processes inhibit the development of credit relations, negatively affecting the lending of economic entities and restraining the development of the national economy. This study aims to highlight the basic transformations in the development of the credit market of Ukraine, which are formed in macroeconomic instability. The economic development trends in Ukraine were assessed using classical statistical methods. The correlation regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of macroeconomic parameters (exchange rate, average salary, and cost of loans) on the volume of bank lending. The results show that the national economy of Ukraine during 2005–2021 developed in the conditions of periodic macroeconomic instability, and the pre-crisis (an indicator of 2013) parameters of bank lending volumes have not restored within the credit market. The paper stresses the significant impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: in 2020, the volume of bank lending decreased by 10.38 billion USD. Moreover, the econometric analysis of the influence of specific macroeconomic parameters (exchange rate, average salary, and cost of loans) on the development of bank lending in Ukraine demonstrated that the stability of the national currency exerts the greatest influence on the lending processes of economic entities in Ukraine. Its provision in the long term allows the creation of favorable conditions for the credit market functioning after the shock periods. Acknowledgment This study is conducted within the framework of the scientific project “Transformation of the households’ behavior in the financial services market in the context of digitalization” with the support of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine.

On the Issue of the Place of State Support of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in the Economic Law System of Ukraine

Problem setting. In Ukraine, state support for small businesses was introduced in 2000. Currently, the mechanism of state support of economic entities is regulated by a number of acts of national legislation. However, the place of the legal institution of state support in the system of economic law, its relationship with state aid, the criteria for the admissibility of state aid in the context of the unification of national legislation with EU legislation continue to remain debatable in the science of economic law. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Economic and legal problems of small and medium-sized enterprises and their state support were studied by many domestic and foreign scientists. Only recently, these issues were considered in the collective monograph of the Research Institute of Legal Support of Innovative Development of the National Academy of Sciences, the monograph of D.S. Korytin, who studied the legal regulation of the economic activity of small and medium-sized enterprises, the dissertations of Feofanova I.M., who considered the economic and legal aspect of the admissibility of state aid and Petrova N.O., who studied the administrative and legal principles of monitoring state aid sub economic entities in Ukraine. Purpose of the research is to determine the place of the institute of state support of small and medium-sized enterprises in the system of economic law of Ukraine. Аrticle’s main body. Small and medium-sized enterprises play a significant role in the world economy. However, the operating conditions of small and medium-sized enterprises in Ukraine are difficult. Obstacles are the imperfection and burdensomeness of the taxation system, the presence of administrative obstacles, unsettled issues of financing and lending, low level of state financial support, underdeveloped infrastructure supporting entrepreneurship, etc. Currently, to these reasons added the negative consequences of Russia’s full-scale aggression. Such an effective tool as state support helps small and medium-sized enterprises overcome the consequences of the war and develop their activities in the post-war period. Therefore, strengthening the state support for small and mediumsized enterprises and improving the mechanism of its provision is an extremely urgent issue for our state The activity of small and medium-sized enterprises is very important for the economy of Ukraine. In wartime, their effective activity contributes to increasing budget revenues and reducing unemployment, and in the post-war period should become the very lever that will accelerate the growth of the economy and the reconstruction of the country. However, the Economic Code of Ukraine contains regulations on state support and protection of all economic entities. and support of small and medium-sized enterprises is not the state’s priorities Conclusions and prospects for the development Small and medium-sized enterprises play a significant role in the economy of Ukraine. In wartime, their effective activity contributes to the increase of revenues to the budget and the reduction of unemployment, and in the postwar period, it should become the very lever that will accelerate the growth of the economy and the reconstruction of the country. On the other hand, the priority of state policy regarding the support and development of small and medium-sized enterprises is not fixed in the Economic Code of Ukraine, which needs to be corrected. The list of means of state regulation of economic activity contained in Article 12 of the Economic Code of Ukraine should be supplemented by such an institution of economic law as state support for small and medium-sized enterprises.

