Entire Mole Fraction Range Research Articles

Excess Molar Volume and Deviations in Viscosity of the Binary Liquid Mixtures Containing 1,3-Dioxolane + Alkanols at T = 298.15k

Thermodynamic and transport properties of liquid and liquid mixtures have been used to understand the intermolecular interactions between the components of the mixture. The sound velocity, density and viscosity of binary liquid mixtures are important from practical and theoretical point of view to understand the liquid theory. In the present study sound velocity, density and viscosity have been measured of binary mixtures of 1, 3-dioxolane with pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, nonanol and decanol over the entire range of mole fraction at 298.15K, and atmospheric pressure. From these experimental measurements the excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), have been calculated. The excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), have been analyzed in terms of interactions arising due to structural effect, charge-transfer complexes and dipole-dipole interaction between unlike molecules. These deviations have been correlated by a polynomial Redlich-Kister equation. The excess properties are found to be eighter negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and nature of the liquid mixtures. Excess properties provide important information in understanding the solute-solvent interaction in a solution. The excess molar volume (V<sub>m</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), excess viscosity (η<SUP>E</SUP>), acoustic impedance (Z<SUP>E</SUP>) and excess adiabatic compressibility (β<sub>ad</sub><SUP>E</SUP>), values have been interpreted to terms of the nature of intermolecular interactions between constituent molecules of mixtures.

Volumetric and ultrasonic studies of molecular interactions in binary mixtures of N,N-dimethylacetamide with some polyethylene glycols at temperatures from 293.15 to 323.15 K

The intermolecular interactions in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) + polyethylene glycol (PEG) mixtures have been examined from the measurements of the densities, ρ and speeds of sound, u of DMA + PEG 200 or PEG 300 or PEG 400 or PEG 600 mixtures over the entire mole fraction range at temperatures, T = (293.15–323.15) K and atmospheric pressure. Various excess parameters, viz., excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, excess intermolecular free length, excess speed of sound, excess molar isentropic compressibility and excess acoustic impedance were evaluated using measured data. These excess properties were correlated with the Redlich–Kister equation. In addition, the partial molar volume and compressibility; excess partial molar volume and compressibility of the components over the entire composition range; and partial molar volume and compressibility and excess partial molar volume and compressibility of the components at infinite dilution have also been calculated. These evaluated parameters have been interpreted by means of prevailing intermolecular interactions in these mixtures. The presence of strong intermolecular interactions among DMA and PEG molecules have been revealed from the evaluated parameters of these mixtures. The speeds of sound were predicted theoretically using scaled particle theory and compared with experimental values. FT-IR spectra of pure DMA, PEG 200 and their equimolar mixtures were also recorded and analysed for better understanding of prevailing intermolecular interaction.

Thermo physical and spectroscopic properties of binary liquid mixtures at various temperatures and correlation with the Jouyban–Acree model (propargyl alcohol, ethanoic acid, propanoic acid and butanoic acid)

ABSTRACT A thorough investigation into binary mixtures of propargyl alcohol and various carboxylic acids (ethanoic, propanoic and butanoic) was conducted. Measurements of density (ρ), speed of sound (u) and viscosity (η) were meticulously performed across the entire range of mole fractions at temperatures (303.15 K−313.15 K) and atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa). These data were used to calculate key thermodynamic and transport properties, including excess molar volume, excess isentropic compressibility, deviation in viscosity and excess Gibbs free energy of activation for viscous flow. The partial molar properties and infinite dilution molar partial properties were also determined for each binary system. Trends and behaviours were interpreted within the framework of intermolecular interactions, focusing on complex formation and specific chemical forces. The PFP theory and Jouyban–Acree model were critically applied, with confidence in the findings supported by FTIR studies.

