Entire Clause Research Articles

Nominalization in Wutun

AbstractIn this paper I discuss the various functions of nominalization in Wutun, a mixed Sinitic language spoken by ca. 4000 people in Qinghai Province, Northwest China. Nominalization in Wutun is expressed by the multi-purpose marker -de(cognate to Standard Mandarinde的), which functions on both the lexical and clausal levels. Lexical nominalization takes the verb as its domain to derive nouns or adjectives, while clausal nominalization takes the entire clause as its domain and allows the clause to be treated as a noun phrase. Clausal nominalization in Wutun is used to form nominal complement clauses, relative clauses and adverbial subordinate clauses. In addition, the multi-purpose marker -dein Wutun has functions that go beyond nominalization, including pronominal function, pre-nominal modification and stand-alone usage, which is related to aspect and emphasis and plays an important role in stance-taking.

THE LINGUISTIC CONSTRUCTION OF IDIOMS IN TV DRAMA: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TEACHING IDIOMS TO IRAQI LEARNERS OF ENGLISH

As English is heavily idiomatic, this paper attempts to answer the question how Iraqi learners can better understand and speak English when interacting with native speakers of English from hearing and being exposed to constructed dialogue in TV drama. Hence, the paper has two focal points: the linguistic (semantic and syntactic) construction of idioms in dialogue scripted for the screen and the problems that Iraqi learners encounter in learning English idioms and fixed expressions. An idiom is the assigning of a new meaning to a group of words which already have their own meaning. Idioms can be easily identified with the familiar parts of speech. Thus, some idioms are clearly verbal in nature: "figure out/shy away from," an equally large number are nominal in nature: "feet of clay", many are adjectives: "butterflies in my stomach," and many are adverbial: "high and dry." These idioms which correlate with the familiar parts of speech can be called "lexemic idioms." The other most important group of idioms are of larger size. Often they are an entire clause in length: "have the guts," "have the stomach for," "to be caught between the rock and a hard place. As the English of advanced students, while grammatically, phonologically, and lexically correct, may sound rather bookish and pedantic to a native speaker. Iraqi learners have difficulties in understanding idioms for a number of reasons: idioms have figurative unpredictable meaning, distinctive cultural features, they exist in large numbers and thus difficult to memorize, lack of frequent use, and inadequate method of learning idioms. The study shows that learning idioms in the appropriate context of situation will result in learners' understanding and speaking better and more fluent English. The study hence not only contributes to the fields of linguistic stylistics and media studies, but also to applied linguistics and pragmatics, in particular through revising the concept and meaning of idioms.

Ideology in Noun Phrases: Quran expert says nonmarital sex is allowed in Islam

This research is analysis of noun phrases (NPs) to find the deepest meaning, namely ideological reference that indicates speaker’s interest and purposes. In addition to being based on an integrated approach between analysis of form and function, the study departs from the insights that the statements about language is never only about language, and also it is never merely about statements. The research was conducted as a qualitative descriptive study. Therefore, the substance aspect of data is written language, namely a news report entitled “Quran expert says nonmarital sex is allowed in Islam”. The source of data was downloaded from www.thejakartapost.com. The term of population and sampel adheres to the information rich paradigm, so that the population is the entire clauses and the complement of preposition, while the samples are all NPs. The data collection was carried out by observational method, while the data collection technique was handled by reading and taking note. Method and technique of data analysis were operated through a layered model of NP structure that is proposed by Rijkhoff. In addition, NP classification related to ideological reference borrowed the Key Lingual Symbols (KLS) and ideology concepts that are extracted by Sawirman. Based on the analyzing of all data, this research found five key NPs that contain the spirit of discourse and represent the overall message that is conveyed by the author. Moreover, that five key NPs indicate the ideology reference, namely; the institutionalization ideology, the conflictual ideology, the praxis ideology, and the secondary ideology.