The concept and features of the restriction of land rights of foreign individuals and legal entities in Ukraine

Purpose: the purpose of the article is to conduct an analysis of the peculiarities of the restriction of land rights of foreign natural persons, stateless persons and foreign legal entities under the legislation of Ukraine, as well as to formulate on this basis the definition of the specified term for the improvement of land legal terminology. Method. The methodology includes a comprehensive analysis and generalization of the available scientific and theoretical material, as well as the formulation of relevant conclusions and recommendations. The following methods of scientific knowledge were used during the research: analysis and synthesis, systemic-structural, comparative-legal, and historical-legal methods. Results. In the process of research, the meaning of the term "limitation of rights to land" of foreign individuals and legal entities in Ukraine was determined, which consists in the establishment of certain prohibitions that define the limits of possible behavior and lead to a narrowing of the scope of the land powers of the specified subjects in the process of acquiring and exercising rights by them ownership of land plots and land use rights, which complicates or makes impossible the acquisition or realization of their land rights. The term "restriction of rights to land" should be distinguished from the term "burdening rights to land" of foreign individuals and legal entities in Ukraine, which consists in imposing additional obligations on foreign entities in the process of exercising their rights to land, which complicates their realization land rights. Originality. In the process of the analysis, it was proven that restrictions on the land rights of foreign natural persons, stateless persons and foreign legal entities are established in the same scope and order as for citizens of Ukraine and legal entities of Ukraine. In addition, additional restrictions on land rights of foreign subjects may be established by provisions of the Civil Code of Ukraine, other land laws for reasons of ensuring national security, preserving land as the main national wealth of Ukraine, ensuring priority access to land rights of citizens of Ukraine and legal entities of Ukraine. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in the research field - for the further development of the problems of legislative regulation of restrictions on the rights to land of foreign natural persons, stateless persons and foreign legal entities under the legislation of Ukraine, as well as in the rule-making work - in the preparation of draft regulations , aimed at improving the legislative regulation of the legal status of foreign individuals, stateless persons and foreign legal entities as subjects of land relations.

MODERN MODELS OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP IN THE FIELD OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

The relevance of the article is determined by the need to study models of public-private partnership that are successfully implemented in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries to take into account their positive aspects in establishing cooperation between vocational (vocational-technical) education institutions with state and non-state partnership entities in Ukraine.
 Objective: based on the research results, to identify modern models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries, to find out their peculiarities and positive aspects for use in establishing cooperation between similar partnership entities in Ukraine.
 Methods: studying legislative, regulatory documents, empirical data - to determine models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries; analysis and synthesis, generalization of views on the investigated problem - to clarify the peculiarities of public-private partnership models in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries; drawing conclusions.
 Results: based on the analysis of legislative, regulatory documents, and empirical data, modern models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries have been identified, their peculiarities and positive aspects for use in establishing state-private partnership in the field of vocational (vocational-technical) education in Ukraine have been clarified.
 Conclusions: modern models of public-private partnership in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries have been identified: social-normative, focused on ensuring the quality of vocational education and training; resource-oriented, characterized by the presence of an investment climate, verified databases, contractual relations; institutional-communicative, focused on the development of interaction of educational service providers in the field of vocational education and training with the labor market to improve knowledge, skills, competences, qualifications. It was found that there is high activity in the implementation of public-private partnership projects in the field of vocational education and training in the European Union countries, which allows government authorities to invest in infrastructure development, support fundamental research, improve educational programs, etc., and businesses - to achieve their own goals in terms of increasing profitability, growth of charter capital value.

CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF ECONOMIC SECURITY FORMATION AND THE PLACE OF THE SECURITY PROCESS IN THIS MODEL

Military operations, the crisis in the country's economy, and other factors have negatively affected the economic security of all business entities in Ukraine and the country as a whole. This state of affairs requires a modernized approach to the formation of economic security. The purpose of the article is to develop a conceptual model of economic security formation and to distinguish the place of the security process in this model. The study applies general scientific theoretical methods – generalization, explanation, grouping – to analyzing economists’ and practitioners’ ideas about the object of the research and formulating conclusions of content analysis of primary sources, analysis and synthesis – to substan-tiating a new scientific approach to ensuring economic security. Based on a critical review of professional sources, the article differentiates three approaches to the formation of economic security. It is shown that the author adheres to the approach according to which the formation and ensuring of economic security are not identical. A three-component model of economic security formation is developed. The elements of the model are the decomposition of economic security, its provision and the creation of a special security unit. It is shown that at the country level such a unit should be included in the Ministry of Economy of Ukraine. An integrated approach to ensuring economic security has been improved. It is based on bringing the current parameters of the enterprise's activity into line with the future parameters of the internal and external environment. This takes into account three groups of processes: resource provision, interaction with stakeholders and value added. Each group of processes is contrasted with appropriate means of influence and security actions, which together help to ensure that the current parameters of activity are consistent with the forecasted changes in the environment. The peculiarity of this approach is its versatility: the possibility of using it to ensure the economic security of an individual business entity and the economic security of the State.

MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RISKS OF ENTERPRISES AS A PREVENTION COMPONENT OF THEIR FINANCIAL INSTABILITY AND BANKRUPTCY FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ACHIEVING

The development is impossible without ups and downs, as a result the stability is disrupted. It is hypothesized that development cannot occur continuously, and therefore it does not exclude the possibility of unstable states. The enterprise unsustainable development is characterized by its financial failure, which is identified with its bankruptcy. At the same time, bankruptcy and liquidation of enterprises in Ukraine is currently a fairly common phenomenon. The purpose of the article is to systematize the methods of financial risk management of enterprises as an ingredient prevention of their financial instability and bankruptcy for achieving sustainable development. A set of general scientific and special research methods were used to solve the set tasks, in particular: generalization and comparison - to establish similarities and differences between the results of research by other authors regarding their understanding of the essence of the categories "development", "sustainable development" and "risk"; grouping of indicators - to operate with information of the kinds and types of risks existing in the scientific literature and to operate with statistical data of the initiated bankruptcy procedures number of legal entities in Ukraine; mathematical - to develop a model for determining the maximum allowable value of lost cash flow of the enterprise, graphic - to visualize the presentation of information, etc. It is substantiated that the prevention of bankruptcy of enterprises is a tool for the sustainable development ensuring. An economic and legal tool is the plan of sustainable development of the enterprise that helps to solve the problem. Its component should be an economic analysis of the company's financial condition. At the same time, any enterprise carries risks related with its business activities. Scientists mostly recommend to use the minimum cost criterion for measures to reduce risk to its acceptable level as the main criterion for risk management. However, the question arises: what risk is considered to be acceptable? For the determination it is advisable to model the movement of the company's cash flows and to identify the limits that lead to unacceptable results for the company, For example, that can lead to the deterioration of the company's financial condition as well as to its bankruptcy and even liquidation. It is taken into account that the economic activity of the enterprise can take place both under normal operating conditions and burdened by certain extraordinary events. The method of determining the maximum permissible risks for enterprises of two groups is substantiated: for the ones, which violation of the bankruptcy procedure in general is possible; for the ones, which violation of the bankruptcy procedure is unlikely. The events that determine the risks during the export of products are considered.

Threats of the financial security of business entities in Ukraine under martial law

Threats of the financial security of business entities in Ukraine under martial law

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TAX ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM OF BUSINESS ENTITIES OF UKRAINE

The paper presents systemic and process approaches to the description of the tax administration system of business entities in Ukraine. From the point of view of the systemic approach, tax administration is a system that, in its elementary form, consists of a subject of management, an object of management and the connections between them, through which management influence on tax legal relations is exercised by persons whose main job duties are making decisions and communicating them to subordinates. Based on known models of system-oriented management of organizations and their individual elements, the following components can be distinguished in the system designed to ensure compliance with tax legislation: system input represented by financial, material, immaterial and labor resources; controlling and managed subsystems, as well as the output of the system in the form of economic and social results of activity, added tax amounts, official and unofficial information, training and development of employees, ensuring the safety of social interaction, etc.
 From the point of view of the process approach of tax administration, administrative activities carried out by tax and other controlling bodies are regulated by laws and other regulatory legal acts.
 The beginning of the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the russian troops became the starting point for the emergence of a number of problems in the system and processes of tax administration in our country, which are related to the loss of legal personality by taxpayers, their complete or temporary loss of taxation objects, registration changes, technical impossibility of registration of business operations and communication with controlling bodies, etc. It was determined that the solution to most of the mentioned problems lies in the area of taxation, that is, the adoption of laws forming the tax system. We believe that the tax burden on business in Ukraine should be reduced and the tax administration process simplified for the next five years after the end of war on the territory of Ukraine in order to restore national business as soon as possible and attract foreign investors.