Density, viscosity, excess properties, and intermolecular interaction of propylene glycol methyl ether + 1,2-propylenediamine binary system

In this work, the systematic measurements of physicochemical properties, viz., density (ρ) and viscosity (η) values of propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME) + 1,2-propylenediamine (1,2-PDA) binary system, including pure substances, over the entire mole fraction range at the temperatures of T/K = (298.15 to 318.15) under atmospheric pressure of P = 100.5 kPa. The fundamental data were used to calculate several excess properties, including excess molar volume (VmE), viscosity deviation (Δη), and excess activation Gibbs free energy (ΔG∗E). Meanwhile, the work further investigated the values of thermal expansion coefficient (αp), partial molar volume (V¯) and apparent molar volume (Vφ), thereby offering a comprehensive understanding on non-ideal behavior of the binary system. Furthermore, the variations in ρ values with various molar ratios and temperatures were evaluated through Jouyban-Acree model and nonlinear least squares method. Simultaneously, Grunberg-Nissan model, Eyring-Margules model, Heric model, and McAllister model, were used to fit the dependence of η values on the molar ratio. Arrhenius equation was employed to fit the temperature dependency of η values. In addition, Redlich-Kister (R-K) equation was utilized to fit the VmE, Δη, and ΔG∗E values of binary system. Based on spectral analyses of Raman, ultra-violet (UV), and 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and density functional theory (DFT) calculation, the intermolecular hydrogen bond (IHB) of PGME with 1,2-PDA was discussed in depth.

Studying Different Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Liquid Mixture of Ethyl Acetate with 1-Alkanols at 303.15K

Abstract: Experimental values of ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ) and viscosity (η) for the binary mixtures of ethyl acetate with 1-alkanols have been measured at 303.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. Using these data, the excess isentropic compressibility (βES), excess intermolecular free length (LEF), excess molar volume (VEM), excess free volume (VEF) and excess available volume (VEa) have been calculated. These parameters were used to study the nature and extent of intermolecular interaction between component molecules present in the binary mixtures. Excess values of isentropic compressibility, intermolecular free length, molar volume, free volume and available volume were plotted against the mole fraction of ethyl acetate over the whole composition range. From the properties of these excess parameters, the nature and strength of the interactions in these binary systems are discussed.

APPLICATION OF REFRACTIVE INDEX MIXING PRINCIPLES IN BINARY SYSTEMS AT T=298.15, 308.15 AND 318.15K

Binary liquid mixes of 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 1-hexanol, and 1-heptanol with hexadecane and heptadecane have had their densities and refractive indices experimentally determined at 298.15, 308.15, and 318.15 K. To determine whether the Lorentz-Lorenz (L-L), Weiner-Heller (W-H), and Gladstone-Dale (G-D) relations for predicting the refractive index of a liquid are valid for the eight binaries over the entire mole fraction range of hexadecane and heptadecane at the three temperatures, a comparative study of these relationships has been conducted. The average percentage deviation has been used to compare different mixing rules. Comparatively speaking, the Weiner and Gladstone-Dale relations perform better than the Lorentz-Lorenz and Heller relations.

Synthesis and physico-chemical characterization of binary mixtures of hydroxyl- and ester-functionalized ionic liquids

The first binary system of 1-(6-hydroxyhexyl)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (IL-OH) and 1-(hexyl-4-oxopentanoate)-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (IL-Ester) ionic liquids (ILs) was prepared across the entire mole fraction range. Physico-chemical properties such as density, viscosity, thermal stability and refractive index were determined for the binary system at different temperatures. It was found that the density decreases whereas viscosity and refractive index increase as a function of IL-Ester mole fraction. Furthermore, the excess properties (molar volumes, and refractive indices) were calculated which indicated increasing interactions and hence improved packing efficiency by the addition of IL-Ester. The thermal stability was somewhat lowered by the presence of IL-Ester. Hence, this study has provided an insight into the mixing behaviour and interactions among these binary mixtures. A group contribution method was applied to estimate densities from refractive index measurements. Overall, this work forms the basis for developing these types of ionic liquids for reactive extractions of value-added products.