When subjects frame the clause: discontinuous noun phrases as an iconic strategy for marking thetic constructions

AbstractThis article builds on observations from several research areas which hitherto have been pursued relatively independently of one another, to argue that discontinuous nominal expressions are one of the attested strategies for marking a subtype of sentence focus constructions known as thetic constructions. This analysis can be applied to the type of discontinuity termed extraposition from subject NP/DP in languages with otherwise strongly configurational nominal expressions such as English. For these constructions, however, it cannot be ruled out that weight/length is an alternative or additional motivation. Evidence from several Australian languages, where discontinuous subjects usually just involve a semantic head and a modifier, can be used to show that this strategy is attested even where weight is not a plausible factor. Like other construction types that are associated with theticity crosslinguistically, discontinuous nominal expressions are saliently distinct from topic-comment (“categorical”) constructions and thus obey the principle of detopicalization identified by Lambrecht, Knud. 2000. When subjects behave like objects: An analysis of the merging of S and O in sentence-focus constructions across languages.Studies in Language24(3). 611–682. The findings support the hypothesis that the principle of iconicity of distance, which ensures contiguity of the subconstituents of a phrase under most circumstances, will only be overridden if another principle motivates this violation. Such competing principles include highlighting a contrastive modifier and the distribution of weight, both discussed in previous literature. Here it will be argued that detopicalization can be added to this list since discontinuity prevents the assignment of topic status to the subject expression. Moreover, a construction where a discontinuous subject frames the entire clause is itself iconically motivated by the principle of informational integration which results in the unitary, non-bipartite nature of the construction generally associated with theticity.

The Nominal Clause and the Noun Phrases: A Comparative Study of Albanian and English

The nominal clause and noun phrases in Albanian and English are in an oppositional relationship. This study makes descriptions of syntactic structure using constituent analysis between the two languages. The question that now emerges is what kind of language is implied by this type of description. Tufte (1971, p.41) rightly noted that “Noun phrases are any and all structures headed by a noun, or by a pronoun, or any other word or structure that stands in for a noun. Thus, even an entire clause may function as a noun phrase”. Furthermore, the fact that phraseological categories coexist or are "projections" of specific word-level categories demonstrates that categories are complex entities. This was originally emphasized in Harris (1951) and was expanded upon by Muysken (1985) and Chomsky (1970).

Unpacking Entire Agreement Clauses: On the (Elusive) Search for Contractually Induced Formalism in Contractual Adjudication

Unpacking Entire Agreement Clauses: On the (Elusive) Search for Contractually Induced Formalism in Contractual Adjudication

Translation Analysis of Clause Complex Shifting on Children Literature

This research belongs to descriptive qualitative research, which describes the data as a real phenomenon, because it fulfils five axioms of qualitative research. The objective of this research is to find clause complex switch from Source Language to Target Language in a bilingual story for children “ Kumpulan Dongeng Motivasi : Stories of Great Virtues.” Clause complex is clause which has two or more processes. On this paper, the researcher analysed entire clauses complexes and their switch from the source into target language. Then, the researcher analysed translation techniques which are used and the translation quality. The result of the study shows that the researcher has found 5 categories of clause complex shifting; A. Complex to Complex (no shifting), B. Complex to Complex with clause reduction, C. Complex to Complex with clause addition, D. Complex to Simplex with single clause, and E. Complex to Simplex with more than one clauses. From the translation point of view, the researcher found that the most translation techniques used by the translator are establish equivalent (71%), Pure Borrowing (8%), and Modulation (5%). These translation techniques affect the complex clause shifting as mentioned before. The translation quality of this book reaches more than 2,90 of 3. It means that the translator successfully translated all of the stories in this children literature book in high level of accuracy, acceptability, and readability. This phenomena shows that translation techniques are really matter to guide the translation on the right track.

A Morpho-Syntactic Study of Contemporary Science Fiction Short Stories

The aim of the present study is to research two morphological processes: acronym and compounding (phrasal compounds/circumlocution) and one syntactic category which are ‘existential sentences’ in science fiction short stories. The present paper identifies different types and rates of existential sentences. In this respect, ‘bare existential and locative’ read the high percentages and may be contrasted with other classifications of English existential sentences which have a verb other than ‘be’ and a definite expression. ‘Phrasal compounds’ vary in rates as they constitute notable percentage for those that involve ‘lexical means and lexical relations’ followed by ‘prepositional compounds’, ‘conjunctional compounds’, and those involve ‘a noun, pronoun, and an adjective’. Furthermore, ‘phrasal compounds’ containing a verb’ having the value of zero. Analysis of data has acknowledged that ‘atomic’ acronym constitutes the high percentage than ‘molecular’ and this explains the abundance of the unpronounceable acronym in science fiction. Generally, existential sentences, existential sentences may give the entire clause a fresh status.

