Entire Interval Research Articles

Development of a Semiconductor Time Relay for Locomotives

Purpose. The need to replace the outdated element base of locomotive electrical apparatuses is urgent under conditions of locomotive overhaul to extend their service life. The main aim of the work is to reduce costs for the operation and repair of rolling stock by increasing the reliability of electrical apparatuses, the introduction of unified technical solutions. Methodology. Using the system-historical approach, the advantages and disadvantages of the main design principles of electrical apparatuses of locomotives are found out. The improvement directions of the elemental base of the time relay have been determined. The need to develop unified technical solutions for the implementation of locomotive time relays is substantiated. Using the methods of applied theory of digital machines and circuit engineering, a semiconductor time relay for locomotives was developed, which provides the possibility of implementing 23 options for time delay without changing the relay design. The proposed methodology allows designing universal electronic relays with any ranges of time delays. A combination of binary counters and a multiplexer is used as the main elements of the time delay control. The absence of elements of control capacitance and active resistance (RC circuits) in the scheme of the proposed semiconductor time relay allows ensuring the stability of the time relay characteristics over the entire operating interval, reducing the maintenance and repair costs of electrical apparatuses. Findings. A unified time relay with a wide range of time delay and the possibility of connecting electrical circuits of locomotives with a supply voltage of 50 and 110 V has been developed. The obtained results make it possible to predict the further development of semiconductor time relays and to apply the developed semiconductor (electronic) time relay for all types of railway rolling stock. Originality. In the work, the development of technologies and the element base of locomotive electrical apparatuses were analysed. The need to improve the element base of electrical apparatuses is substantiated using a time relay example. Practical value. Based on the proposed technical solutions, it is possible to produce a universal semiconductor time relay for locomotives.

Hydrocarbon Potential Assessment of Carbonate-Bearing Sediments in a Meyal Oil Field, Pakistan: Insights from Logging Data Using Machine Learning and Quanti Elan Modeling.

The Meyal oil field (MOF) is among the most important contributors to Pakistan's oil and gas industry. Northern Pakistan's Potwar Basin is located in the foreland and thrust bands of the Himalayan mountains. The current research aims to delineate the hydrocarbon potential, reservoir zone evaluation, and lithofacies identification through the utilization of seven conventional well logs (M-01, M-08, M-10, M-12, M-13P, and M-17). We employed the advanced unsupervised machine-learning method of self-organizing maps for lithofacies identification and the novel Quanti Elan model technique for comprehensive multimineral evaluation. The shale volume, porosity, permeability, and water saturation (petrophysical parameters) of six wells were evaluated to identify the reservoir potential and prospective reservoir zones. Well-logging data and self-organizing maps were used in this study to provide a less costly method for the objective and systematic identification of lithofacies. According to the SOM and Pickett plot analyses, the zone of interest is mostly made up of pure limestone oil zone, whereas the sandy and dolomitic behavior with a mixture of shale content shows non-reservoir oil-water and water zones. The reservoir has good porosity values that range from 0 to 18%, but there is a high water saturation of up to 45% in reservoir production zones. The presence of shale in the entire reservoir interval has a negative effect on the permeability value, but the petrophysical properties of the Meyal oil reservoir are good enough to permit hydrocarbon production. According to the petrophysical estimates, the Meyal oil field's Sakesar and Chorgali Formations are promising reservoirs, and new prospects for drilling wells in the southern and central portions of the eastern portion of the research area are recommended.

