Entire Vegetation Period Research Articles

Effect of Sowing Date on Soybean Development in South-Western Poland

Soybean is a thermophilic and photophilic plant very sensitive to weather course during the vegetation period. This trait limits soybean cultivation in higher latitude countries. This field study aimed to evaluate the effects of three sowing dates on the development, the duration of vegetative and generative stages, and the yield of two soybean cultivars (Lissabon and Merlin) under conditions in south-western Poland in the years 2016–2019. The sowing date determines the temperature and the day length available for soybean plants, influencing development and yield. Delaying the sowing date by 20 days in relation to the earliest (16–21.04) resulted in the shortening of the length of the vegetative development by 12 days and the shortening of the entire vegetation period by 14 days. The delayed sowing date (06–19.05) under the conditions of south-western Poland (Lower Silesia) contributed to a significant decrease in yield. Lissabon produced greater soybean yield than Merlin. Special attention should be paid to proper seed sowing dates in soybean agriculture practice. It is necessary to breed soybean genotypes adapted to day length and thermal conditions of the cultivation area to achieve the maximum seed yield.

Influence of Harvesting Time on the Chemical Composition of Wild Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.).

This research aimed to determine the effect of different harvesting times on the chemical composition of stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.). The leaves of nettle were harvested at the same place once a month in the period of April–September 2019. The analysis focused on the contents of dry matter, soluble solids, ascorbic acid, titratable acidity, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, total carotenoids, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, ash content, and macro- and microelements. The nettles harvested in April were characterized by the highest levels of soluble solids and some macro-and microelements (P, K, Fe, Zn). The plants harvested in May were distinguished for titratable acidity, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid contents. In this month, the plants were determined to have the highest antioxidant activity during the entire vegetation period. The plants collected in July contained the highest amount of Mn, but the antioxidant activity of these plants was the lowest during the vegetation period. In August, the plants had the highest levels of ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, and ash, while the plants collected in September were characterized by having the highest amounts of Ca, Mg, and B as compared to those established in other months of vegetation.

Effect of Skipping Irrigation in Different Phenological Periods on Yield and Some Physiological Parameters of Corn (Zea mays L.)

This study was carried out in Southeastern Anatolia Region in Turkey between 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect of irrigation skipping in different phenological periods on yield and some physiological properties of corn (Zea mays L.) in second crop conditions. The trial is designed as randomized complete block design with three replications. DKC-6664 hybrid corn variety having classified as moderate maturity in the FAO (650-700) maturity classes were used in the study. Four irrigation skipping periods which are full irrigation treatments (S1, control), irrigation skipping in vegetative growth period (S2), irrigation skipping in pollination period (S3), and irrigation skipping in generative development period (S4) were studied in the research. According to the two-year averages; there were statistically significant differences in hybrid corn variety in terms of investigated characteristics. According to results, grain yield (GY), chlorophyll content (CC, spad), water use efficiency (WUE, mm), crop water stress index (CWSI) and plant water consumption (ETa, mm) were ranged from 12761.5 (S2)-14021.3 (S1) kg ha-1, 39.10 (S4)-44.50 (S1) spad, 1.902 (S1)-2.114 (S3) mm, 0.18 (S3)-0.33 (S4) and 6752 (S3)-7712.0 (S1) mm respectively. Because of drier weather conditions in 2017 compared to 2018, while GY, CC, and WUE parameters decreased, CWSI and ETa parameters increased. In the first year of the trial when dry weather conditions prevailed, the corn variety consumed more water and was more stressed. As a result, yield losses were experienced. There were positive and significant correlations between GY and CC and WUE, and negative and significant correlations between CWSI. The results of the study indicated that irrigation should not be skipped during the entire vegetative period for economical and profitable corn production in semi-arid regions.