Acoustical material-Debye temperature and surface tension studies in multifunctional combination para-anisidine and amyl acetate at four temperatures T = (303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K

Acoustical and Debye temperature along with surface tension studies have been done in the binary mixture of Para-anisidine and Amyl acetate from the basic measurements of speed of sound, density and viscosity over the entire molefraction range of Para-anisidine at four different temperatures T = (303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15) K. These measurements and obtained parameters are used to highlight the molecular association between the component molecules of liquid mixture. Also, these acoustical, Debye temperature and surface tension studies are carefully examined with each other in view of temperature. The thermal behavior and molecular interaction between the constituent molecules of liquid mixtures are explained using the observed and derived results.

Volumetric Properties, Molar Surface Gibbs Energy, and Its Application of Binary Systems Containing Ether-Group Functionalized Ionic Liquid with Monohydric Alcohols

Ether-group functionalized ionic liquid N-(2-methoxyethyl)-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)amide, [C1OC2pyrr][NTf2], was synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and TGA. The density and surface tension of binary mixtures including [C1OC2pyrr][NTf2] and monohydric alcohols were measured over the entire range of mole fractions in different temperatures. Based on the experimental data of density and surface tension, the volumetric and surface properties of [C1OC2pyrr][NTf2] and its binary mixtures were obtained, and Vm, αp, and VE were explored. The effects of temperature and composition on these properties were investigated, and the excess molar volume of two binary mixtures was well fitted by the Redlick-Kister equation. The molar surface Gibbs energy (gs) of [C1OC2pyrr][NTf2] and its binary mixtures was calculated, and the traditional Eötvös equation was modified; moreover, all parameters had a clear physical meaning. Finally, based on gs, the surface tension of [C1OC2pyrr][NTf2] and its binary mixtures was estimated, and it is in good agreement with experimental values.

Optical studies of binary mixture containing palm biodiesel and alkanols : experimental and theoretical interpretation

Refractive indices (nD ) of binary mixture containing palm biodiesel (P) and alkanols (1-pentanol (1P) and 3-pentanol (3P)) were measured at different temperatures (298.15,303.15k,308.15k,313.15k,318.15k) at 0.1 MPa over the entire composition range of mole fractions. The nD values of pure compounds and their binary mixtures were measured by using refractometer (Anton Paar Abbemat 200). Experimental data of nD were used to compute deviation in refractive index (Δn). Further, refractive index values also have been measured in terms of different mixing rules like Lorentz-Lorentz (L.L), Gladstone-Dale (G.D), Heller-relation (H.R) and Weiner-relation (W.R). The experimental data of nD compared well with the values obtained by using mixing rules for binary mixture P (1) + Alkanols (2). The measured data were correlated by Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The effect of temperature has also been investigated.

Thermodynamic properties of binary liquid mixtures of benzyl alcohol with 2-Alkoxyethanols at varying temperatures

In the present research, density (ρ) and speed of sound (u) for binary liquid mixtures of the benzyl alcohol (BA) with three 2-alkoxyalcohols {2-methoxyethanol (2-ME), 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EE), and 2-butoxyethanol (2-BE)} at temperatures of 298.15, 303,15 and 308.15 K have been measured over complete concentration of benzyl alcohol under 0.1 MPa pressure. According to measured results, excess molar volume (VmE) and deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκs) were computed and these observed results were correlated to Redlich−Kister (R-K) polynomial expansion. Further, molar volume (Vm), apparent molar volumes (Vm,∅,1 and Vm,∅,2), acoustic impedance (Z), isentropic compressibility (ks), intermolecular free length (Lf), deviation in intermolecular free length (ΔLf) were calculated at all worked temperatures. For all studied systems, excess molar volume (VmE) and deviation in isentropic compressibility (Δκs), and deviation in intermolecular free length (ΔLf) were negative over the entire mole fraction range of benzyl alcohol at all measured temperatures. Among the three systems, benzyl alcohol with 2-ethoxyethanol containing system showed more negative. By using the obtained results, intermolecular interactions were discussed between benzyl alcohol and 2-alkoxyethanols. Moreover, the influence of temperature on intermolecular interactions was analyzed using above said parameters.