The Cretaceous-Paleogene contact in the Tornillo Group of Big Bend National Park, West Texas, USA

Abstract The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) contact interval is constrained by vertebrate fossil sites at seven sites in the Tornillo Group and lies within an 80–100-m stratigraphic section between the top of the Javelina Formation and the base of the “log jam sandstone” marker bed in the Black Peaks Formation. In western exposures of this interval, the highest occurrence of in situ dinosaur specimens and the lowest occurrence of Paleocene mammal specimens are separated by an unusual conglomerate bed. This thin conglomerate bed coincides with the contact between Cretaceous and Paleogene strata and contains reworked Cretaceous fossils. It is superficially similar to conglomerate beds elsewhere attributed to the effects of tsunamis generated by the Chicxulub impact; however, the maximum depositional age of ca. 63 Ma based on detrital zircons indicates that the conglomerate was deposited about three million years after the K-Pg boundary event. Paleocene mammalian fossils from immediately above the conglomerate bed represent a fauna that can be no older than the middle Torrejonian (To2 interval zone). The contact between Cretaceous and Paleocene strata is therefore disconformal and represents a hiatus of at least three million years. A condensed section occurs at the westernmost exposure of the K-Pg contact, where at least 80 m of strata are absent below the conglomerate bed; these strata are present in exposures farther east. This condensed section likely records an erosional event resulting from uplift and deformation of the nearby Terlingua monocline. Although the 80 m of strata below the conglomerate bed are poorly fossiliferous, several clearly in situ dinosaur specimens indicate that this entire interval is Late Cretaceous in age. There is no compelling evidence for preservation of the K-Pg boundary event horizon at any of the seven sites in the Tornillo Group, and so the hiatus represented at the Cretaceous/Paleocene contact here likely also includes some part of latest Cretaceous time. Mammalian specimens from sites in the “log jam sandstone,” ~40 m above the middle Torrejonian sites, represent an early Tiffanian fauna (Ti1 interval zone). Latest Torrejonian (To3) sites have not been recognized, and therefore a second disconformity likely coincides with the base of the “log jam sandstone” marker horizon in the Black Peaks Formation.

An iterative learning approach to formation control of discrete‐time multi‐agent systems With varying trial lengths

AbstractIn this article, an iterative learning approach is proposed for the formation control of discrete‐time multi‐agent systems, where the trial length of each learning iteration is randomly varying. In particular, a modified state error related to the prescribed formation is defined by taking into account the nonuniform actual trial length that could be different from the desired one. Then, a P‐type iterative learning protocol is established for switching networks of agents subject to nonuniform trial lengths, and the convergence analyses are given for the fixed and the iteration‐varying initial conditions respectively. It shows that through iterative learning, the given formation will be maintained among multiple agents in the entire time interval of one trial. In the end, simulations are done to demonstrate the correctness of the obtained theoretical results.

Asymptotic coefficients and errors for Chebyshev polynomial approximations with weak endpoint singularities: Effects of different bases

When one solves differential equations by a spectral method, it is often convenient to shift from Chebyshev polynomials Tn(x) with coefficients an to modified basis functions that incorporate the boundary conditions. For homogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions, u(±1) = 0, popular choices include the “Chebyshev difference basis” ςn(x) ≡ Tn+2(x)−Tn(x) with coefficients here denoted by bn and the “quadratic factor basis” ϱn(x) ≡ (1 − x2)Tn(x) with coefficients cn. If u(x) is weakly singular at the boundary, then the coefficients an decrease proportionally to \({\cal O}\left( {A\left( n \right)/{n^\kappa }} \right)\) for some positive constant κ, where A(n) is a logarithm or a constant. We prove that the Chebyshev difference coefficients bn decrease more slowly by a factor of 1/n while the quadratic factor coefficients cn decrease more slowly still as \({\cal O}\left( {A\left( n \right)/{n^{\kappa - 2}}} \right)\). The error for the unconstrained Chebyshev series, truncated at degree n = N, is \({\cal O}\left( {\left| {A\left( N \right)} \right|/{N^\kappa }} \right)\) in the interior, but is worse by one power of N in narrow boundary layers near each of the endpoints. Despite having nearly identical error norms in interpolation, the error in the Chebyshev basis is concentrated in boundary layers near both endpoints, whereas the error in the quadratic factor and difference basis sets is nearly uniformly oscillating over the entire interval in x. Meanwhile, for Chebyshev polynomials, the values of their derivatives at the endpoints are \({\cal O}\left( {{N^2}} \right)\), but only \({\cal O}\left( N \right)\) for the difference basis. Furthermore, we give the asymptotic coefficients and rigorous error estimates of the approximations in these three bases, solved by the least squares method. We also find an interesting fact that on the face of it, the aliasing error is regarded as a bad thing; actually, the error norm associated with the downward curving spectral coefficients decreases even faster than the error norm of infinite truncation. But the premise is under the same basis, and when involving different bases, it may not be established yet.

