Entire Analysis Period Research Articles

텍스트마이닝을 활용한 영유아 교육에서 돌봄 연구의 동향 분석

Objectives The purpose of this study is to analyze the overall trend of care research and obtain directions and implications for follow-up research by exploring trends in ‘care’ research in infant and toddler education using text mining. Methods Method For this purpose, the title, keywords, and Korean abstract of the paper were analyzed through text mining. The subject of analysis was a total of 76 degree and academic journal papers published in Korea from 2004, when care research emerged in infant and toddler education, to 2024. Results Using LDA analysis, the text mining analysis results were visualized as a word cloud, and as a result of the analysis of papers over the entire analysis period, the most frequent keyword was ‘infant/toddler teacher’, and the same pattern was seen in the keywords analyzed by curriculum period. Research on care in infant and toddler education conducted over the past 20 years has focused on ‘infant and toddler teachers’ and ‘infants and toddlers’, and although there are a small number of topics related to care in infant and toddler education in each curriculum period, discourse analysis and social change have continued to be conducted. It was confirmed that the studies reflected had been conducted steadily. In the care discourse on infant and toddler education, it was confirmed that interest in physical and mental self-care is increasing, from parental care and infant and toddler teacher care to public care that the state is responsible for and society works with. Conclusions By conceptualizing the characteristics that emerged from the analysis results, we categorized the discovered knowledge, and suggested that academic discussions on the policy agenda for care in early childhood education should be active and implications for self-care.

Revisiting day-of-week ozone patterns in an era of evolving US air quality

Abstract. Past work has shown that traffic patterns in the USA and resulting NOx emissions vary by day of week, with NOx emissions typically being higher on weekdays than weekends. This pattern of emissions leads to different levels of ozone on weekends versus weekdays and can be leveraged to understand how local ozone formation changes in response to NOx emission perturbations in different urban areas. Specifically, areas with lower NOx but higher ozone on the weekends (the weekend effect) can be characterized as NOx-saturated and areas with both lower NOx and ozone on weekends (the weekday effect) can be characterized as NOx-limited. In this analysis, we assess maximum daily 8 h average (MDA8) ozone weekend–weekday differences across 51 USA nonattainment areas using 18 years of observed and modeled data from 2002–2019, using the following two metrics: mean MDA8 ozone and percentage of days with MDA8 ozone > 70 ppb (parts per billion). In addition, we quantify the modeled and observed trends in these weekend–weekday differences across this period of substantial NOx emission reductions in the USA. The model assessment is carried out using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)'s Air QUAlity TimE Series Project (EQUATES) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model dataset. We identify three types of MDA8 ozone trends occurring across the USA, namely transitioning chemical regime, disappearing weekday effect, and no trend. The transitioning chemical regime trend occurs in a subset of large urban areas that were NOx-saturated (i.e., volatile organic compound (VOC)-limited) at the beginning of the analysis period but transitioned to mixed chemical regimes or NOx-limited conditions by the end of the analysis period. Nine areas have strong transitioning chemical regime trends using both modeled and observed data and with both metrics indicating strong agreement that they are shifting to more NOx-limited conditions: Milwaukee, Houston, Phoenix, Denver, the Northern Wasatch Front, the Southern Wasatch Front, Las Vegas, Los Angeles – San Bernardino County, Los Angeles – South Coast, and San Diego. The disappearing weekday effect was identified for multiple rural and agricultural areas of California which were NOx-limited for the entire analysis period but appear to become less influenced by local day-of-week emission patterns in more recent years. Finally, we discuss a variety of reasons why there are no trends in certain areas including complex impacts of heterogeneous source mixes and stochastic impacts of meteorology. Overall, this assessment finds that the EQUATES modeling simulations indicate more NOx-saturated conditions than the observations but do a good job of capturing year-to-year changes in weekend–weekday MDA8 ozone patterns.

