Entire International Community Research Articles

A Study on the Risks and Countermeasures of False Information Caused by AIGC

Generative artificial intelligence (AIGC) has changed the traditional information production mechanism and has a wide range of application scenarios. At the same time, the security risks it exposes such as data leakage, false content generation, and improper utilization have also attracted widespread attention from various countries. The development, application and governance of AIGC no longer seem to be a common challenge faced by one country but by the entire international community. In order to effectively respond to the challenges of AIGC to the false information governance system, this article uses multiple methods such as literature analysis and in-depth research to elaborate on the potential risks of AIGC, and conducts an in-depth analysis of the global challenges of false information risk governance. Finally, Proposing governance paths and countermeasures from various perspectives such as supervision and ecology provides intelligence reference for the healthy development of the AIGC industry.

Ensuring Nuclear Safety in Ukraine in Conditions of War

The ongoing war in Ukraine has significantly raised concerns about the safety of nuclear power plants (NPPs), especially in the context of the Zaporizhzhia NPP. This precarious situation has revealed substantial weaknesses in the existing global nuclear safety framework, emphasizing the need for sweeping reforms in international law. While the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has played a commendable role in advocating for nuclear safety through various resolutions, missions, and safety principles, the effectiveness of these efforts is compromised by Russia’s non-compliance and its ability to exercise veto power in the UN Security Council. Confronting these challenges requires a diverse and comprehensive approach from the international community. This includes revising international legal structures, conducting in-depth studies on nuclear safety in conflict zones, and considering diplomatic initiatives like establishing safety zones around nuclear facilities. Another possible strategy is the deployment of peacekeeping forces, though geopolitical factors currently limit its viability. Resolving the nuclear safety concerns intensified by the Russia-Ukrainian war demands robust legal and political actions, coupled with innovative solutions and global cooperation. Immediate and focused attention is crucial to avert any further escalation that risks a nuclear incident, posing dire threats not only to Ukraine but to the entire international community.

Belarusian Regime Perceptions of Russian Aggression in Ukraine

Abstract This article examines how Belarusian officials reacted to Russia’s aggression against Ukraine after its outbreak in February 2022 to March 2023. Although the Belarusian president initially tried to maintain friendly relations with Kyiv, he later chose to support his Russian counterpart, Vladimir Putin, and the invasion of Ukraine. In other words, this paper argues that Aliaksandr Lukašenka’s decision to support pro-Russian narratives about Moscow’s war of aggression against Ukraine was taken as a result of the pressure that Vladimir Putin exerted on him, as well as the awareness that Russia alone guarantees his political survival. However, during their interactions throughout 2022 and 2023, the Belarusian president made efforts to avoid ‘entrapment’—that is, being dragged into the conflict through the commitments he assumed within the Union State—to demonstrate to the entire international community that he still maintains some room of maneuver in his relationship with Russia.

Interaction of the CIS internal affairs bodies in the prevention of terrorism

Relevance. Terrorism poses a serious threat to the security and stability not only of individual states but also of the entire international community since by 2023 it has acquired a transnational character and is a threat not only to the internal security of the country but also to the external one. It is necessary to cooperate with the CIS internal affairs bodies and develop effective methods of preventing terrorist acts to combat terrorism.Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the interaction of the CIS internal affairs bodies in the prevention of terrorism and identify effective methods of combating the terrorist threat.Methodology. The following methods were used in the course of the study: analytical, synthesis, statistical.Results. The analysis of normative legal acts and international treaties was also conducted and a comparison of ways to combat terrorism in the CIS member states was conducted. The study showed that the effectiveness of the fight against terrorism in the CIS depends on the quality of interaction between internal affairs bodies and their technical equipment and professional training. In addition, the study showed that the interaction of law enforcement agencies of different countries is more effective than the fight against crime factors within a single state.Conclusions. An international united struggle can block the supply routes and financial support for terrorism. Thus, the study indicates the similarity of international legal acts and CIS legislation and their imperfection, which allows committing terrorist acts.