The dynamics of marine stepwise mass extinction

Mass extinction is characterized by the loss of 50 - 90 + percent of genetically and ecologically diverse species within 1 - 3.5 Myr intervals. Three conflicting theories exist: (1) Graded Mass Extinction; (2) Stepwise Mass Extinction; and (3) Catastrophic Mass Extinction. These can only be adequately tested with high resolution (cm-scale) stratigraphic data spanning the entire mass extinction interval and adjacent strata. Such data are presently available only for the Eocene-Oligocene (E-O), Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) and Cenomanian-Turonian (C-T) extinctions. In general, prevalent uniformitarian stratigraphic philosophy and use of the modern Earth/Life system as a model for the Phanerozoic has hindered the search for, and expectations of, high-resolution stratigraphic data critical) to mass extinction research. The modern Earth/Life "model" predicts highly variable, environmentally and biologically resilient systems and predominantly autocyclic stratigraphic response to large-scale forcing mechanisms.

On nonlinear metric spaces of functions of bounded variation

In the first part of the paper, the nonlinear metric space $\langle\overline{\rm G}^\infty[a,b],d\rangle$ is defined and studied. It consists of functions defined on the interval $[a,b]$ and taking the values in the extended numeric axis $\overline{\mathbb R}$. For any $x\in\overline{\rm G}^\infty[a,b]$ and $t\in(a,b)$ there are limit numbers $x(t-0),x(t+0) \in\overline{\mathbb R}$ (and numbers $x(a+0),x(b-0)\in\overline{\mathbb R}$). The completeness of the space is proved. It is the closure of the space of step functions in the metric $d$. In the second part of the work, the nonlinear space ${\rm RL}[a,b]$ is defined and studied. Every piecewise smooth function defined on $[a,b]$ is contained in ${\rm RL}[a,b]$. Every function $x\in{\rm RL}[a,b]$ has bounded variation. All one-sided derivatives (with values in the metric space $\langle\overline{\mathbb R},\varrho\rangle$) are defined for it. The function of left-hand derivatives is continuous on the left, and the function of right-hand derivatives is continuous on the right. Both functions extended to the entire interval $[a,b]$ belong to the space $\overline{\rm G}^\infty[a,b]$. In the final part of the paper, two subspaces of the space ${\rm RL}[a,b]$ are defined and studied. In subspaces, promising formulations for the simplest variational problems are stated and discussed.

Downlink beamforming design for mobile users in massive MIMO system

With numerous antennas, the massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system can precisely point to the user equipments (UEs) with narrow beams. Mobile UEs, however, may suffer from the narrow beam nature of the massive MIMO system, since UEs may move out of the beam coverage. Frequent CSI feedback and beam adjustment help to track mobile UEs. However, a significant amount of transmission and computation overhead is incurred. In this paper, we consider a mobility adaption problem in massive MIMO systems with infrequent CSI feedback. We propose a beam design method to use one beam to serve multiple transmissions, thus reducing the overhead of frequency beam adjustment. An optimization problem is formulated that maximizes the overall system sum rate during one beam adjustment, i.e., during the entire time interval between CSI feedback. We assume that each transmission antenna has a peak power constraint, as the power amplifier in each branch limits the transmit power. A fractional programming based algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. To further reduce the computation overhead, a sub-optimal solution is obtained. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms achieve satisfactory performance with little transmission and computation overhead compared to existing algorithms.