Role of mixing thermodynamic properties on the Soret effect.

We demonstrate that the modified Kempers model, a recently developed theoretical model for the Soret effect in oxide melts, is applicable for predicting the composition dependence of the Soret coefficient in three binary molecular liquids with negative enthalpies of mixing. We compared the theoretical and experimental values for water/ethanol, water/methanol, water/ethylene glycol, water/acetone, and benzene/n-heptane mixtures. In water/ethanol, water/methanol, and water/ethylene glycol, which have negative enthalpies of mixing across the entire mole fraction range, the modified Kempers model successfully predicts the signchange of the Soret coefficient with high accuracy, whereas, in water/acetone and benzene/n-heptane, which have composition ranges with positive enthalpies of mixing, it cannot predict the signchange of the Soret coefficient. These results suggest that the model is applicable in composition ranges with negative enthalpies of mixing and provides a framework for predicting and understanding the Soret effect from the equilibrium thermodynamic properties of mixing, such as the partial molar volume, partial molar enthalpy of mixing, and chemical potential.

English

Refractive index is a characteristic parameter of fluids with numerous industrial uses. The values of refractive indices of many pure liquids are known or can be found in the literature. However, when experimental values of the liquid mixtures are not available then refractive indices of binary mixtures and multi-component liquids are frequently assessed from the pure constituents using mixing rules. The refractive indices  of binary mixture and pure liquids methyl laurate (M.L) and pentan -2-ol (P) over the entire mole fraction range at five temperatures (298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15K) were measured using an Anton-Paar Abbemat 3200 refractometer and were tested with the traditional equations, viz Gladstone-Dale (G.D), Lorentz-Lorentz (L.L), Weiner-relation (W.R) and Heller-relation (H.R). The excess refractive indices  were calculated using measured experimental refractive indices  and  ideal refractive indices. The values of excess refractive indices were found to be negative at low mole fractions and positive over the high mole fractions. The experimental data for binary mixture involving methyl laurate + Pentan-2-ol authenticate the mixing rules. Key words: Excess refractive index, binary mixture, mixing rules, methyl laurate.

Density and Ultrasonic Study of Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride with Hydrocarbon at 303.15 K.

Experimental values of Ultrasonic velocity and density for the binary mixture of Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride with Hydrocarbons have been measured at 303.15 K over the entire mole fraction range, using these data the excess Adiabatic compressibility (βsE) and excess Free length (Lf E) have been calculated. These parameter were used to study the nature and extent of intermolecular interaction between component molecules, present in binary mixture. excess value of Adiabatic compressibility (βsE), sound velocity (UE ) and free length(Lf E) were plotted against the mole fraction of Benzene Sulphonyl Chloride over the whole composition range the value of βsE, UE, Lf E for these three binary mixture have been found to be negative, the non linear variation of these parameter show the presence of interaction and their excess value is indicative of interaction between the components molecule in all system.

Study on Interaction Capabilities of Ternary Liquid Mixtures by Thermodynamic Parameters at 308.15 K

Thermodynamic properties provide a deep and significant insight of the various interactions taking place multi component liquid mixtures especially in the field of petrochemical and reservoir engineering. The density, viscosity and ultrasonic velocity were measured experimentally for diethylmalonate (DEM) +1,4-dioxane with nitrobenzene (TM-1) and diethylmalonate (DEM) +1,4-dioxane + toluene (TM-2) at the temperature of 308.15K and atmospheric pressure over the entire range of mole fraction. The excess thermodynamic properties such as excess volume (VE), excess adiabatic compressibility (ΔKs), excess viscosity (Δɳ), excess free volume (ΔVF), excess free length (ΔLF), excess isothermal compressibility (ΔβΤ), were calculated from measured values and applied to Redlich - Kister polynomial equation to determine the appropriate coefficients. The excess or deviation properties were found to be either negative or positive depending on the molecular interactions and the nature of liquid mixtures. The deviations of the ternary mixtures from its ideal behaviour were determined in order to investigate the molecular interaction between the components of ternary liquid mixtures.

