Entire Design Process Research Articles

Design of Aerodynamic Ball Levitation Laboratory Plant

This paper presents the development of a new Aerodynamic Ball Levitation Laboratory Plant at the Center of Modern Control Techniques and Industrial Informatics (CMCT&II). The entire design process of the plant is described, including the component selection process, the physical construction of the plant, the design of a printed circuit board (PCB) powered by a microcontroller, and the implementation of its firmware. A parametric mathematical model of the laboratory plant is created, whose parameters are then estimated using a nonlinear least-squares method based on acquired experimental data. The Kalman filter and the optimal state-space feedback control are designed based on the obtained mathematical model. The designed controller is then validated using the physical plant.

Form Development from 2D to 3D: The Basic Design Courses for Higher Education

AbstractThe basic design course mainly focuses on training students in their form development ability, including two parts: graphic figure and three‐dimensional form. However, in terms of form development, it is not just to create a certain form arbitrarily, but to convey the creator’s intention based on this form. For students who are new to the field of design, it will be very difficult to convey their own ideas through creative forms. Therefore, this research combines abstract design with three‐dimensional composition to develop a new teaching method, which connects two parts of graphic figure and three‐dimensional form together, and divides them into three stages: abstract design, unit model and combined model. In addition to allowing students to learn comprehensively, they can also understand how to design a form that can convey their own views and lay a good foundation for future design courses. After the course, the three stages have a positive impact on students. Students will have a new understanding of design, have greater interest and confidence in design, and understand the entire process of design (data collection, analysis, ideation and production) and the importance of teamwork.

Prescribed Performance Control of Marine Surface Vessel Trajectory Tracking in Finite-Time with Full-State Constraints and Input Saturation

This manuscript mainly solves a fully actuated marine surface vessel prescribed performance trajectory tracking control problem with full-state constraints and input saturation. The entire control design process is based on a backstepping technique. The prescribed performance control is introduced to embody the analytical relationship between the transient performance and steady-state performance of the system and the parameters. Meanwhile, a new finite time performance function is introduced to ensure that the performance of the system tracking error is constrained within the preset constraints in finite time, and the full-state constraints problem of the system can be solved simultaneously in the entire control design, at the same time without introducing additional theory and parameters. To solve the non-smooth input saturation function matrix is not differentiable, the smooth function matrix is introduced to replace the non-smooth characteristics. Combining the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse matrix to design the virtual control law, the dynamic surface control is introduced to avoid the complicated virtual control derivation process, and finally the actual control law is designed using the properties of Nussbaum function. In addition, in view of the uncertainties in the system, a fractional disturbance observer is designed to estimate it. With the proposed control, the full-state will never be violated constraints, and the system tracking error satisfies transient and steady-state performance. Compared with other methods, the simulation results show the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed method.

EXPERIENCES OF DESIGN AT HACKATHONS: INITIAL FINDINGS FROM AN INTERVIEW STUDY

AbstractHackathons are short design events at which participants collaboratively progress through the entire design process. They pose opportunities for design research, but the existing research is limited, as is the understanding of design activity at hackathons. In our study, we summarize the hackathon design process of 10 interview participants from varying disciplines, levels of experience, and hackathon events. The summarized account reveals a decreased emphasis on the beginning phases of the design process, mainly problem definition, but an increased emphasis on the end, specifically the pitch portion of the event. These differences are mainly due to the limited time frame. We further assess the effect of time limitations at hackathons by comparing hackathons to other instances of design, emphasizing the impact of time constraints on iteration. We conclude our discussion with an exploration of the role expertise has on the design process by comparing the accounts of designers and developers.

The evolution of a toolkit for smart-thing design with children through action research

Several workshops use toolkits to engage children in the design of smart things, that is, everyday things like toys enhanced with computing devices and capabilities. In general, the toolkits focus on one design stage or another, e.g., ideation or programming. Few toolkits are created to guide children through an entire design process. This paper presents a toolkit for smart-thing design with children. It revolves around SNaP, a card-based board game for children. The toolkit serves to frame the entire design process and guide them through their exploration, ideation, programming and prototyping of their own smart things. By embracing action research, the toolkit was adopted in actions with children, namely, design workshops. Results of actions were reflected over by considering children’s benefits, and they were used to make the toolkit evolve across cycles of action, reflection and development. The paper reports on the latest evolution cycles, ending with the 2020 cycle for continuing smart-thing design during COVID-19 times. The paper concludes with general reflections concerning action research and design with children, toolkits for framing smart-thing design with children, on-going and future work.