Violation of Human Rights in Temporarily Annexed Ukrainian Crimea by Russia

The purpose of the article is that, based on the laws of Ukraine, documents of the Crimean Tatar Resource Center, Summit "Crimean Platform", media materials to objectively reveal the activities of the russian federation regarding violation of human rights in the temporarily annexed Ukrainian Crimea. To achieve the goal, the author analyzed many examples violation of russian human rights and freedoms, norms of international humanitarian law that took place in Crimea. The documented protests of Ukraine are highlighted, with which the state appeals to international organizations, international courts, regarding the actions of the russian federation, but so far they do not have the necessary influence on the policy of the aggressor state. However, the return of the occupied territories requires quick and decisive actions. Understanding this, high-ranking officials of Ukraine significantly intensified activities regarding the de-occupation of Crimea, are looking for various tools to change approaches and actions regarding the temporarily occupied territory of Crimea. The activity of the authorities of Ukraine shows, that the state is constantly trying to bring the time of Crimea's return closer, opposes the violation of human rights, demands that the russian federation respect the rights and freedoms of residents on the temporarily annexed peninsula. Although the russian federation temporarily retains physical control over Crimea, but the peninsula was and remains the sovereign territory of Ukraine. Russia's false claims to sovereignty over Crimea were resolutely rejected by the entire international community.

Global avian influenza situation (2019–2022). Host range expansion asevidence of high pathogenicity avian influenza virus evolution

High pathogenicity avian influenza has a significant negative impact on poultry farming, international trade and health of wild bird populations, therefore the infection requires the utmost attention of the entire international community. The article investigates the evolutionary and epidemic processes observed in recent years in many countries of the world where avian influenza outbreaks occur; describes the ways of the infection spread; the prevalence of the virus types for the last several years, as well as the expansion of the host range, including among representatives of the Mammalia class. The change in the ratio between the virus types starting from 2020, when H5N8 subtype was responsible for the overwhelming number of the disease outbreaks reported, until 2022, when an obvious predominance of H5N1 subtype was detected is demonstrated. A noticeable expansion of the disease-affected areas in Central and South America, the influence of migration, anthropogenic and other factors on influenza spread are highlighted. The conditions facilitating the occurrence of the infection outbreaks affecting mammals, wild animals and livestock, zoo and companion animals are described. Cases of mammals’ infection on the North American and Eurasian continents in zoos, nature parks, backyards and fur farms, asa rule, coincide in time with the infection outbreaks in waterfowl populations. The WAHIS data were analyzed and the high ability of the virus to spillover from birds to mammals, such as martens (minks, otters, ferrets, badgers), cats (domestic cats, cougars, leopards, lynxes), pinnipeds (common seals, grey seals), bears (brown, grizzly, American black), bottlenose dolphins, skunks, foxes, opossums, raccoons was demonstrated. Changes in the habitats of both migratory birds and mammals, including due to some human economic activities, add an ecological and urban component to the complex task of the control and prevention of the epidemic, also posing a potential threat to humans.

Plenary C: Developing Tools for Global Neuropsychological Assessment

Abstract & Learning Objectives:During the 20th century, neuropsychology emerged as a research and clinical specialty, predominantly—though not exclusively—in Western Europe and North America. Formation of the International Neuropsychological Society has done much to foster globalization of the discipline, though we have yet to develop neuropsychological assessment instruments that are suitable for worldwide use. Test publishers have few financial incentives to undertake the development, standardization, and normative data collection required to create cognitive tests for worldwide use. And health-related funding organizations typically prioritize disease-focused etiologic, mechanistic, and treatment research in their resource allocation. Thus, developing such tools will likely require clinical data and other contributions from the entire international community of neuropsychologists. In this address, I will focus on two approaches to developing tests and norms that are suitable to global use, along with ongoing efforts and progress to date in each. I will also appeal to every member of the international community of neuropsychologists to help turn this vision into a reality now.Upon conclusion of this course, learners will be able to: 1.Describe two fundamental approaches to developing neuropsychological tests that are appropriate for international use.2.Explain at least one strength and limitation of each approach to global test and regression-based norms development.3.Assess how to personally engage in a project that aims to provide contributors with free access to a global neuropsychological test battery that is suitable for use worldwide in multiple languages.

Teisingumo prieinamumas per teismų praktikos ir teisės teorijos prizmę

This article discusses the access to justice, perceived as a human right. It is argued that this fundamental right is now part of today’s jus cogens. The idea of jus cogens can be a highly beneficial tool for sanctifying the existence of a normative hierarchy in the international arena, which is traditionally viewed as a set of purely horizontal relations between states. As soon as a norm or a principle acquires the character of jus cogens, it obliges the entire international community, requiring states to adapt their laws and legal practice.