Coccolith dissolution versus productivity changes during the Plio-Pleistocene (3.14–1.80 MA) in the South Atlantic (ODP site 1090)

Calcareous nannofossil assemblages and fragmentation ratios of two coccolithophore species (Coccolithus pelagicus and Calcidiscus leptoporus) were analysed in samples from ODP Site 1090, South Atlantic (42° 54.8′S, 8° 53.9′E), to obtain valuable insights into the paleoceanographic evolution and carbonate preservation trends during the late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene (3.14–1.80 Ma). Coccolithophore species were identified in a total of 232 samples. Calcareous nannofossil counts revealed shifts in the assemblages that can be correlated with the climatic evolution of the Southern Ocean. Between 3.2 and 2.85 Ma, i.e. during the mid-Pliocene Warmth, the assemblage was dominated by small Gephyrocapsa, a group of species typically associated with upwelling conditions. The dominance of the opportunistic small Gephyrocapsa group can be linked to a more intense mixing of the upper water column most likely due to the more southward position of the Subtropical Front (STF) compared with its present position. After 2.85 Ma, a gradual increase in the cold water species C. pelagicus marked a progressive cooling of the South Atlantic coupled with a northward shift of the (STF). The changes in the assemblage composition co-varied with the δ18O record. Periods with isotopically heavier values (glacial) were dominated by C. pelagicus and periods with lighter values (interglacial) were dominated by very small reticulofenestrids (VSR; <3 μm). After 2.7 Ma, an intensification of the glacial-interglacial patterns of C. pelagicus and VSR was registered. The interval between 2.44 and 2.34 Ma was characterised by low abundance of C. pelagicus and higher biodiversity which are interpreted to be due to a temporal southward movement of the STF interrupting the previously registered cooling. After 2.0 Ma, the decreasing abundance of C. pelagicus suggests a slowdown of the relatively intense cooling registered since 2.7 Ma. The fragmentation ratios of C. pelagicus and C. leptoporus suggest moderate preservation along our interval, with a general trend toward better preservation after 2.2 Ma. This enhanced preservation has been related to a greater input of the less-corrosive northern component water mass into the Cape Basin after 2.2 Ma. The lack of significant glacial-interglacial variations in the fragmentation ratios suggests that the low amplitude of the glacial cycles did not have a substantial impact on the carbonate preservation throughout the entire interval. During MIS 99–98 (approximately 2.5 Ma), a remarkably high accumulation of VSR was found and identified as a short (9 ka) event of high productivity. The timing of this event coincides with that of the Eltanin impact (approximately 2.5 Ma), suggesting that, albeit speculatively, the two events may be related.

Seniors from United States allopathic medical schools matching into pathology residency, 2018–2022

BackgroundFrom 2008 to 2017, 28.8 % fewer United States allopathic medical students (MD seniors) applied to pathology residency in the Main Residency Match (MRM) and 27.5 % fewer matched. This study is a 5-year follow-up. MethodsMRM data from 2018 to 2022 were reviewed to determine the numbers of MD seniors that applied and matched to pathology residency and other major medical specialties. ResultsFrom 2018 to 2022, the number of MD seniors applying to pathology increased 4.6 % from 237 to 248, while MD seniors matching to pathology increased 5.0 % from 220 to 231. For the 4 years from 2018 to 2021, there was a slight decline in MD seniors filling pathology positions, followed by a substantial 16.7 % spike in 2022. For the entire 5-year interval, because the number of filled pathology residency positions increased by 9.0 %, the percentage of filled positions taken by MD seniors declined from 38.7 % to 37.3 %. Of the 15 major medical specialties evaluated, pathology now has the 14th lowest percentage of filled positions taken by MD seniors. ConclusionsThe number of MD seniors applying and matching to pathology residency increased over the past 5-years, in contrast to the timespan of 2008 to 2017. However, the percentage of pathology residency positions taken by MD seniors continued to decline and remains low compared to other major medical specialties. MRM data should be continually monitored to study trends in MD seniors filling pathology residency positions in the context of new recruitment efforts and the pandemic.