The Impact of Climate Change on the Sugar Content of Grapes and the Sustainability of their Production in the Czech Republic

The aim of the presented article is to evaluate the impact of climate change on the sugar content of grapes in the Czech Republic during the period 2000–2019 through selected indicators on the basis of available secondary sources. Attention is focused on the developments in both the main wine-growing regions of Moravia and Bohemia. In the field of viticulture and wine-growing, the sugar content of grapes, as a basic parameter for the classification of wines, plays an important role. In the Czech Republic, the average sugar content of grapes has had a constantly growing trend. This trend is evident both in the wine-growing region of Bohemia and in the wine-growing region of Moravia. The impact of climate change, especially the gradual increase of average temperatures in the growing season, cannot be overlooked. It greatly affects, among other things, the sugar content of grapes. Calculations according to the Huglin Index and the Winkler Index were used to determine the relationship between climate and sugar content. These indexes summarize the course of temperatures during the entire vegetation period into a single numerical value. The results show that both indexes describe the effect of air temperature on sugar content in both wine regions of the Czech Republic in a statistically significant way. The Huglin Index shows a higher correlation rate. The Winkler Index proved to be less suitable for both areas. Alternatively, the Winkler Index calculated for a shorter growing season was tested, which showed a higher degree of correlation with sugar content, approaching the significance of the Huglin Index.

The seasonal dynamics of wireworm activity and damage of the different potato varieties in the northwest of Russia under condition of water deficiency

The dominant pests of potato tubers in the Northwestern Region of Russia among the wireworms are the larvae of the click beetle Agriotes lineatus (Coleoptera, Elateridae). Under arid conditions of 2019, the high level of potato tubers damage by wireworms has been recorded in July only. Over dry seasons a short-time contacts of wireworm larvae with food and water sources in the dry soil and their migrations to the deeper and more humid levels are most possible. Under such conditions, the larvae could not be observed during the attractive baits changing or the dig-upping of potato samples, despite the damaged tubers presence. Thus, in case of dry spring the evaluation of the wireworm population density before the potato planting using the standard method of “sample plots” could give the biased results. In this case, it is necessary to undertake the entire complex of preventive measures independently from the results of pest number evaluations over the spring season. It has been shown that the larvae of A. lineatus developed the food preferences for the tubers of different potato varieties during entire vegetative period starting from the potato planting. As a result of the numerous field evaluations over 2015-2019 the resistant varieties Alyi Parus, Liga, Nayada, Sirenevyi Tuman has been distinguished. Preliminary data of the 2019 have shown that the varieties Red Fantasy, Gala, Gusar, Manifest, Rubin and others are also resistant to wireworms.

Blackcurrant Variety Specific Growth and Yield Formation as a Response to Foliar Fertilizers

Recently, there has been a growing interest in supplementing plant nutrition with foliar fertilizers. Foliar application of nutrients is considered a promising environmentally friendly strategy for improving the yield and nutrient efficiency of crops. Little work with foliar appliances on perennial fruits bushes, blackcurrant (Ribes nigrum L.), respectively, has been reported. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth and yield response of three blackcurrant varieties to macro and micronutrients’ foliar fertilizer solutions. Principal component analysis and factors environmental fitting were performed for the global assessment of growth and increases in branches length responsible for yield production throughout the entire vegetation period and reported to the final development. The results endorsed the benefits of foliar fertilization. Each variety has a preference for a specific foliar treatment. The highest increases in branches length for Ruben variety was with Ascovigor foliar fertilizer; for Tiben with Kombimax; for Tines with Mikromix. The varieties growth dynamics due to fertilizers was best fitted to foliar Kombimax. Stable models were found to all blackcurrant varieties depending on developmental stage and foliar fertilization application. Application of foliar fertilizer is very profitable in terms of pairing each variety with optimum product, which will increase its specific yield potential.

STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF ARIZONA AND BELLAROSA POTATO VARIETIES

The potato (Solanum tuberosum) is a herbaceous plant that belongs to the nightshade family. They are edible, rich in starch so they are used in human nutrition in various forms, serve as animal feed, but can also be used as a raw material in various industries (Toader and Roman, 2014). Originally from South America, more precisely from the Andes Mountains region, potatoes are the 4th largest source of food energy after corn, rice and wheat (https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_cartofului_%C3%AEn_imperiul_inca%C 8%99). At maturity, the tubers have a dry matter composed of 70% starch, 2-4% cellulose, 2.5% pectins, 0.5-2% reducing carbohydrates and 0.5-1% sugars (Berindei, 1984). The objective was represented by the study of two potato varieties, namely Arizona (white potato) and Bellarosa (red potato) grown on two different plots analyzing both their productivity and profitability, both being two early varieties. The crops were studied during the entire vegetation period, also following the economic analysis and implicitly the profit of each variety. The first determination was related to planting density, respectively to the number of nests per hectare. All the technological works that were undertaken within the studied plots were noted, the vegetation phases from the moment of execution of each work with the help of the BBCH scale, the consumption of materials, time and fuel that each intervention involved. In the end, we also found out the costs of the works performed in order to be able to establish the profit obtained from the sale of each variety in order to be able to establish which of the two is more profitable. Prior to harvesting, two sets of samples representing 10 potato nests were extracted from the two plots in order to analyze the productivity of each variety. These determinations were performed under laboratory conditions and involved the following: number of tubers / nest, weight of tubers / nest (g), stem height Analele Universităţii din Craiova, seria Agricultură – Montanologie – Cadastru (Annals of the University of Craiova - Agriculture, Montanology, Cadastre Series) Vol. 51/2/2021 472 (cm), largest tuber / nest (g), smallest tuber / nest (g), their diameter in section (cm).

Relationship between the activity of guaiacol peroxidase and the content of photosynthetic pigments in tea leaves

The dynamics of guaiacol peroxidase and photosynthetic pigments in 3-leaf sprouts (flushes) of tea plants were studied. The presence of declines and peaks in the activity of the enzyme associated with the meteorological conditions of each month was noted. It is shown that there is a direct relationship between the increase in enzyme activity and hydrothermal factors. The most significant correlation was found between the activity of GPO in a 3-leaf tea flush and the amount of precipitation (r = 0.86). The highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase during the entire vegetation period is distinguished by the Sochi variety and form 582. The lowest activity was observed in forms 3823 and 2264, which indicates a low intensity of redox reactions in these plants in stressful situations. Determining the dynamics of the pigment complex revealed its dependence on hydrothermal factors. Studies have shown that precipitation is a significant factor affecting the pigment complex of tea plants. It was found that the largest amount of green pigments is synthesized by leaves at the beginning of active vegetation (May). The participation of the pigment apparatus in the adaptation of the tea plant is directly related to carotenoids, the increase in the number of carotenoids coincides with the period of drought. In the content of photosynthetic pigments and the activity of guaiacol peroxidase manifest genotypic features. The revealed patterns are common to all tea plants.

Study of Water Productivity of Industrial Hemp under Hot and Dry Conditions in Brandenburg (Germany) in the Year 2018

Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is a high-yielding multi-purpose crop, but its hydrological functioning is poorly understood. Studies on the interception processes in hemp have been lacking so far. This study contributes to the understanding of the influences of evaporation of intercepted water and other hydrological fluxes within plants of two cultivars, “Santhica 27” and “Ivory”, on the water productivity. To determine water productivity and evaporation from interception, field measurements were conducted on plants of both cultivars at different stages of development. Precipitation (P), throughfall (TF), transpiration (T), and volumetric water content (VWC) were measured along with leaf area index (LAI) and yield of selected plant components. For the entire vegetation period, the cumulative P of 44 mm was converted into 13 mm TF (30%). The inferred evaporation of intercepted water (I) was high at 31 mm (71%). For the assessment water fluxes, the evaporation of intercepted water must be considered in the decision-making process. Besides the LAI, the plant architecture and the meteorological conditions during the cropping cycle seem to be the main factors determining I in the case of plants of both cultivars. Water productivity (WPDM) of the whole plant varied between 3.07 kg m−3 for Ivory and 3.49 for Santhica 27. In the case of bast yield, WPDM was 0.39 kg m-3 for Santhica 27 and 0.45 kg m−3 for Ivory. After the propagation of the uncertainties, the bandwidth of the WPDM of the whole plant was between 0.42 kg m−3 and 2.57 kg m−3. For bast fiber a bandwidth of the WP between 0.06 kg m−3 and 0.33 kg m−3 was calculated. The results show furthermore that even with a precise examination of water productivity, a high bandwidth of local values is revealed on different cultivars. However, generic WP values for fiber crops are not attainable.