War crimes on the territory of Ukraine in the conditions of the international armed conflict of the 21st century

From the first day of the invasion until today, the Russian Federation violates the laws and customs of war and massively commits war crimes on the territory of Ukraine, which are a serious violation of the provisions of international humanitarian law and pose a threat to the entire international community, for which criminal responsibility is provided both internationally and national levels. In particular, the international legal acts that codify international humanitarian law (laws of armed conflicts, laws of war) and contain a list of war crimes committed in the context of an international armed conflict are:а) Convention on the Laws and Customs of Land War (excerpt) of July 29, 1899 No. 995_765;b) IV Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations on the Laws and Customs of War on Land dated October 18, 1907 No. 995_222;c) Geneva Conventions (Convention for the Amelioration of the Fate of the Wounded and Sick in Active Armies (Geneva Convention I) of August 12, 1949 № 995_151, Convention for the Amelioration of the Fate of the Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of the Armed Forces at Sea (Geneva Convention II) of August 12, 1949 № 995_152, Geneva Convention for the Treatment of Prisoners of War (Geneva Convention III) of August 12, 1949 № 995_153, Geneva Convention for the Protection of the Civilian Population in Time of War (Geneva Convention IV) of August 12, 1949 № 995_154);d) Additional Protocols to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 (Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 Relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I) of June 8, 1977 № 995_199 and Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions of August 12, 1949 Relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol II) of December 8, 2005 № 995_200);g) The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of July 17, 1998 No. 995_588, which systematizes a complete list of socially dangerous acts that belong to war crimes and were regulated by many sources of international humanitarian law.In the current criminal legislation of Ukraine, criminal liability for war crimes is regulated in Chapter XX of the Criminal Code of Ukraine («Criminal Offenses Against Peace, Human Security and International Legal Order»), namely in Art. 438 – «Violation of the laws and customs of war».

FEATURES OF PERSONAL ADAPTATION RESOURCES IN CONDITIONS OF THE RUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN WAR

The article is devoted to the analysis and systematization of the concepts "personality adaptation", "personality adaptation resources", "viability", "adaptation potential" that exist in psychological literature. An analysis of options for personal adaptation in war conditions is given, as well as various classifications of personal resources, their criteria and properties. The individual's own approach to understanding the phenomena of personal adaptation in the conditions of military conflict and personal adaptive resources is indicated. Factors of adaptability and possibilities of maximum formation of personal resources in the conditions of martial law are considered. One of the most important issues not only for Ukraine, but also for the whole world based on the Ukrainian experience, is the research and development of adaptive resources of the individual in the conditions of martial law and in general in the conditions of the protection of Ukraine during the Russian-Ukrainian war and after it. Both domestic and foreign publications devoted to the topic of the analysis of the adaptive resources of the individual during the Russian-Ukrainian war are extremely few at the moment due to the lack of analogues of a similar situation in modern European life. That is why this issue is so unique both for the European space and for the entire international community. Both since 2014, and even more massively - since February 24, 2022, there is an incredible, very large, psychological and emotional burden not only on the entire Ukrainian society, but also on each individual person due to military actions on the territory of Ukraine. The main problem for every person in such conditions is the need to constantly strengthen personal resources in order to be able to adapt not only to rapidly changing socio-economic conditions, but also to compensate for the feeling of a threat to one's life and loved ones every moment. After all, if a person had to save himself and his family, then he needed to evacuate from the place of hostilities, leaving all his property, household, or move to the safest places in his native Ukraine (although there was still a periodic air raid and the threat of Russian missile strike) or emigrate to other countries that support Ukraine, or for some time be forced to live under conditions of temporary occupation by Russian troops.

International Legal Regimes for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