The Temple Archive Used for the Fabrication of 1 Maccabees 10.25b–45

Chapter 10 of I Maccabees tells of the competing efforts of Seleucid King Demetrius I Soter and his contender, Alexander I Balas, to win the support of the Jews in Judea. Verses 25b-45 quote a letter, allegedly sent by the king, containing numerous overwhelming promises. Following an accepted view in research, which regards the letter as a fake, this paper raises the possibility that it was written as an ironic text, the irony being at times evident and at others more covert. The article suggests that in the composition of this array of promises, its author consulted, collected, and borrowed elements, even entire clauses from several other, authentic, Seleucid letters sent to the Jews in Judea. Of these letters, the resemblance in content between the text in question and two letters of Antiochus III, quoted by Josephus in book 12 of his Antiquity of the Jews, is especially striking. The apparent reliance on such authentic Seleucid documents, which are not quoted in I Maccabees, indicates that the author of the letter and the author of I Maccabees used the same official Temple archive, and quite likely, are the same person.

CONTRACTING FOR SELF-DENIAL: ON ENFORCING “NO ORAL MODIFICATION” CLAUSES

Abstract“No oral modification” (NOM) clauses should be enforced in English law. Parties should be permitted to impose formality requirements upon themselves. Entire agreement clauses are (rightly) enforced and this provides a compelling parallel. The reasoning of two Court of Appeal decisions holding NOM clauses unenforceable is critically analysed. The extent to which NOM clauses should be defeasible by estoppel and unfair terms legislation is considered.

The Function of Noun Phrases between Albanian and English

Customarily, linguistic description on the syntactic level is formulated in terms of constituent analysis. We now can ask what form of grammar is presupposed by description of this sort. We find that the new form of grammatical is essentially more powerful than the finite state model rejected above, and that the associated concept of “linguistic level” is different in fundamental respects. “Noun phrases are any and all structures headed by a noun, or by a pronoun, or any other word or structure that stands in for a noun. Thus even an entire clause may function as a noun phrase”. Some further evidence that categories are complex entities comes from the fact that phrase categories go together with, or are “projection” of, specific word level categories. This was first highlighted in Harris (1951) and was take up in Chomsky (1970), Jackendoff (1977), or Muysken 1985 etc.

‘You’re absolutely welcome, thanks for the ear’: The use of <i>absolutely</i> in American soap operas

The aim of the paper is to discuss the syntax and uses of absolutely in recent American soap operas. It is shown that absolutely can be used both as an intensifier and with an emphasising meaning where it has scope over the entire clause. Absolutely was also found as a stand-alone marker with the function to respond to yes–no questions and to speech acts such as requests and thanking.

A Maturity Level Framework for Measurement of Information Security Performance

is one of the most important assets of the company. With the development of information technology is very rapid, the possibility of ever increasing information security disorder. This research was conducted to find out the level of information security in organization to give recommendations improvements in information security management at the company. This research uses the ISO 27001 by involving the entire clause that exists in ISO 27001 checklist. The source of the data used in this study was a detailed questionnaire and interview. The respondents in this study are all the employees are in the Office of the Bureau of information technology as many as 14 peoples. The results showed maturity level of information security in the Office of the Bureau of information technology is at level 2. The value of the gap between the value of the maturity level of the current and expected level of maturity value is 2.79. Recommendations for improvement are given requires an understanding of the company and also required coordination with the internal company.

The Digital Single Market and Legal Certainty: A Critical Analysis of the Common European Sales Law

One of the top priorities of the newly elected European Commission is to create a connected digital single market. One of the objectives is to simplify the rules for online digital purchases by consumers. According to the Commission, traders and consumers should be able to rely on a common set of rules, which would provide a high degree of legal certainty.The common set of rules just referred to are being drafted by the Commission on the basis of the proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL). In this contribution, we hold these CESL rules against the stated objective of ‘providing a high degree of certainty’. Are they fit for further implementation in the future digital single market package? Do they really enable contracting parties to predict, with a reasonably sufficient degree of certainty, the legal consequences of entering into a CESL contract? The contribution focuses on three important stages in the life cycle of a contract, seen from a business perspective: the scope rules that determine whether CESL applies to a contract, the interpretation of entire agreement clauses and the legal consequences of a breach of contract.