Intra-Regional and Global Competitive Dynamics of African Sugar Industries

Recent dynamics in the sugar industry, including price fluctuations in the global market, reforms in the European sugar sector, and changes in intra-regional trade patterns, underscore the need to understand changes in the competitiveness of African sugar exports. This paper, therefore, uses the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index and the Harris-Tzavalis panel-data unit-root test to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the dynamics in both inter and intra-regional competitiveness of sugar exports across 34 African countries using panel data that spans from 2001-2021. The NRCA indices reveal notable shifts and patterns in the competitive landscape of African sugar exporters. As of 2021, half of the countries under scrutiny demonstrated a competitive edge in sugar exports, representing a slight uptick from the fourteen (14) observed in 2021. Nonetheless, only eight (8) African countries, predominantly from southern Africa, have sustained their competitiveness both globally and intra-regionally over the entire analysis period. The majority of African sugar exports have struggled to maintain competitiveness on the global market, with some alternating between periods of comparative advantage and comparative disadvantage. However, three North African countries, particularly Algeria, Egypt and Morrocco gained comparative advantage during this timeframe. The sustained competitiveness of Southern African countries and the gain in competitiveness of some North African countries highlights the importance and growing influence of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in shaping the developmental trajectory of African sugar industries.

Trade and competitiveness of African sugar exports

IntroductionSugar ranks among the most widely consumed, traded, sensitive, and protected commodities on the global and intra-regional stages. Recent developments in the sugar industry, inclusive of price distortions in the global sugar market, the liberalization of the European sugar sector, and the globalization of international agricultural trade, have amplified the need to comprehend the evolution of competitiveness in African sugar exports. Consequently, this study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the patterns, trends, and shifts in the inter- and intra-regional competitiveness of African sugar exports.MethodsThis paper employed the Normalized Revealed Comparative Advantage (NRCA) index and the Harris-Tzavalis panel-data unit-root test to assess the stability and structural changes in the competitive patterns of sugar exports for 34 African countries. The analysis is based on panel data spanning the period from 2001 to 2021.Results and discussionThe NRCA indices unveil certain dynamics and shifts in the competitiveness of country-specific sugar exports. Overall, the number of countries exhibiting competitive sugar exports has marginally increased, rising from 14 in 2001 to 17 in 2021. However, only eight African countries, predominantly from the southern region, have consistently maintained competitiveness in both the global and intra-regional markets throughout the entire analysis period. A significant portion of sugar exports from African countries has remained non-competitive on the global market, with a select few oscillating between periods of comparative advantage and disadvantage. Notably, the North African nations of Morocco, Algeria, and Egypt have transitioned from a position of comparative disadvantage to one of comparative advantage. At the intra-regional level, the presence of tariff and non-tariff trade barriers, including tariff escalations and trade embargoes, has rendered sugar exports non-competitive. These barriers augment the challenges faced by producers in other African nations seeking to exploit economies of scale.ConclusionThe sustained competitiveness of sugar exports from the Southern African region to other African regions underscores the significance and increasing impact of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in bolstering the competitiveness and development of the sugar industry.

Spatiotemporal variations in seismic activity in and around the focal region of the 2021 [formula omitted]7.3 and 2022 [formula omitted]7.4 Fukushima-Oki earthquakes, Japan

The spatiotemporal evolution of seismic activity is presented for a broad region surrounding the focal areas of the 2021 M7.3 and 2022 M7.4 Fukushima-Oki earthquakes, which occurred within the subducting slab off the Pacific coast of Fukushima Prefecture, northeastern Japan. This study investigates the spatiotemporal variations in seismic activity during the periods before the 2021 M7.3 earthquake, between the 2021 M7.3 and 2022 M7.4 earthquakes, and after the 2022 M7.4 earthquake using the b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter relation, the aftershock decay rate (p-value), and changes in the seismicity rate (Z-value). The study area is also divided into two depth sections to investigate the depth variations in these seismicity parameters relative to the plate interface. The b-values in the deeper section (intraslab) are generally lower than those in the shallower section (around the plate interface) throughout the entire analysis period, including the hypocentral areas of the M7.3 and M7.4 earthquakes. The aftershock decay rates for the M7.3 and M7.4 earthquakes also show depth-dependent characteristics, with a slower decay rate (p < 1.0) at many grid nodes in the deeper section than in the shallower section. Furthermore, seismic quiescence was noted in the hypocentral area of the M7.3 earthquake about two years before the occurrence of this mainshock. The locations of the M7.3 and M7.4 earthquakes around the down-dip edge of the slip area of the 2011 M9.0 Tohoku earthquake suggests that the variations in seismic activity detected in this study mainly reflect stress increases due to the coseismic slip and postseismic deformation of this great earthquake. The present study suggests that the effect of viscoelastic relaxation is a dominant factor in the deeper section. Furthermore, the variations in seismicity may also reflect heterogeneous structures within the slab.