The paper notes the attempts that are being made to doctrinally substantiate a broad approach, according to which the «international law of cultural property» was formed as a special (autonomous) legal framework. Without sharing such views, the author justifies the existence of an intersectoral institute for the international legal protection of cultural property, and also notes that the protection of cultural property in the actual situation of armed conflict is a branch institute of international humanitarian law (IHL), characterized by the presence of special principles and established scope of application (ratione materiae and ratione temporis). For the purposes of IHL, the definition of «cultural property» is formulated. It implies movable and immovable objects of the material world (objects) that are subject to identification and have no military purpose. They are of fundamental importance for the cultural heritage of not only a single people, but also the entire international community, included in the relevant register/list and under common, special or enhanced international legal protection, including their storage sites or concentration centers.A reasonable proposal has been made to introduce the concept of the «1954 Hague Convention system» into scientific circulation. The central part of it is formed by the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, including the Executive Regulations as an integral part of it, and additional Protocols to it (Optional Protocol I and the Second Protocol of 1999), as well as three resolutions attached to the Final Act of the 1954 Conference. It is emphasized that the Second Protocol of 1999, which Russia has not ratified, provided for the creation of institutional structures designed to complement the system of implementation of the Hague Convention of 1954. Based on the analysis of the «1954 Hague Convention system», three conventional regimes for the protection of cultural property in the actual situation of armed conflict (general, special and enhanced) have been established and their features have been analyzed.

International Climate Cooperation: A Case Study of China and India

Climate change has become one of the hottest global issues. As a worldwide public issue, climate change cannot be solved by a single nation. Only through international cooperation can it be resolved. This paper will take the cooperation between China and India, two emerging powers, as an example and discuss the cooperation between countries in the field of climate change through the case study method from the perspective of international cooperation in the Neoliberal institutionalism theory. Moreover, as two promising emerging powers, the research on China-India climate cooperation is of great significance to all developing countries and the entire international community. Neoliberal institutionalism theory emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and international institutions. In global climate governance, the shared interests of China and India, such as similar domestic conditions, have solidified into a basis for bilateral cooperation, and the international institutions are effective mechanisms to guarantee China-India cooperation. However, the climate cooperation between China and India is mainly confined to the signing of agreements, and there is still much room for further development of research and development cooperation in core technologies.

THE USE OF INNOVATIVE POWER

International security is one of the essential topics in strategic studies. It is unarguable that international security has undergone a vast change throughout history, up to the twenty-first century, when it was characterized by a global nature and comprehensiveness of data, and affected the entire international community. There is no party that does not want this data to reach it, in addition to the advantage of rapid transmission of global challenges within a limited period of time. Therefore, we find that the basic concepts and postulates in international and strategic studies have changed and developed due to the interrelated and interacting variables in a manner that is increasing in relative importance, in contrast to the relative declining of some others as a result of the interaction process. One of these concepts is innovation, which is now considered to be one of the key concepts in strategic studies due to its connection to dynamism and productivity. It entails developing new skills. Farrell and Tarff define it as "the development of new military techniques, tactics, strategies, and structure that help predict in a way that achieves peace."

Trafficking in Women and Girls on a Global Level under International Law

Human trafficking as a term is often used in everyday life. As a manifestation of organized crime, it is a form of modern slavery and affects all states, both developing and developed, highlighting the seriousness of the problem for the entire international community. Human trafficking is a gross violation of human rights, such as the right to life, freedom of movement, etc. All people can become victims, regardless of gender, age, social status, skin color, but often victims are the most vulnerable groups of the population. In the framework of this study, we will analyze the international legal mechanisms that are designed to counter human trafficking. Women and girls are particularly vulnerable to the challenge of human trafficking, and we will pay special attention to this category in our analysis of legal protection. Protection of human rights is certainly one of the most important aspects of the development of each country. The United Nations treaties on human rights are the foundation of the international system for the promotion and protection of human rights.

Meeting report: The Third Franco-Japanese Developmental Biology Meeting.

The Third Franco-Japanese Developmental Biology Meeting has been held to reinforce the partnership and facilitate the international collaborations and the academic exchanges between the French Society of Developmental Biology (SFBD) and the Japanese Society of Developmental Biology (JSDB). Nearly 200 participants attended, and we actively discussed interdisciplinary knowledge throughout the meeting period. The meeting realized not only the tightest connection between these two communities ever, but also a great contribution to international interdisciplinary academic communications and scientific communications with the public. In order to celebrate and maintain this massive momentum to push forward the entire field of developmental biology, we share the atmosphere with the entire international community and next generations through this report.

