Entire Way Of Life Research Articles

Social Changes in the Countryside

Analysis of Soviet village life today permits us to identify the point to which it has historically advanced along the road of socialist reorganization and to understand the nature of the significant changes that have occurred in the last few years. Furthermore, through the prism of this analysis it becomes possible to look into the future of the socialist village as well and to determine its most important needs. The progressive changes in farm production and the entire way of life of the peasants is a result of the implementation of Lenin's plan for cooperatives and of the tremendous creative work of the Communist Party in the countryside. Implementation of the broad program of agricultural development has created an economic and social potential that forms a dependable base for accelerated improvement of the village and allows new tasks to be posed and fulfilled. They are formulated in the documents of the Twenty-fifth Congress of the CPSU and in the Central Committee decree, "On Further Development of Specialization and Concentration of Agricultural Production on the Basis of Interfarm Cooperation and Agroindustrial Integration," and in the materials of the October 1976 Plenum.

Crime and the aged. 1. The victims

IN ADDITION to economic loss, physical assault, and psychologic damage, crimes committed against the aged have many profound effects on their entire way of life, including their medical care, nutrition, mental health, social life, housing, and means of transportation. These crimes are significant contributory factors to migration of the aged from their neighborhoods and their willingness to accept long-term care in institutions. <h3>Incidence</h3> The aged who reside in the inner city are frequently the victims of crime. In New York City, where 35% or 400,000 of those 60 years of age and over reside in the 26 poorest neighborhoods, over 40% of the aged surveyed reported being victims of personal crime in the past, varying from purse-snatching to forcible entry into their homes.¹ An excellent study of more than 500 individuals aged 65 years and over in the inner city of Houston revealed that 29.8% had been criminally victimized

Crime and the Aged

IN ADDITION to economic loss, physical assault, and psychologic damage, crimes committed against the aged have many profound effects on their entire way of life, including their medical care, nutrition, mental health, social life, housing, and means of transportation. These crimes are significant contributory factors to migration of the aged from their neighborhoods and their willingness to accept long-term care in institutions. <h3>Incidence</h3> The aged who reside in the inner city are frequently the victims of crime. In New York City, where 35% or 400,000 of those 60 years of age and over reside in the 26 poorest neighborhoods, over 40% of the aged surveyed reported being victims of personal crime in the past, varying from purse-snatching to forcible entry into their homes.¹ An excellent study of more than 500 individuals aged 65 years and over in the inner city of Houston revealed that 29.8% had been criminally victimized

A Preliminary Sociological Study of a Village [Part III

In addition to economic situation, the educational level is decisive in providing a social characterization of a population. It might be said that the entire way of life is functionally correlated not only with people's economic situation but with their education. Education exercises a twofold influence in this functional connection. First there is its direct effect. The tangible income of many a tractor or combine operator is no less than that of the village teacher, but thanks to the higher education of the latter, the teacher's entire way of life is more "cultured." (Comparison of a miner and a physician is even more persuasive.)

The Ethnography of the City and the Industrial Settlement

Urban ethnography is an important branch of the science. The past century has seen a rapid growth of towns in most countries. Recent ethnic statistics give us the following figures for urban population: 75% in Australia and Oceania, 53% in the Americas, 52% in Europe outside the USSR, 50% in the Soviet Union, 20% in Asia outside the USSR, and 13% in Africa. (1) This process of urbanization, characteristic of the present day, is expressed not only in the growth of cities, but in a fundamental reorganization of the villages, a change in their social composition and entire way of life, and an intensification of the influence of urban modes of life in the countryside. The influence of urban culture upon that of the peoples as a whole is constantly increasing. Therefore it is impossible today to study the life of any people without consideration of the urban population, although this was typical of ethnography in the past. In recent decades, historians and ethnographers both in the Soviet Union and abroad have...

Strategic Intelligence and the Publication of Statistics

The importance to an enemy's intelligence services of information regarding such targets vital to the United States as important installations, plant locations and shipping routes is generally recognized. Although the methods for withholding such information from the enemy are not foolproof, they are at least clear and unclouded by conflicting values. What is not so generally recognized is the importance, in connection with an enemy's plans for the destruction of targets, of detailed economic data. One of the few writers in this field expresses it this way:The targets which you are after constitute, in essence, the vulnerable areas of the enemy's way of making war and maintaining a functioning society; and these most vulnerable areas cannot be picked out from the least (or less) vulnerable areas until a great deal is known about the enemy's entire way of life and his entire way of making war…. Before the planes went off on their first mission of systematic destruction, the planners for the bombardment of Germany had to know a very great deal about the airframe, aircraftengine and aircraft-component production, the production of ball bearings, of synthetic rubber, and of oil. Moreover, before they decided that these sectors of the economy were the ones whose destruction would give them the most significant, rapid and permanent weakening of German war-making capacity, they had to know a very great deal about other sectors.

Psycho-Cultural Hypotheses About Political Acts

During recent years there has been a noticeable rise in the production of, and interest in, a relatively new kind of analysis of political behavior. Anthropologists had become increasingly concerned with describing and explaining the entire way of life of the non-literate societies they were studying. Some of them came to believe that cultural anthropology should return to home, i.e., that the methods of observation and recording, and also the theories which they had developed on so-called primitive material should be applied to our own society and other large and complex groups. At the same time, psychologists and psychiatrists had become increasingly interested in describing and explaining the entire way of life, subjective and behavioral, of the individuals they were studying. They tended to be particularly interested, on the one hand, in the broad varieties of human nature (“character types” and “defense mechanisms”) and, on the other, in the unique structure of each case. But some of them came to be interested in ascertaining the psychological regularities, if any, in large groups. The confluence of these two developments in the human sciences led to the emergence of what we may call psycho-cultural analyses of social events.