Specific Recognition Technology of Infrared Absorption Spectra Based on Continuous Wavelet Decomposition

Because infrared (IR) absorption spectroscopy technology can offer high sensitivity and strong anti-interference capabilities, it is widely used in gas detection. To solve the problem of spectrum line aliasing in gas detection, this study examined the application of IR absorption spectroscopy technology based on time-frequency analysis in component identification. The second derivative spectrum of the IR absorption spectroscopy was processed by continuous wavelet transform to obtain the time-frequency characteristic matrix. The appropriate scale range was selected through the variance of wavelet coefficients. The correlation analysis of time and frequency on the time-frequency characteristic matrix was used for component identification. The experimental results showed that the correlation analysis of the time dimension can extract the characteristic absorption position of the gas to be measured in the gas mixture. The frequency correlation analysis at the characteristic absorption position can improve the recognition accuracy compared with the frequency correlation analysis in the entire spectral interval. The research in this article provides new ideas for the quantitative detection of gases.

On the rhomboidal restricted five-body problem: Analysis of the basins of convergence

This manuscript aims to investigate numerically the effect of parameter λ on the basins of convergence (BoCs) associated with the equilibrium points (EPs) of the restricted rhomboidal five-body problem (RR5BP). Moreover, the parametric variation of EPs and zero velocity curves (ZVCs) are also illustrated. Firstly, we have scanned the entire interval for λ∈(13,3) to evaluate the critical value of λ where the number of EPs changes. It is observed that there exist either eleven, thirteen or fifteen EPs in total, however the stability analysis suggests that none of the EPs are linearly stable. The effect of the parameter λ and Jacobian constant C on the regions of possible motion are also illustrated. A systematic numerical investigation is performed to unveil the fact that how the parameter λ affects the geometry of the BoCs. Moreover, we have recorded the total number of iterations needed for each of the initial condition (IC) to converge a specific attractor and shown how the BoCs are related to these iterations and the associated probability distributions. Our numerical results strongly suggest that the parameter λ is indeed very influential factor in this dynamical system. The evolution of attracting regions in this dynamical system is very complicated yet an issue of paramount importance.

Nonlocal complement value problem for a global in time parabolic equation

The overreaching goal of this paper is to investigate the existence and uniqueness of weak solution of a semilinear parabolic equation with double nonlocality in space and in time variables that naturally arises while modeling a biological nano-sensor in the chaotic dynamics of a polymer chain. In fact, the problem under consideration involves a symmetric integrodifferential operator of Lévy type and a term called the interaction potential, that depends on the time-integral of the solution over the entire interval of solving the problem. Owing to the Galerkin approximation, the existence and uniqueness of a weak solution of the nonlocal complement value problem is proven for small time under fair conditions on the interaction potential.

Solving the overlapped absorbance profile in gas detection by Lorentz distribution solution based on direct absorption spectroscopy method

A novel method of Lorentz distribution solution (LDS) from overlapped absorbance profile in time domain (incomplete absorbance profile in frequency domain) based on the direct absorption spectroscopy method (DAS) was experimentally demonstrated. It utilized the ratio of the integral in a certain interval on the lower horizontal axis of the Lorentzian profile to the integral in the entire interval on the horizontal axis has a certain relationship and can be expressed by a formula. This method effectively solves the difficulties of extracting gas concentration from incomplete absorbance profile. Formulation and detection procedure were presented, experiments were carried out to prove the method on the extraction of gas concentration from different overlapped absorbance profile and different concentration. Compared with the conventional DAS (C-DAS), the maximum relative errors on the concentration extraction are minimized from 25.55% to 2.64% at different concentration and absorbance profile. Meanwhile, the experimental results show that the obtained gas concentration by LDS presents a good linear relationship while those measured by C-DAS are significantly different.

Role of islatravir in HIV treatment and prevention: an update.