The Life and Legacy of Danijela Kulezic-Wilson

The Life and Legacy of Danijela Kulezic-Wilson

Elaborarea scenariilor în planificarea acțiunilor militare pentru prevenirea unei situații de criză

The Russian-Ukrainian military conflict is the most unexpected event having a major societal impact, not only on the conflicting parties, but also on the entire international community. The irreparable damage to critical infrastructures, the loss of human life and the constantly increasing considerable material damage are just three indicators that signal possible future crisis situations. The question that is justifiably raised is “Could this military conflict have been prevented?” Implicitly, another series of questions arises, such as “Can future crisis situations generated by this military conflict be prevented?” When expressing the answers to such questions, the military and societal security specialists turn to specific tools such as threat predictions and scenarios. In this context, we can talk about planning military actions in a much more realistic way, observing the battles taking place in the Ukrainian space, which is a new reality in Eastern Europe. The lessons learned following recent military conflicts refer to the complexity of the combat actions generated by the digitalization of the confrontation space and the interaction of the societal domains in a difficult-to-decipher manner. The experimental vignette methodology – EVM – applied in the development of the threat scenarios by using podcasts, supports the planning of the military actions as a solution to prevent crisis situations. The optimization of the process of teaching and training the military specialist through experimental vignettes opens new horizons on planning the military actions as interactions of the military component with the other components of the societal domains that ensure the transition from a macro- to a micromilitary confrontational environment.

Scenario Development in Planning Military Actions to Prevent a Crisis Situation

The Russian-Ukrainian military conflict is the most unexpected event having a major societal impact, not only on the conflicting parties, but also on the entire international community. The irreparable damage to critical infrastructures, the loss of human life and the constantly increasing considerable material damage are just three indicators that signal possible future crisis situations. The question that is justifiably raised is “Could this military conflict have been prevented?” Implicitly, another series of questions arises, such as “Can future crisis situations generated by this military conflict be prevented?” When expressing the answers to such questions, the military and societal security specialists turn to specific tools such as threat predictions and scenarios. In this context, we can talk about planning military actions in a much more realistic way, observing the battles taking place in the Ukrainian space, which is a new reality in Eastern Europe. The lessons learned following recent military conflicts refer to the complexity of the combat actions generated by the digitalization of the confrontation space and the interaction of the societal domains in a difficult-to-decipher manner. The experimental vignette methodology – EVM – applied in the development of the threat scenarios by using podcasts, supports the planning of the military actions as a solution to prevent crisis situations. The optimization of the process of teaching and training the military specialist through experimental vignettes opens new horizons on planning the military actions as interactions of the military component with the other components of the societal domains that ensure the transition from a macro- to a micromilitary confrontational environment.

Possible directions of development of international legal institutions in the field of global cybersecurity

The author discusses possible directions for the formation of a global international legal system for countering cybercrime and its further development. The results of the activities of international organizations in the development of international legal mechanisms for countering cybercrime are briefly analyzed. An attempt is being made to search for other international legal problems, the experience of solving which can act as a conceptual basis for the formation of a global international legal system for ensuring cybersecurity. The main characteristics of modern digital information and communication systems, especially Internet technologies, are investigated. An attempt is made to create a theoretical model of international legal regulation of countering modern digital threats based on the global nature of modern cyber threats. The special role of international organizations in the development of international law is stated. The opinion is given about the current global digital information system covering the entire international community. A parallel is drawn between the conceptual foundations of the problem of money laundering and terrorist financing (ML/FT) and cybercrime. The conceptual similarity of these two problems with the justification of such a conclusion is stated. In this regard, it is proposed to use the organizational structure of the international legal framework for countering ML/FT as a conceptual basis for a similar counteraction to cybercrime. In particular, the article proposes to create a specialized international organization within the framework of the UN, whose activities will be devoted to ensuring global cybersecurity. It is proposed to use organizational bases similar to those used within the framework of the Intergovernmental Commission on Financial Monitoring as the basis of activity. In particular, the organization's activities are proposed to be carried out on the basis of a list of recommendations on improving national organizational and legal measures to counter threats in the field of digital technologies, as well as mechanisms for mutual assessment of member states.

The Past, Conundrums, and Future of International Cybersecurity Governance

Due to the growing reliance of nations on the Internet, cyber security concerns have become a global concern for the entire international community. After the international community has acquired a consensus on the principles of international cyberspace governance, it stalls due to the delay in obtaining an agreement on the application of international law. The governance of global cyberspace security is currently confronted with challenges such as nations' divergent interests and values and the expansion of international competition into cyberspace. In the future process of establishing an international order in cyberspace, the "dual-track system" of the United Nations should be utilized in its entirety, national collaboration at the regional level should be encouraged, and the legislative road of "multilateralism" should be adhered to.