Evaluation of Different Radiative Transfer Models for Microwave Backscatter Estimation of Wheat Fields

This study aimed to analyze existing microwave surface (Oh, Dubois, Water Cloud Model “WCM”, Integral Equation Model “IEM”) and canopy (Water Cloud Model “WCM”, Single Scattering Radiative Transfer “SSRT”) Radiative Transfer (RT) models and assess advantages and disadvantages of different model combinations in terms of VV polarized radar backscatter simulation of wheat fields. The models are driven with field measurements acquired in 2017 at a test site near Munich, Germany. As vegetation descriptor for the canopy models Leaf Area Index (LAI) was used. The effect of empirical model parameters is evaluated in two different ways: (a) empirical model parameters are set as static throughout the whole time series of one growing season and (b) empirical model parameters describing the backscatter attenuation by the canopy are treated as non-static in time. The model results are compared to a dense Sentinel-1 C-band time series with observations every 1.5 days. The utilized Sentinel-1 time series comprises images acquired with different satellite acquisition geometries (different incidence and azimuth angles), which allows us to evaluate the model performance for different acquisition geometries. Results show that total LAI as vegetation descriptor in combination with static empirical parameters fit Sentinel-1 radar backscatter of wheat fields only sufficient within the first half of the vegetation period. With the saturation of LAI and/or canopy height of the wheat fields, the observed increase in Sentinel-1 radar backscatter cannot be modeled. Probable cause are effects of changes within the grains (both structure and water content per leaf area) and their influence on the backscatter. However, model results with LAI and non-static empirical parameters fit the Sentinel-1 data well for the entire vegetation period. Limitations regarding different satellite acquisition geometries become apparent for the second half of the vegetation period. The observed overall increase in backscatter can be modeled, but a trend mismatch between modeled and observed backscatter values of adjacent time points with different acquisition geometries is observed.

The Influence of Algae as a Bioactive Additive on the Properties of Suspension Fertilizers

Algae contain essential plant nutrients, various microelements and bioactive substances promoting full supply of nutritious substances to plants during their entire vegetation period. They are attractive because their cultivation does not require plots of agricultural land, and they use carbon dioxide as well as nitrogen and phosphorus compounds to accumulate biomass. Besides, they are environment-friendly and their use makes it possible to create a closed cycle. Chemical composition of algae shows that they are suitable for use as a fertilizer component, because they have no aluminium or silicon, and heavy metal concentration does not exceed permitted limits. The particles 106 – 212 μm in size contain mostly (65.4 %) algae, and are irregular in shape. By using algae, fine sediment remains in suspension 4 times longer and settles slowly to the bottom (with 4 % clay additive, the solid phase settles in 40 min, and with 4 % algae – in 130 min). Stable NPK 12-4-18 suspension fertilizers suitable for use during a warm period were obtained with 3.5 % algae additive. The main properties of such suspensions are: pH 6.3; crystallization temperature + 8.21 °C; density – 1226 kg/m3, viscosity – 7.32 mm2/s.

Applied methods for remote sensing of the Earth in the interests of agriculture of Russian Far East

The paper presents the methods (procedures) of processing data from satellites of the Landsat series, for classification and evaluation of agricultural land used for rice cultivation in the area of Lake Khanka, Primorsky Krai. Opportunities for using various vegetation indices for analysis are described, as well as their complex combinations that ensure most accurate identification of the considered culture during the entire period of active vegetation. The developed procedures provided foundation for analysing the growth dynamics of crops innate to the Far East, where the potential for using satellite data for agricultural needs remains practically untapped.