Challenges and Paradoxes in Decolonising HCI: A Critical Discussion

The preponderance of Western methods, practices, standards, and classifications in the manner in which new technology-related knowledge is created and globalised has led to calls for more inclusive approaches to design. A decolonisation project is concerned with how researchers might contribute to dismantling and re-envisioning existing power relations, resisting past biases, and balancing Western heavy influences in technology design by foregrounding the authentic voices of the indigenous people in the entire design process. We examine how the establishment of local Global South HCI communities (AfriCHI and ArabHCI) has led to the enactment of decolonisation practices. Specifically, we seek to uncover how decolonisation is perceived in the AfriCHI and ArabHCI communities as well as the extent to which both communities are engaged with the idea of decolonisation without necessarily using the term. We drew from the relevant literature, our own outsider/insider lived experiences, and the communities’ responses to an online anonymised survey to highlight three problematic but interrelated practical paradoxes: a terminology, an ethical, and a micro-colonisation paradox. We argue that these paradoxes expose the dilemmas faced by local non-Western researchers as they pursue decolonisation thinking. This article offers a blended perspective on the decolonisation debate in HCI, CSCW, and the practice-based CSCW scholarly communities and invites researchers to examine their research work using a decolonisation lens.

Teaching fuzzy controllers through a V-model based methodology

Since the seminal fuzzy sets paper was published, many graduate and undergraduate academic programs have included Fuzzy logic courses, as one of the most important topics regarding Artificial Intelligence (AI). Yet, it is worth highlighting the fact that AI as a tool for education has its main roots in the way AI is taught to students, leading to the development of many educational models, seeking to accelerate the learning curve of fuzzy logic concepts and their suitability for control systems. Nevertheless, most of those methodologies are mainly focused on theoretical concepts, without improving disciplinary and transversal competences that are developed through experimental challenges; consequently, knowledge acquisition is incomplete, and the industrial requirements are not fulfilled. Henceforth, this work proposes a model inspired by the Systems Development V-Model, which allows students to understand the entire fuzzy logic controllers design process through an experimental product development process that improves lifelong learning features in students. Besides, this model supports the Challenge-Based Learning (CBL) in students, encouraging new skills development and experience gain for fuzzy logic controllers designs. Moreover, the proposed methodology in this paper, covers the adapted V-model for education to understand the designing process for fuzzy logic controllers, through a Quadcopter case study, selected due to the complexity of the system, which (as supported from the results) also leads to improve the background skills in engineering students. Therefore, results show that this model enhances student’s capacity to develop functional prototypes and promotes technological products development. Then, as validated through an expert review committee within the engineering technical field, this proposal could be easily suited into several engineering topics; such as, Electronic circuits design, Power electronics and so on.

Knowledge-enabled digital twin for smart designing of aircraft assembly line

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to provide a knowledge-enabled digital twin for smart design (KDT-SD) of aircraft assembly line (AAL) to enhance the AAL efficiency, performance and visibility. Modern AALs usually need to have capabilities such as digital-physical interaction and self-evaluation that brings significant challenges to traditional design method for AAL. The digital twin (DT) combining with reusable knowledge, as the key technologies in this framework, is introduced to promote the design process by configuring, understanding and evaluating design scheme.Design/methodology/approachThe proposed KDT-SD framework is designed with the introduction of DT and knowledge. First, dynamic design knowledge library (DDK-Lib) is established which could support the various activities of DT in the entire design process. Then, the knowledge-driven digital AAL modeling method is proposed. At last, knowledge-based smart evaluation is used to understand and identify the design flaws, which could further improvement of the design scheme.FindingsBy means of the KDT-SD framework proposed, it is possible to apply DT to reduce the complexity and discover design flaws in AAL design. Moreover, the knowledge equips DT with the capacities of rapid modeling and smart evaluation that improve design efficiency and quality.Originality/valueThe proposed KDT-SD framework can provide efficient design of AAL and evaluate the design performance in advance so that the feasibility of design scheme can be improved as much as possible.