The effectiveness of primary series CoronaVac vaccine in preventing COVID-19 illness: A prospective cohort study among healthcare workers in Azerbaijan, May-November 2021.

Healthcare workers (HCWs) have suffered considerable morbidity and mortality during the COVID-19 pandemic. Few studies have evaluated the CoronaVac vaccine effectiveness (VE), particularly in Eastern Europe, where the vaccine has been widely used. We conducted a prospective cohort study among HCWs in seven hospitals in Baku, Azerbaijan between May 17 and November 30, 2021, to evaluate primary series (two-dose) CoronaVac VE against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants completed weekly symptom questionnaires, provided nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing when symptomatic, and provided serology samples at enrollment that were tested for anti-spike and anti-nucleocapsid antibodies. We estimated VE as (1 - hazard ratio)*100 using a Cox proportional hazards model with vaccination status as a time-varying exposure, adjusting for hospital and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection status. We enrolled 1582 HCWs. At enrollment, 1040 (66%) had received two doses of CoronaVac; 421 (27%) were unvaccinated. During the study period, 72 PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 infections occurred; 36/39 (92%) sequenced samples were classified as Delta variants. Primary series VE against COVID-19 illness was 29% (95% CI: -51%; 67%) for the entire analysis period. For the Delta-only period (July 1-November 30, 2021), primary series VE was 19% (95% CI: -81%; 64%). For the entire analysis period, primary series VE was 39% (95% CI: -40%; 73%) for HCWs vaccinated within 14-149 days and 19% (95% CI: -81%; 63%) for those vaccinated ≥150 days. During a period in Azerbaijan characterized by mostly Delta circulation, VE point estimates suggested that primary series CoronaVac protected nearly 1 in 3 HCWs against COVID-19, but 95% confidence intervals were wide, with lower bounds that crossed zero, reflecting the limited precision of our VE estimates. Our findings underscore the need to consider booster doses for individuals who have received the primary series of CoronaVac.

Determination of Organochlorines Pesticide Residues in Water Samples Using Liquid-Liquid Extraction Method

In this study, chlorinated cyclic hydrocarbon pesticides were extracted from water using a solvent mixture (hexane: dichloromethane), and their content was determined by GC-MS equipped with electron ionization (EI) and selected ion monitoring (SIM) methods. Additionally, the validation parameters for the method used were established. The recovery ratios of the spike levels varied between 82.7% and 95.4%. Heptachlor had the lowest recovery value, 82.7%, at a concentration of 1.480 µg/L, while Aldrin had the highest recovery value, 95.4%, at 11.200 µg/L. A satisfactory linearity was found for each pesticide at the four varied spike levels during the extraction procedure. Trans-Heptachlor &amp;gt; Heptachlor &amp;gt; trans-Chlordane &amp;gt; cis-Chlordane was the order in which the recovery efficiency of pesticides containing chlorine cyclo rings declined. Trans-Chlordane &amp;gt; trans-Heptachlor &amp;gt;Endosulfan &amp;gt; Dieldrin &amp;gt; Heptachlor &amp;gt; Aldrin &amp;gt; cis-Chlordane was followed by a decline in the relevant value of pesticides having two or more cyclic rings for the seven pesticides that made up the entire analysis period in this experiment a sufficient differentiation was made in around 18 minutes.

Duration of the Rental Offer for Residential Property

Abstract The rental market in Poland is underdeveloped, not subject to any statutory registers, and based primarily on small, private owners. The article estimates the duration of residential rental properties that have been reported to the listing exchange system using duration methods. Duration methods also allow the analysis to include those properties that were not rented at the time the analysis was completed, but their owners continued to report their willingness to rent. The article presents the results of the analysis of how long it takes to rent an apartment over the entire analysis period and in each year separately. The presented study is the first to examine the duration of residential real estate offerings for rent in the Polish market. Considering the entire analysis period, 25% of the reported apartments were rented in 7.3 weeks. The fastest 25% of rental offers were successful (rented) in 2019 – 4.86 weeks. The longest apartment owners waited for a tenant was in 2020 – more than 8 weeks, which was undoubtedly influenced by the lockdown of the entire country, and the change in the organization of work and study (remote work and studies, which did not require being in the city).