Implementing the resource potential sustainability of small-scale agricultural entities in cooperative associations of Ukraine

The aim of the study is to study the functional features of peasant farms in Ukraine and the use of their resource potential, taking into account their regional characteristics and main trends in the Ukrainian economy. The article introduces the process of exploiting the resource potential of small-scale agricultural entities in Ukraine in terms of sustainable development. The materials of this article are im-portant because of the economy of Ukraine, including the agricultural sector, should be developed by European-style innovations to accelerate the process of Ukraine's admission to the European Union. The theory of family-and-labor economy was used as a methodological basis of the research. To assess the influ-ence of the basic components of the resource potential of farms on their operation efficiency, a standard Cobb-Douglas production function is applied. The research analyses trends of agricultural sustainable development in the EU (European Un-ion) countries and Ukraine along with the factors determining the specific func-tioning of each sector. To study the regional functional features of farms, it was built a resultative image of the production function for the gross output of agricul-tural production in the clusters. The absolute dependence of the rating of the re-source potential of farms on its production component is identified; the activity of peasant households is based on an intensification principle, on which well-being depends. An attempt to predict the economic activity of small-scale agricultural entities in Ukraine was made both for individual and cooperative entities. The re-search shows that in the case of active development of agricultural cooperatives, the influence of peasant farms on the national food market, and well-being will be growing as well as the share of entities engaged in commodity production.

PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE FIELD OF LAND RELATIONS IN UKRAINE: TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS

Purpose. This paper aims at the analysis of the organizational and legal issues of the system of land public administration in Ukraine and elaboration of possible solutions for its further development. Methods. The dialectic method was used in order to analyze the development of the system of public administration in the field of land relations in Ukraine. The method of systematic and structural analysis was used for the characteristics of the elements of the system of public administration in the field of land relations, the distribution of powers between them, and their governmental ties. Modern theoretical approaches to the system of public administration were considered on the basis of the method of critical analysis. Results. In the first part of this paper, the legal and organizational aspects of land public administration in Ukraine have been analysed. The necessity of improvement of powers, in particular, related to land management, have been identified among current problems. The second part of this paper is devoted to the administrative procedures in the field of land relations. The collisions between the general and special laws related to administrative procedures in the field of land relations have been identified among key problems and the case law on this matter has been analyzed. In the third part of the paper the recent trends, challenges in frames of the state of martial law, and solutions have been analyzed. Conclusions. Decentralization and digitalization were considered as the dominate trends in the public governance in the field of land relations. The distribution of powers between central bodies of executive power, as well as between central and local public authorities, the improvement of powers related to the land management, and elimination of the collisions between general and special norms on administrative procedures in the land relations were defined among necessary improvements. During the state of martial law, special mechanisms for land data protection introduced by public administration entities in Ukraine have been considered as important solutions.

CONTENT AND PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMIC HARMONIZATION OF INTERESTS OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES

The article is devoted to the problems of harmonizing the economic interests of enterprises under the conditions of destabilizing factors of the external environment. The theoretical basis of the research is the work of foreign and domestic scientists. The study is based on a systems approach, the economic theory of development based on resources, and the theory of economic harmonies. The content of the concept of "harmonization of the economic interests of the enterprise" is defined, under which it is proposed to understand the process of harmonizing the economic interests of the enterprise and the interests of other subjects of the external environment, which provides for the reduction of the imbalance in the resource provision of all market participants and enables the further commercially successful activity of the enterprise on the basis of innovative activity, corporate social responsibility, and sustainable development. The following principles of harmonizing the interests of industrial enterprises are highlighted: complexity, planning, limitations, competitiveness, environmental friendliness, balance, continuity, and efficiency. The obtained results deepen scientific developments regarding the need for economic harmonization of domestic industrial enterprises. The structure of the balance sheet of economic entities in Ukraine for the period 2019-2021 is shown. The types of economic activity characterized by the dominance of the share of non-current assets in the total assets of the respective enterprises are highlighted. The need to consider the dependence of businesses on material costs when determining ways to harmonize their economic activity is emphasized. Areas of ensuring the harmonization of economic interests of economic entities are highlighted, namely: innovative cooperation; optimization preservation and focusing strategy; digitalization of business.