Free Volume and Internal Pressure of Binary Liquid Mixtures from Ultrasonic Velocity at 303.15 K

Ultrasonic velocity (u), density (ρ), and viscosity (η) measurements have been taken in six binary liquid mixtures ethyl acetate + methanol, ethyl acetate + ethanol, ethyl acetate + propanol, ethyl acetate + butanol, ethyl acetate + hexanol and ethyl acetate + octanol at 303.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. The experimental data has been used to calculate the free volume, internal pressure and their excess values. Excess values of free volume〖(V〗_f^E) and internal pressure (p_i^E) were plotted against the mole fraction of ethyl acetate over the whole composition range at 303.15 K. They have been analyzed to discuss the nature and strength of intermolecular interactions in these mixtures.

Excess thermodynamic properties and FTIR studies of binary mixtures of aniline with esters at different temperatures

Densities (ρ) and speeds of sound (u) were measured over the entire mole fraction range for the binary mixtures of aniline with butyl acetate (BA), iso-butyl acetate (IBA), tert-butyl acetate (TBA) and butyl acrylate (BAc) at T = (303.15–318.15) K. These data were used to compute excess molar volume (VmE), excess isentropic compressibility (κSE) and excess speed of sound (uE) for investigating the different types of intermolecular interactions present in the mixtures. These parameters have been correlated with Redlich-Kister equation. Further, the u and VmE values have been analyzed with different theoretical models. The molecular structure and polarity of the ester molecule along with the nature and bulkiness of its alkyl group found to affect the magnitude of investigated excess thermodynamic properties of the binary systems. FTIR spectral analysis of these mixtures was used to understand the interactions between component molecules and to correlate them with the thermodynamic findings.

Studies acoustic behaviour of the binary mixture of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate with 1- hexanol at 298.15 K

Densities and speeds of sound and their excess properties for 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate [Bmim] [PF6] with 1-Hexanol over the entire range of mole fraction are reported at temperature 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Isentropic and excess isentropic compressibility for ionic liquid with 1-Hexanol were calculated from the experimental results. The excess values are fitted to the Redlich−Kister polynomial equation to estimate the binary coefficients and standard error between the experimental and calculated values. The measured speeds of sound were compared to the values obtained from Schaaffs' collision factor theory, Jacobson's intermolecular free length theory of solutions and Nomoto’s relation. The theoretical results obtained from these relations fairly agrees within the experimental precision. Further, the molecular interactions involved in IL binary mixture system were studied.

Viscometric Properties of Binary Mixtures of 1,4-Butanediol + Cresols at Different Temperatures

The viscosities of binary mixtures of 1,4-butanediol with o-cresol, m-cresol and p-cresol have been determined at 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. The deviation in viscosity,, and excess Gibbs energy of activation (G*E) of viscous flow have been examined in terms of structural changes and interactions. The deviations/excess values were fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation to determine the fitting parameters and the root-mean square deviations. The results obtained for viscosity of binary mixtures were used to test the semi-empirical relations of Bingham, Frenkel, Kendall, HindUbbelhode, Refutas, Sutherland Wassiljiewa, Gambill, McAllister, Hind, Grunberg, Wijk, McAllister 4 body, Tamura Kurata, Katti-Chaudhri and Nhaesi.

Studies on excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations of binary mixtures of household kerosene and premium motor spirit at 303K

Density and viscosity of binary liquid mixtures of household kerosene (HHK) and premium motor spirit (PMS) were determined over the entire range of mole fraction at 303K. Excess molar volume (VE), molar volume (Vm), Excess Viscosity (ηE), Viscosity deviations (Δη) and excess Gibbs free energies of activation of viscous flow (ΔGE) were calculated. The results obtained shows that excess free energy of activation were all positive over the entire mole fraction. The viscosity deviation shows both negative and positive values. The positive VE obtained in this study shows increase in volume in the binary mixture. This work will help in effective monitoring, detection of adulterated kerosene and subsequent enforcement of severe penalty on such adulteration.