Solidarity with children and people with disabilities? : An economic analysis of reconstructive hip interventions in pediatric orthopedics

Brain damage in childhood can be caused cerebral palsy (CP) or be due to other diseases. Disturbance of muscle tone results in consecutive development of hip subluxation. Hip reconstructive surgery can significantly improve the mobility and quality of care of children. However, the DRG for surgical care of these conditions has been increasingly devalued. In Germany, this has already led to areduction of pediatric orthopedics departments, accompanied by an important risk of insufficient treatment options for children and people with disabilities. The aim of this retrospective study was an economic analysis of pediatric orthopedic interventions using the example of neurogenic hip decentration. For this purpose, the revenue-cost situation in patients with CP or other causes of brain damage was evaluated at amaximum care hospital in the period of 2019-2021. The entire analysis period showed adeficit. The non-CP-group showed the most important deficit. In CP-patients, however, the plus decreased each year and resulted in adeficit in 2021. While the distinction between cerebral palsy and other forms of brain damage in children is usually not relevant for treatment, it is evident that the non-CP group is massively underfinanced. Overall, the negative economic balance of pediatric orthopedics in the field of neurogenic hip reconstruction is clearly revealed. In the current interpretation of the DRG system, children with disabilities cannot be offered cost-effective care at amaximum-care university center.

Does the Effectiveness of Monetary Policy Depend on the Choice of Policy Instrument? Empirical Evidence from South Korea

Abstract This study provides robust evidence on how the choice of the policy instrument for monetary policy influences its impact on economic activity. We study the case of South Korea for the period 1980-2017. We use FAVAR models that allow a comprehensive exploration of different areas of economic activity by overcoming limitations on a number of variables that can be included in the analysis in a traditional VAR model. Following the actual use of instruments, we test the effectiveness of monetary policy in two separate periods: 1980-1999, when the Bank of Korea mostly used M2 as the policy instrument; and then 2000-2017, when interest rate was the policy instrument. Our results show that monetary policy that uses interest rate as the policy instrument is markedly more effective in economic activity than M2. This is observable in the reaction from prices as well as variables that measure industrial production. In contrast, the impact of M2 mostly occurs in prices and it is short lived. We use robustness checks that switch the use of instrument for each subperiod and also test the use of each policy instrument for the entire period of analysis. The results hold, interest rates as policy instrument of monetary policy are more effective than M2.

Effectiveness of Adaptive Operating Rules for Reservoirs

In this paper, a methodological proposal is made to develop an adaptive decision support system for reservoir management. The system is based on an optimization model that determines operating rules that meet certain optimality conditions based on the state of the reservoir at a certain time and on a streamflow forecast, if available. The model is based on Spiliotis et al. in Water Resour Manage 30:5759-5778, where a general methodology was developed to specify static operating rules for reservoir systems. The proposed methodology consists of modifying the optimization procedure developed in the previous work to dynamically update operating rules to adapt management to the changing situation. To evaluate its effectiveness, the methodology was applied to the Pisuerga-Carrión reservoir system, in the Spanish part of the Duero basin. The results obtained with adaptive rules were compared with those obtained applying the same static operating rule for the entire analysis period. Adaptive rules were found to lead to better operating results, particularly if a successful streamflow forecast method is available.

Pandemic and Gender Influences on Submissions to Epidemiology.

Pandemic and Gender Influences on Submissions to Epidemiology.

Serial droughts and loss of hydrologic resilience in a subtropical basin: The case of water inflow into the Cantareira reservoir system in Brazil during 2013–2021

Study regionSoutheastern Brazil, with emphasis on the Jaguari River basin, the main tributary of the Cantareira system. Study focusWe examined the basin hydroclimate variability, especially along the historical meteorological droughts between 2013 and 2021, and the hydrologic response to negative disturbances in rainfall. Field and satellite measurements of rainfall, flow, soil moisture, and water storage were used to assess the hydroclimate variability and to validate the hydrological model. Our hypothesis is that a good model performance on these validated variables improve our confidence in the representation of aquifer storage and recharge. We also estimated the long-term elasticity of flow to precipitation using the entire analysis period (27 years), and compared to the elasticity in along the serial droughts from 2017 to 2021. New hydrological insights for the regionResults show that the serial meteorological droughts were very likely unprecedented in the last 70 years, leading to hydrologic impacts over regional scale. We estimated a decrease of 6.4 mm y-1 in the soil moisture and a reduction of 26% in the aquifer recharge in the last 5 years of serial droughts. In the same period, the elasticity of flow to precipitation was 3.1, which greatly exceeded the long-term value of 2.0. This greater hydrologic sensitivity in the elasticity may represent that the resilience of the surface hydrologic system was transiently lost.