To summarize recent updates on the potential role of islatravir for HIV treatment and prevention. Islatravir is an investigational antiretroviral agent with unique pharmacologic properties that facilitate flexible dosing regimens. Islatravir has demonstrated potent antiviral activity and a high barrier to resistance when combined with doravirine and lamivudine. A simplified two-drug HIV treatment regimen of islatravir combined with doravirine has also demonstrated comparable efficacy to standard of care three-drug regimens. The long half-life and high potency of islatravir's active metabolite may support its use as a long-acting option for HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). A once monthly oral dose of islatravir maintains effective concentrations of its active metabolite over the entire dosing interval. Furthermore, an investigational implantable formulation has been projected to provide efficacious concentrations for at least a year and exhibits comparable distribution into vaginal and rectal tissues making it a promising PrEP option for male and female individuals. Islatravir has minimal risks of drug interactions as it is not a substrate, inducer, or inhibitor of major drug metabolizers and transporters. Finally, clinical trials demonstrate islatravir's favorable safety profile revealing only mild and transient adverse events. Leveraging the unique pharmacological properties of islatravir offers opportunities for simplified HIV treatment regimens and long-acting PrEP making it a valuable addition to the antiretroviral arsenal.

New Insights into the Multivariate Analysis of SER Spectra Collected on Blood Samples for Prostate Cancer Detection: Towards a Better Understanding of the Role Played by Different Biomolecules on Cancer Screening: A Preliminary Study.

Simple SummaryIn recent years, research on biofluids using Raman and SERS has expanded dramatically, indicating the enormous promise of this technology as a high-throughput tool for identifying cancer and other disorders. In the investigations thus far, researchers have concentrated on a specific illness or condition, but the techniques employed to acquire experimental spectra prevent direct comparison of the data. This necessitates comparative research of a variety of diseases and an increase in scientific cooperation to standardize experimental conditions. In our study, positive results were reached by applying a combined SERS multivariate analysis (MVA) to the urgent problem of prostate cancer diagnosis that was directly linked to real-world settings in healthcare. Moreover, in comparison to the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, which has a high sensitivity but limited specificity, our combined SERS-MVA method has greater specificity, which may assist in preventing the overtreatment of patients.It is possible to obtain diagnostically relevant data on the changes in biochemical elements brought on by cancer via the use of multivariate analysis of vibrational spectra recorded on biological fluids. Prostate cancer and control groups included in this research generated almost similar SERS spectra, which means that the values of peak intensities present in SERS spectra can only give unspecific and limited information for distinguishing between the two groups. Our diagnostic algorithm for prostate cancer (PCa) differentiation was built using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) analysis of spectral data, which has been widely used in spectral data management in many studies and has shown promising results so far. In order to fully utilize the entire SERS spectrum and automatically determine the most meaningful spectral features that can be used to differentiate PCa from healthy patients, we perform a multivariate analysis on both the entire and specific spectral intervals. Using the PCA-LDA model, the prostate cancer and control groups are clearly distinguished in our investigation. The separability of the following two data sets is also evaluated using two alternative discrimination techniques: principal least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and principal component analysis—support vector machine (PCA-SVM).

Photoelectric properties of KNN ceramics

In this work. we studied the photocurrent behavior in (1-x)(K0.5Na0.5) (Nb0.93Sb0.07)O3–xBaTiO3+0.5 mol.%MnO2, (KNNS7–xBT) ceramics illuminated by light in the optical range of 0.15 mW/cm2. We detected a decrease in values of both maximum current and steady-state current in the area of structural phase transition temperature. The influence of long-term sample (aging) exposure on the behavior of maximum current (I max) and steady-state current (I st) values was revealed. After a certain period of time, the I max values remained constant for the entire time interval, in contrast to the I st values, which always decreased over time.

Clinical efficacy and safety of the BAT1706 (proposed bevacizumab biosimilar) compared with reference bevacizumab in patients with advanced nonsquamous NSCLC: A randomized, double-blind, phase III study.