Transformative Use of Additive Technology in Design and Manufacture of Hydraulic Actuator for Fly-by-Wire System

In this paper, the results of research on additively manufactured aerospace parts made of maraging steel are presented. This state-of-the-art technology seems to have the highest potential for practical use in the field of ultra-light and high-performance aerospace hydraulic parts. The strength properties of representative specimens made with steel 1.2709 were investigated. The researchers conducted static tensile testing, fatigue tensile testing, and pressure impulse testing. A Goodman diagram was plotted to visualize the impact of the building orientation vs. load character on the fatigue strength of the additive manufacturing (AM) specimens. Based on the research carried out on the strength of the AM samples, an aircraft flight control actuator was designed to achieve the highest level of safety integrity along with the greatest simplicity and lowest weight relative to hydraulic actuators manufactured using classical methods. The entire design process was integrated with the manufacturing process to achieve this target.

Stress path investigation of fatigue characteristics of cement stabilized macadam

Fatigue strength is the core of pavement structure design. For semi-rigid base asphalt pavement, the anti-fatigue design of cement stabilized macadam is the key to the entire pavement design process. However, the structural layer of cement stabilized macadam is in a complex stress path, and the traditional S-N fatigue equation is various in different stress paths. Single S-N fatigue equation cannot truly reflect the actual pavement’s stress path (three-dimensional structure), thus bringing challenges to make selections in engineering design. This study aims to accurately perform the cement stabilized macadam’s fatigue characteristics in structural design. First, the specimens were prepared under vibration mixing and vibration molding, and the uniaxial compression, bending, and indirect tensile mechanical properties were studied. Then, based on test results and Miller yield criterion, the strength yield surfaces of cement stabilized macadam were established with an increase in loading rates. Finally, the generalized shear stress strength ratio is proposed to unify fatigue performance under different test methods. The results show that the strength rises with an increase in loading rates, and the yield surface is a parabola. Miller yield surface referrings as fatigue damage surface comprehensively describes the failure characteristics of cement stabilized macadam. The new fatigue equation curves based on the Miller yield surface are significantly closed in different stress paths and pass-through points (1, 1). Using one equation can represent the fatigue feature of cement stabilized macadam thoroughly. It realizes the unified characterization of fatigue performances and eliminates the effect of test methods and conditions on fatigue results. This study solves the long-standing problem: the fatigue equations obtained by different test methods are various, which improves the design accuracy of the semi-rigid base pavement.

Forman persistent Ricci curvature (FPRC)-based machine learning models for protein-ligand binding affinity prediction.

Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have already been gradually applied to the entire drug design process, from target discovery, lead discovery, lead optimization and preclinical development to the final three phases of clinical trials. Currently, one of the central challenges for AI-based drug design is molecular featurization, which is to identify or design appropriate molecular descriptors or fingerprints. Efficient and transferable molecular descriptors are key to the success of all AI-based drug design models. Here we propose Forman persistent Ricci curvature (FPRC)-based molecular featurization and feature engineering, for the first time. Molecular structures and interactions are modeled as simplicial complexes, which are generalization of graphs to their higher dimensional counterparts. Further, a multiscale representation is achieved through a filtration process, during which a series of nested simplicial complexes at different scales are generated. Forman Ricci curvatures (FRCs) are calculated on the series of simplicial complexes, and the persistence and variation of FRCs during the filtration process is defined as FPRC. Moreover, persistent attributes, which are FPRC-based functions and properties, are employed as molecular descriptors, and combined with machine learning models, in particular, gradient boosting tree (GBT). Our FPRC-GBT models are extensively trained and tested on three most commonly-used datasets, including PDBbind-2007, PDBbind-2013 and PDBbind-2016. It has been found that our results are better than the ones from machine learning models with traditional molecular descriptors.