The effect of hydrothermal coefficient on productivity of maize hybrids of various groups of ripeness

The improvement of the breeding programs, selection of the optimal group of ripeness depends on the soil and climatic conditions for which varieties and hybrids are developed. One of the most important indicators of climatic conditions is the hydrothermal coefficient (HTC). The purpose of the current study was to analyze the effect of HTC on the productivity of maize hybrids of various groups of ripeness. The studies were carried out in 2014–2019 at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” located in the southern zone of the Rostov Region, characterized by unstable moisture. The objects of the study were 96 interlinear maize hybrids of three groups of ripeness, namely an early ripening group (FAO 150), a middle-early ripening group (FAO 200) and a middle ripening group (FAO 300). There was a systematic use of variants in the trials. The weather conditions of the years 2014 and 2018 could be estimated as arid (HTC = 0.32–0.57). The years 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2019 were of medium aridity (HTC = 0.58–0.89). The HTC determined only for the entire vegetation period did not allow estimating objectively the growing conditions. There has been required a more detailed analysis of the HTC for the periods (months) of vegetation. On average, over the years of study, the middle ripening maize hybrids were characterized with the largest grain productivity (3.98 t/ha). The early ripening maize hybrids were characterized with the smallest productivity (3.31 t/ha). The middle-early ripening hybrids were characterized with the average value (3.80 t/ha). However, in different years, the maximum grain yields were produced by the hybrids of various groups of ripeness, including by the early ripening varieties, that depended on the amount of HTC in different vegetation periods. There have been identified average positive correlation coefficients between the HTC values and maize hybrids’ productivity (r = 0.64–0.74). The use of maize hybrids of various groups of ripeness can stabilize the gross harvest of maize.

Lovni usevi - principi i mogućnosti primene u zasadima korenastog povrća

Vegetable production is one of the most intensive parts of agricultural production in Serbia. There are several different classifications of vegetable species, but the most common is based on the edible part of the plant. This classification emphasizes root vegetables as a special and very important category. During the entire vegetation period, root vegetables are exposed to numerous pests, which reduce the value and quality of the final product. In addition to insects, which represent the most numerous group of animals, vegetables are also damaged by mites, nematodes, snails, rodents and some species of birds. One of the ecologically acceptable methods in the protection of vegetables is trap cropping, whereby certain plant species, the so-called trap plants are used to attract pests, in order to reduce the damage of the main crop. In modern agricultural production, trap crops are used as a common tool in Integrated Pest Management. Rising interest of agricultural producers for trap cropping is primarily attributed to the public concern about the potential negative effects of pesticides to human and environmental health, as well as to the increasing problem of pest resistance to insecticides. Since root vegetables intended for the market are primarily in fresh condition, an important segment of production is the effective protection of vegetable crops, which implies production of healthy and safe food. In that sense, the consideration of trap crops application in protection of root vegetables is more than justified, because trap cropping represents an environmentally friendly method and an effective alternative to conventional protection of vegetables from economically important pests.

Regularities of beet root crop yield formation based on retrospective data

The article presents a statistical model of the impact of agromeliorative factors, including methods and modes of irrigation on the productivity of beet root crops in the combination of drip irrigation and fine sprinkling (MAV). The experiments were carried out according to a three – factor scheme providing for the regulation of the phytoclimate (factor A): A1 - drip irrigation; A2-drip irrigation together with the management of the phytoclimate by MAV. Hydrothermal regulation of the phytoclimate was carried out using additional equipment with an interval of 1 hour during the entire vegetation period, provided that the air temperature was higher than the biologically optimal 26°C. the parameters of controlling the lowest humidity of HB (factor B) were taken: B1 – 70 %; B2 – 80 %. On the basis of the dispersion statistical analysis of the results of field studies, the following statistically significant shares of their participation in the formation of the crop were established: factor A – 23%, factor B – 29%, factor C – 44%. The revealed joint influence of factors A and C on the variability of the crop of root crops, the share of which was two percent, exceeds the value of the influence of other pair interactions.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ РЕЖИМА ВЛАЖНОСТИ ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ ПОЧВЫ ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ МНОГОЛЕТНИХ ТРАВ НА ОРОШАЕМЫХ ЗЕМЛЯХ