9041 Background: A Randomized, Double-blind, Phase III Study was conducted to confirm clinical similarity between BAT1706, a proposed biosimilar to reference bevacizumab, and EU-bevacizumab in patients with advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Patients were randomized 1:1 to BAT1706 plus paclitaxel and carboplatin (Arm A) or EU-bevacizumab plus paclitaxel and carboplatin (Arm B) given three weeks for 6 cycles, followed by maintenance therapy with BAT1706 or EU- bevacizumab. The primary endpoint was overall response rate at Week 18 (ORR18). Secondary endpoints included ORR at Week 6 and 12, best ORR, duration of response (DoR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 651 patients were randomized: BAT1706 (n = 325) or EU- bevacizumab (n = 326). In total, 649 randomized patients (BAT1706 (n = 325) or EU- bevacizumab (n = 324)) received at least one cycle of combination treatment. The median duration of therapy was 29.1 weeks (ranging from 3.0 to 62.1 weeks) in the Arm A and 27.0 weeks (ranging from 3.0 to 53.9 weeks) in the Arm B. The extent of exposure to BAT1706 and EU- bevacizumab was similar between these two arms. Overall, the proportion of patients achieving an ORR by Week 18 was comparable across Arm A and B (48.0% and 44.5%). The ORR risk ratio of 1.08 with 90% CI (0.94, 1.24) and the ORR risk difference of 0.03, with 95% CI (-0.04, 0.11) were within pre-specified equivalence margin. In addition, the multivariate-adjusted risk ratio was 1.07, with a 90% CI (0.93, 1.22). The ORR18 risk difference between BAT1706 and EU- bevacizumab was 0.03, with the 2-sided 95% CI (-0.04, 0.11) that fell entirely within pre-specified equivalence margin. In addition, the multivariate-adjusted risk difference was 0.03, with a 95% CI (-0.04, 0.11). The hazard ratio stratified for time to PFS was 0.915 and the PFS rate at 12 months was 20.7% versus 21.8%. At the end of the study, there were no significant differences between both the treatments. The incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and study drug-related TEAEs was similar between these two arms. Overall, the safety profiles of BAT1706 were consistent with that of EU- bevacizumab, no new safety signals or noticeable trends were observed. The mean serum concentrations were comparable between BAT1706 and EU- bevacizumab over the entire sampling interval both in pre-dose and post-dose. The incidence of positive anti-drug antibodies results was low (≤5%) and decreased over time in both treatment arms. No patient was detected to have positive neutralizing anti-drug antibody result during the study. Conclusions: BAT1706 demonstrated clinical equivalence to reference EU-bevacizumab in terms of efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and immunogenicity. Clinical trial information: NCT03329911.

Reflecting Lévy Processes and Associated Families of Linear Operators. II

We consider special one-dimensional Markov processes, namely, asymmetric jump Lévy processes, which have values in a given interval and reflect from the boundary points. We show that in this case, in addition to the standard semigroup of operators generated by the Markov process, there also appears the family of “boundary” random operators that send functions defined on the boundary of the interval to elements of the space $L_2$ on the entire interval. This study is a continuation of our paper [Theory Probab. Appl., 64 (2019), 335--354], where a similar problem was solved for symmetric reflecting Lévy processes.

Wind/WAVES Observations of Auroral Kilometric Radiation: Automated Burst Detection and Terrestrial Solar Wind ‐ Magnetosphere Coupling Effects

AbstractAuroral Kilometric Radiation (AKR) is the strongest terrestrial radio emission, and emanates from the same electron acceleration regions from which particles precipitate into the ionosphere, exciting the aurorae and other phenomena. As such, AKR is a barometer for the state of solar wind ‐ magnetosphere ‐ ionosphere coupling. AKR is anisotropically beamed in a hollow cone from a source region generally found at nightside local times, meaning that a single source region cannot be viewed from all local times in the magnetosphere. In radio data such as dynamic spectra, AKR is frequently observed simultaneously to other radio emissions which can have a similar intensity and frequency range, making it difficult to automatically detect. Building on a previously published pipeline to extract AKR emissions from Wind/WAVES data, in this paper a novel automated AKR burst detection technique is presented and applied to Wind/WAVES data. Over a five year interval, about 5000 AKR bursts are detected with median burst length ranging from about 30 to 60 min. During detected burst windows, higher solar wind velocity is observed, and the interplanetary magnetic field clock angle is observed to tend toward BZ &lt; 0, BY &lt; 0, when compared with the entire statistical interval. Additionally, higher geomagnetic activity is observed during burst windows at polar, high and equatorial latitudes.