현대 패션에 나타난 광대의 표현특성과 디자인 연구 : 광대의 미적 모티브를 이용한 주얼리 디자인

In this study, the history of the clown, which has been a source of continuous inspiration in the field of contemporary fashion and art over a long period, was examined. In addition, the expressive characteristics of the clown that appear in modern fashion were derived; then, base on this, the entire process of developing the design of a jewelry was presented. This study goes beyond typical jewelry designs such as necklaces and earrings that borrow the image of a clown and introduces new types of ear pieces over the eyes and ears that express emotions such as tears and smiles of the clowns, as well as mouthpieces worn by biting the mouth. The sadness of clowns, who always have to smile to amuse other people, and their performance of dangerous acrobatics have been the main inspirational elements for the jewelry collection. In addition, it is expected that this work will be a concrete and differentiated help for fashion product planning in that it offers a method for the entire process of creative design, material development, and production in the jewelry field, where research is insufficient compared to clothing.

Technological Innovation of the Mongolian Bowed Stringed Instrument YeKele

YeKele is one of the oldest traditional bow-string instruments of Mongolian culture, which is nearly endangered because of its long history and small spread. Based on the field investigation of the manufacturing technology of YeKele in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, this study describes the entire process of raw material selection, drawing design, processing tools, and manufacturing process. Based on previous literature and interviews, this paper analyzes the reform of YeKele’s production process under the joint action of luthiers and concert performers, and holds that the luthier laid a new material foundation for YeKele’s contemporary inheritance and development.

Automated Design and Optimization of Origami Electromagnetic Structures [EM Programmer's Notebook

Origami electromagnetic (EM) structures are promising technologies for deployable and reconfigurable EM structures such as antennas and frequency-selective surfaces (FSSs). However, these structures present CAD modeling difficulties due to their complex geometries. Studying the effects of origami substrate folding on EM performance demands multiple CAD models at different fold angles. Also, optimization of such structures for desired EM performance requires analysis of many CAD models. To enable fast CAD modeling, we introduce a toolset for automated modeling of origami EM structures. The proposed toolset uses origami mathematics for generating thin origami models. The thin models are then converted to thick substrates with conductive regions by implementing additional mathematical algorithms. Automated CAD modeling is achieved using Visual Basic Scripting (VBS) of the entire design and simulation process in Ansys high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) using MATLAB. This toolset is important for future research of origami EM structures because it enables automated CAD modeling and optimization.

Automated optimization of double heater convective polymerase chain reaction devices based on CFD simulation database and artificial neural network model.

This paper presents a framework for automated optimization of double-heater convective PCR (DH-cPCR) devices by developing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation database and artificial neural network (ANN) model. The optimization parameter space that includes the capillary tube geometries and the heater sizes of DH-cPCR is established, and a database consisting of nearly 10,000 CFD simulations is constructed. The database is then used to train a two-stage ANN models that select practically relevant data for modeling and predict PCR device performance. The trained ANN model is then combined with the gradient-based and the heuristics optimization approaches to search for optimal device configuration that possesses the shortest DNA doubling time. The entire design process including model meshing and configuration, parallel CFD computation, database organization, and ANN training and utilization is fully automated. Case studies confirm that the proposed framework can successfully find the optimal device configuration with an error of less than 0.3 s, and hence, representing a cost-effective and rapid solution of DH-cPCR device design.

Design of FOPID controller for higher order continuous interval system using improved approximation ensuring stability

This contribution deals with the design of a fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller through reduce-order modeling for continuous interval systems. First, a higher order interval plant (HOIP) is considered. The reduced-order interval plant (ROIP) for considered HOIP is derived by multipoint Padé approximation integrated with Routh table. Then, FOPID controller is designed for ROIP to satisfy the phase margin and gain cross over frequency. Thus obtained FOPID controller is implemented on HOIP also to validate the performance of designed FOPID on HOIP. A single-input-single-output (SISO) test system is taken up to elaborate the entire process of controller design. The outcomes affirm the validity of the designed FOPID controller. The designed FOPID controller produced stable results retaining the phase margin and gain cross-over frequency when implemented on HOIP. The results further proved that FOPID controller is working efficiently for ROIP and HOIP.