The purpose of the research is to establish the humidity regime of sod-podzolic soil when growing perennial grasses. Experiments were conducted at the experimental site in 2012-2014. When conducting scientific research on the water regime of sod-podzolic soils for irrigation of perennial grasses, the method developed at the department of land reclamation and recultivation of the Russian state agrarian University-Moscow state agricultural Academy named after C.A. Timiryazev was used. Studies were conducted on experimental plots and in lysimeters. Experimental data obtained on plots are presented. Based on the results of research, using the formula of V.V. Shabanov,a graph of the relationship between the relative yield (Yi /Ymax) of perennial grasses and the relative humidity of sod-podzolic soil (in a layer of 50 cm) during sprinkling was constructed. In the formula of V.V. Shabanov for the conditions under consideration, the value of the coefficient Yi was obtained equal to 4.263. It was found that the humidity of the sod-podzolic soil of watershed territories. must be maintained in the optimal range taking into account the requirements of plants during the entire vegetation period. The best range of humidity of sod-podzolic soil of watershed territories according to scientific research data is for perennial grasses (0.61-0.78) PV. The correlation coefficient of this relationship is 0.96 ± 0.089 which indicates a close relationship between the considered features. At optimal humidity of sod-podzolic soils (0.61-0.78) of PV and a groundwater depth of 1.60 m or deeper (the territory of watersheds) there is a leaching regime.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ БИОХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА БЕРЕЗЫ ПОВИСЛОЙ (BETULA PENDULA ROTH.) В УСЛОВИЯХ ТЕХНОГЕННОЙ СРЕДЫ

The results of studies of the peculiarities of the biochemical composition of silver birch, taking into account the exposure of the crown of a tree in the conditions of a large industrial centre of Naberezhnye Chelny (Republic of Tatarstan) are presented. The multivariate variance analysis of the research results showed that the studied parameters in the leaves of silver birch were significantly influenced by a complex of growing conditions, the growing season, exposure of the location of leaves and the interaction of these factors. In the main plantations in the leaves of the northern exposure, a higher concentration of ascorbic acid was noted during the entire period of active vegetation of plants, while the activity of ascorbate oxidase, on the contrary, was higher in the leaves of the southern exposure in June and July. In the plantations of sanitary protection zones of industrial enterprises and main plantations (July, August), a higher content of tannins in the leaves of the northern exposure was noted, compared to the leaves of the southern exposure. The activity of polyphenol oxidase in June in Sanzone plants in the leaves of northern exposure was the highest; in other cases, no significant differences were found. The investigated substances are important elements of the network of metabolic reactions of the antioxidant plant defense system aimed at compensating for the negative impact of the aggregate of air pollutants.

Change in the Fractional Composition of Carotenoids in Calendula officinalis L. as Priming Effect when Using Zinc and Nitrogen Fertilizers in Chernozem

This article considers agrochemical factors as cultivation conditions for medicinal plants, allowing to increase their biomass, as well as to affect the change in fractional composition and carotenoid concentration in Calendula officinalis L. The effect of different doses of zinc and zinc with an additional introduction of nitrogen on morphological changes, blooming, and productivity of Kalta variety calendula plants was traced in a vegetation experiment. The delivery of the main elements and microelements in the above-ground part of plants by variants was studied using chemical methods. Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the qualitative composition of carotenoids and their number were established. Based on the data obtained, the calculated value of carotenoid accumulation by the plants for the entire vegetation period was determined. The results were statistically processed. The factors that we selected in the vegetation experiment formed contrasting variants allowing us to determine the most effective agricultural technology for medicinal plant growing.