Phonological and morphological faces

In this study, we verify the observation that signs for emotion related concepts are articulated with the congruent facial movements in German Sign Language using a corpus. We propose an account for the function of these facial movements in the language that also explains the function of mouthings and other facial movements at the lexical level. Our data, taken from 20 signers in three different conditions, show that for the disgust related signs, a disgust related facial movement with temporal scope only over the individual sign occurred in most cases. These movements often occurred in addition to disgust related facial movements that had temporal scope over the entire clause. Using the Facial Action Coding System, we found some variability in how exactly the facial movement was instantiated, but most commonly, it consisted of tongue protrusion and an open mouth. We propose that these lexically related facial movements be regarded as an additional layer of communication with both phonological and morphological properties, and we extend this proposal to mouthings as well. The relationship between this layer and manual lexical items is analogous in some ways to the gesture-word relationship, and the intonation-word relationship.

Unilateral Jurisdiction Clauses: The Case for Invalidity, Severability or Enforceability

This article presents a study of the so-called 'unilateral' ('optional', 'hybrid') jurisdiction clauses combining arbitration and choice of court options, which business tends to favour as such clauses seek to designate a method of dispute resolution that provides a more favourable position for one of the parties to an agreement and ensure better enforcement against a debtor's assets. However, there are a growing number of jurisdictions where courts have issued decisions that declare such clauses either invalid or as having a significant defect. This study makes a review of both common law and continental jurisdictions and focuses particularly on a number of decisions issued recently in continental jurisdictions making an assessment of the arguments that are typically employed by courts in order to find that a unilateral clause is invalid. Finally, this study proposes a method of interpretation of unilateral jurisdiction clauses which favours their validity or, where there is a significant defect, proposes partial invalidity and severance instead of invalidity of the entire clause.

Contracting for ‘Contextualism’ – How can parties influence the interpretation method applied to their agreement?

Since the High Court refusal of leave to appeal against the New South Wales Court of Appeal in Western Export Services Inc v Jireh International Pty Ltd (2011) 282 ALR 604, there has been much debate as to whether the identification of ambiguity is a pre-requisite to the admission of extrinsic evidence of surrounding circumstances and the commercial purpose of the contract in contract interpretation in Australia. And indeed, if it is, whether it should be. However, very little attention has been paid to the question of whether, and how, contracting parties might influence the interpretation method applied to their agreement. In her article, Catherine Mitchell argues how parties may use an entire agreement clause to evidence the parties’ intention that they do not wish for the background circumstances to be taken into account. This article considers the converse, that is, how the parties, at the time of drafting their contracts, may direct a court to look at context. It concludes that there are good reasons for directing the court to look at context and allows contracting parties to take control at a time when the interpretation rules are very uncertain.

The Entire Agreement Clause: Conclusive or a Question of Weight?

This article addresses the question whether the inclusion of an entire agreement clause in an apparently complete written agreement precludes a finding that, in truth, the parties intended either a partly written and partly oral contract or a written contract and a collateral contract. According to recent decisions of the English courts, the answer is yes. However, the article discusses various reasons why the clause cannot, in principle, be conclusive. It also discusses alternative mechanisms for enforcing an oral undertaking that the evidence establishes was made and was intended to be binding, including the equitable remedy of rectification and, in contrast to English cases supporting the view that the entire agreement clause itself gives rise to a “contractual estoppel”, promissory estoppel and estoppel by convention.

Focus in Ecuadorian Quechua

This paper provides a brief description of how pragmatically marked focus is encoded in Ecuadorian Quechua. 1 While this is a preliminary study based on data from one speaker, this variety of Quechua is under-documented, and this in-progress study is a contribution nonetheless Clauses with focus reveal pragmatic nuances that differ from other clause types. 2 I will illustrate the effects of focus by contrasting focused and unfocused sentences. Marked focus can occur in two different scopes. If the entire clause is focused, the scope is truth-value focus. 3 Example (1) shows an unfocused sentence, while (2) asserts the truth-value of the focused statement.

A structural–functional account of NP-internal mood

Illocutionary force and modality are grammatical phenomena that are traditionally considered to operate at a ‘high level’, scoping over entire clauses and represented in the upper regions of the syntactic tree or of the semantic representation. This is supported by the observation that (most) subordinate clauses do not have their own illocutionary force, but depend on the main clause in this respect. Still, English exhibits a number of constructions where an NP appears to come with its own illocution, independent of the illocutionary force of the clause of which the NP is a part. In other languages as well, NPs are known to occur with illocutionary and modality operators. In this article, several of these constructions will be brought together, and it is then considered how they can be accounted for in two closely related structural–functional syntactic theories, namely Role and Reference Grammar and Functional Discourse Grammar. It is shown that both approaches can accommodate these odd constructions, provided a number of minor adjustments are made to the technical apparatus.