Perancangan User Experience Aplikasi Pengajuan E-KTP menggunakan Metode UCD pada Kelurahan Tanah Baru

KTP elektronik adalah dokumen publik yang memiliki sistem pengamanan atau pengendalian dalam hal pengelolaan dan teknologi informasi berbasis data nasional. Di era digital ini, Kantor Kelurahan Tanah Baru masih melakukan pelayanan pembuatan KTP secara manual. Hal tersebut dinilai kurang efisien karena pemohon harus mengantre dan menunggu lama sampai proses pembuatan KTP selesai. Kurangnya tenaga pekerja membuat proses pembuatan KTP memakan waktu yang cukup lama. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah menerapkan metode user centered design pada sistem aplikasi pembuatan KTP Elektronik. Keuntungan dari metode UCD adalah untuk membangun sebuah sistem aplikasi pengajuan pembuatan E-KTP dengan tingkat efisiensi yang tinggi dan mudah digunakan karena pada prosesnya metode UCD melibatkan pengguna dalam keseluruhan proses perancangan.
 Kata kunci— Sistem Informasi, User Experience, User Centered Design.

Procedural Modeling-Based BIM Approach for Railway Design

Building information modeling (BIM) is a powerful methodological approach for designers that has revolutionized the field of architecture and construction for some years now, minimizing errors and making the entire design, construction, and management process more efficient. The first results have been so encouraging that many countries, from Europe to the United States to Asian countries, have adopted specific regulations to promote its development and use. BIM models are based on the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) standard, i.e., an object-based file format with a data model developed by building SMART to facilitate interoperability. Objects are characterized by properties, such as geometry, material, cost, and all related construction process information, such as scheduling or the maintenance process. The 3D modeling of these objects geometric information is parametric, in order to make the design more flexible. This research work offers an insight into the possibilities offered by different BIM-based tools for parametric modeling applied in the railway sector whereby an example of a railway section model is presented. Indeed, the focus will be on the creation of parametric objects representing railway components, as existing BIM object libraries lack them in the IFC2 × 3 standard format.

Research on Human Sports Rehabilitation Design Based on Object-Oriented Technology.

In order to improve the effect of human motion rehabilitation, a design model of human motion rehabilitation based on object-oriented technology is proposed. The entire model design process includes the following steps. First, a visual dynamic tracking model for human motion rehabilitation is established, and then a fuzzy PID (Proportion Integration Differentiation) superheterodyne control method is used to design the bone training control for human motion rehabilitation. The bone tracking control and adaptive training are under the control of object-oriented technology; it is analyzed by collecting human activity data during training. The 6-DOF kinematics problem of human movement rehabilitation is decomposed into the bone training control problem in the subspace. Combining object-oriented technology, visual blur recognition of human sports rehabilitation training, and adopting an adaptive kinematics model to design sports rehabilitation can improve the control convergence and global stability of the human sports rehabilitation process. The simulation results show that the method has a good overall steady state and the sports rehabilitation training effect is obvious.

Building Information Modelling and Energy Simulation for Architecture Design

Over the years, building information modelling (BIM) has undergone a significant increase, both in terms of functions and use. This tool can almost completely manage the entire process of design, construction, and management of a building internally. However, it is not able to fully integrate the functions and especially the information needed to conduct a complex energy analysis. Indeed, even if the energy analysis has been integrated into the BIM environment, it still fails to make the most of all the potential offered by building information modelling. The main goals of this study are the analysis of the interaction between BIM and energy simulation, through a review of the main existing commercial tools (available and user-friendly), and the identification and the application of a methodology in a BIM environment by using Graphisoft’s BIM software Archicad and the plug-in for dynamic energy simulation EcoDesigner STAR. The application on a case study gave the possibility to explore the advantages and the limits of these commercial tools and, consequently, to provide some possible improvements. The results of the analysis, satisfactory from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, validated the methodology proposed in this study and highlighted some limitations of the tools used, in particular for the aspects concerning the personalization of heating systems.