Процесс изменения влагозапасов на пашне и пастбищах с учетом физического испарения

Abstract. Purpose and objectives. The stated objective of the study is the evaporation process with an open soil surface under different conditions of precipitation and moisture accumulation before the plant vegetation. Materials and methods. Theoretical calculations were given and methods of mathematical modeling of the process of changing moisture reserves in the soil layer were applied. In field studies, evaporation was taken into account against the background of the existing (actual) vegetable screen (winter wheat). Research results. An algorithm has been developed to describe the dynamics of moisture reserves in the soil, taking into account the time factor, or rather, their daily change. The algorithm is built on the principle of sequential posting of events. All settlement work was carried out in a step-by-step, automatic mode (daily) for the entire period of plant vegetation. The article draws attention to the large role in the evaporation process of the vegetable screen, especially its parameters. It was revealed that the amount of moisture in the soil layer also plays a role. It was shown that with increasing moisture reserves in the soil, evaporation in absolute terms, in time, increases, and in a normalized form decreases. The reasons, according to the authors, are two. One of them is associated with the differentiation of moisture in the soil, and the other is associated with purely mathematical properties (since the denominator and numerator of the fraction change according to different laws when normalizing evaporation). Scientific novelty. The resulting structures and algorithms allow us not only to determine the daily moisture reserves in the soil on arable land and on pastures (taking into account physical evaporation), but also during further study can become the basis for modeling processes under different climate change scenarios.

Phenological Features of (Mamestra Brassicae L. 1758) Development in Agrocoenosis of Cabbage in the Kamin-Kashyrskyi District (Volyn Region, Ukraine)

The animal world of Ukraine is characterized by a large variety of species. Among the lepidoptera there are a lot of pests whose larvae cause significant damage to agriculture. In the paper, we investigated the seasonal and perennial dynamics of vegetable crops pests’ population of Mamestra brassicae in the agrobiocenoses of white cabbage. The basis of our study was the investigation of the relative quantity of the pest larvae, we demonstrated the damage to plants, as well as the periods of intensive emergence of the imago and the number of generations per year. In future, this will enable the development of effective ecologically sound methods for controlling the number of species of white cabbage pests in the conditions of Kamin-Kashyrskyi district of Volyn region. Kamin-Kashyrskyi area has a flat terrain and is characterized by a warm temperate continental climate with sufficient amount of moisture, the presence of impoverished sod-podzolic soils. The area is mostly plain, with large marsh massifs, which are favorable conditions for the existence of Mamestra brassicae, as this species is moisture-loving. Observation of biocenotic connections in the agrobiocenoses of white cabbage and stationary research on the development of protection, testing and implementation systems was carried out during 2017-2018 at the garden sites of Kamin-Kashirsky district during the entire vegetation period of the plants. White cabbage is damaged throughout the period of vegetation, however, the damage that appear after emergence of seedlings and planting of seedlings into the soil are dangerous due to their consequences. In the second half of summer and in autumn, the larvae of Mamestra brassicae caused significant damage to cabbage plants in the gardens of Novi Chervyshcha. Within this area, Mamestra brassicae develops two generations per year, causing tangible damage to the agrocoenosis of cabbage of different sowing dates. The contamination of cabbage by the larva of the first and second generations approximately accounts to 24%, where 2-3 larvae live on one plant. The massive emergence of the imago occurs in the middle of May the first half of June while the average daily temperature is +20°С to +22°С. The first egg laying was recorded at the end of May, which the female lays in groups, 20-80 units on the underside of the leaves, and the embryonic development lasts 6 to 8 days. Pupae hibernate in the soil, at a depth of 8-12 cm. Significant damage to white cabbage plants was caused by the larvae of the first generation in June and early July, and of the second generation in August and early September. They intensively feed at night and at dawn, and in the daytime there is a decline in mobility and nutritional activity. Second-generation larvae often bite into cabbage heads where they make holes and pollute them with their liquid excrement, which leads to a decrease in crops. The use of microbiological drugs Dimilin and Insehar are some of the most effective ways to get rid of Lepidoptera, including larvae of Mamestra brassicae, which provide protection of cabbage plants by 93-97%.