Preferential lending to innovative entities in Ukraine: current state and prospects of development

Preferential lending to innovative entities in Ukraine: current state and prospects of development

НАПРЯМИ ДЕРЖАВНОЇ ПІДТРИМКИ МАЛОГО БІЗНЕСУ УКРАЇНІ

Small business in economically developed countries and national economies receives considerable attention, as it constitutes a significant segment of the market economy. A comparison of the criteria for assigning business entities to the "small" category in different countries shows that some enterprises, which are considered large in Ukraine, are classified as small or medium in foreign countries. Governments in other countries understand the importance of small businesses to the economy and use various government support tools, such as tax incentives, legal and advisory services, educational programs and loan support programs. However, a comparison of individual performance indicators of small business entities in economically developed countries and Ukraine shows low economic activity of Ukrainian enterprises. This is partly due to limited access to low-cost credit resources. In 2019, Ukrainian small and medium-sized businesses received credit from foreign banks, but the conditions for obtaining loans were complex and opaque, and the rates were much higher than in economically developed countries. Therefore, it is important to implement state programs aimed at providing informational and advisory assistance and credit support to small business entities in Ukraine, as they do in foreign countries, in order to activate their activities. The development of small business is one of the main factors in the formation of effective market relations in Ukraine, as it contributes to the creation of new jobs, stimulates the structural restructuring of the economy and provides the market with goods and services, which is especially important in a crisis period. However, small business is sensitive to changes in society, so its activities require state regulation and support. For this, it is necessary to carry out further theoretical justification and develop recommendations regarding the ways, conditions and resources necessary to support small business entities in the region with the help of various financial instruments The main problems of the functioning of small business in Ukraine are given, as well as the main directions of its state support are proposed.

СТАНДАРТИЗАЦІЯ ОБЛІКОВОЇ ІНФОРМАЦІЇ У КОНТЕКСТІ ВПРОВАДЖЕННЯ МІЖНАРОДНИХ СТАНДАРТІВ ФІНАНСОВОЇ ЗВІТНОСТІ

Background. The article identifies the basic characteristics of IFRS, which affect the process of standardization of accounting information, highlights the key aspects of the implementation of IFRS in accounting practice, and describes the main opportunities for standardization of accounting information of business entities in Ukraine. Particular attention is given to the role of accounting policy and its structural elements in the process of standardizing accounting information. The object of the study is accounting information, as well as the set of phenomena and processes related to its formation and use in the operation of business entities. Methods. In line with the study's objective to clarify and detail specific aspects of implementing IFRS in modern economic conditions, deductive and inductive methods, historical and logical methods, and the method of comparison were used. To gather reference materials regarding the harmonization and standardization of accounting, the information modeling method was employed. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the key characteristics of mass phenomena and processes related to the implementation of IFRS in Ukraine. The combination of various research methods helped to obtain a complete and representative assessment of the state of IFRS implementation in the activities of Ukrainian business entities. Results. The study results have revealed the main aspects of the impact of IFRS on the standardization of accounting information, of a business entity, which became a basis for improving accounting practices and introducing appropriate changes in the accounting system of the business entity to comply with international standards. Conclusions. This study contributes to a better understanding of the importance of IFRS in the modern business environment and helps to implement them in practice keeping on national realities and requirements. The findings may be useful for accounting and audit professionals, business managers, and financial control authorities in making strategic management decisions.

Business lending analysis during the war: state support programs

The peculiarities of business lending in wartime are analyzed in the article. It is determined that crises always have a great impact on business. The crisis affects both negative and positive factors for business development simultaneously. It is found that the war made many adjustments in the national business functioning. The war factor contributes to the significant transformation of national business. It is determined that lending is one mechanism for national companies to provide support. The top-5 largest banks that provided loans to legal entities in Ukraine in 2022 are presented. The dynamics of loans number granted by banks to business entities in 2022 is presented as well as the dynamics of net loans granted to business entities in 2022. The dynamics of the corporate debtors’ working loans and loans provided under the state program “Affordable loans 5-7-9%” is shown. Working corporate loans and realized products (services) in the zone of active military operations in 2022 are presented. It is revealed that the very first stage of changes in banking activity took place in the soft loans market. The structure of concessional loans issued for national business by state and private banks under the state program “Affordable loans 5-7-9%” in 2022 is analyzed. The average amount of the concessional loans issued under the state program “Affordable loans 5-7-9%” for different banks is compared. It is determined that the average amount of the preferential loan by banks amounted to UAH 2.83 million. JSC “Ukreximbank” took the leading position in issuing soft loans for national business (UAH 7.28 million). Since the beginning of the war, banks have issued concessional loans in the amount of more than UAH 36.50 billion to support national business, their total amount is UAH 126.00 billion. It is determined that the country’s banking sector is operationally profitable. The presence of a risk of the overall profitability loss due to the urgent need to form reserves is revealed. Therefore, the main factor affecting the reduction of banks' capital is the presence of credit risk.