Response of terrestrial water storage and its change to climate change in the endorheic Tibetan Plateau

Terrestrial water storage (TWS) and its change (TWSC) are extremely sensitive to climate change, and are good indicators of the response of the hydrological system to climate change in the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, long-term variation in TWS and its components, as well as contributions of these component changes to TWSC, are still not well documented. In this study, we extended monthly TWS anomaly (TWSA) and TWSC from 1989 to 2019 using the random forest (RF) method, analyzed the long-term contribution rates of each component change to TWSC using a mass balance approach, and compared them with the rates estimated by the RF method. Our major findings are: (1) the warming and wetting trend in the entire analysis period (PA) and in the pre-mutation period (P1) was slowed down or even reversed in the post-mutation period (P2), which was caused mainly by the decrease in temperature and precipitation in the north-eastern Inner Basin (IB) and southern Qaidam Basin (QB); (2) the RF method is capable of estimating monthly TWSA and TWSC (0.872 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.957 in training data, 0.528 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.860 in test data). Variable selection has an important impact on the method, and TWSC can be used as an alternative when TWSA estimate is poor; (3) Significant annual TWSA increase (2.20 mm/a, P < 0.05) in the IB during PA comes from a higher increase during P2 (3.62 mm/a, P < 0.05) and a small variation during P1 (−0.65 m/a, P > 0.1). Spatially, the increase is attributed to the higher increase trends (> 4.50 mm/a, P < 0.05) in north-eastern IB during PA and P2, and slight decrease in western and southern IB during PA. The spatial and temporal heterogeneity was mainly caused by the differences in precipitation amount, glacier proportions, and permafrost types. (4) During PA, TWSC in the IB was mainly determined by lake water storage change (LWSC) with a contribution rate of 62 %, while in the QB it was mainly determined by soil water change (−43 %), and LWSC had a contribution rate of −27 %. LWSC impact on TWSC was more significant in the IB, especially in the southeastern sub-regions with regional water storage surplus (TWSC > 0). The overall increase in water storages and fluxes, and exchanges imply an intensified hydrologic cycle in the region.

Multi-Criteria Assessment of Transport Sustainability in Chosen European Union Countries: A Dynamic Approach

The main aim of this article is to dynamically evaluate the sustainable development of transportation as an important economic sector in each member state of the European Union. Furthermore, the authors tried to identify underdeveloped spatial areas and indicate related trends in particular countries. To address this research topic, a multivariate-order statistical measure was implemented. The data sources of the study were Eurostat databases. The rankings of the chosen European Union countries for transport sustainability and its individual components (pillars and orders) were obtained for 2016–2019. This allowed the underdeveloped space regions and their individual pillars in the field of transportation sustainability to be identified in an appropriate manner. Then, the total (general) synthetic measures applicable to the entire period of analysis were constructed. It should be noted that the initial set of diagnostic variables and its classification in certain sequences were implemented. Furthermore, the taxonomic method applied with Weber’s multivariate median was first used to dynamically assess aspects of traffic sustainability. Such synthetic methods allow for analysis of the interaction of different areas of complex transportation systems and allow distortions of the diagnostic variables.

Residual circulation and freshwater retention within an event-driven system of intertidal basins

This study explores the spatiotemporal variability in the residual circulation and its dependence on external forces in an interconnected system of intertidal basins. We focus on the Dutch Wadden Sea (DWS), where winds play a major role in water movements and storms significantly affect its short-term characteristics. We make use of realistic three-dimensional high-resolution numerical simulations to model the hydrodynamics in the DWS for the years 2005–2015. First, the ‘empirical orthogonal function’ method is applied to analyze systematically the relative contributions of various forcing mechanisms on the residual (i.e., tidally averaged) volume flow through the inlets and the shallow watersheds delimiting the system and each tidal basin. Then, we compute the tidally averaged flushing frequency of fresh water over the entire period of analysis, and we study its variations at short and long time scales. It is found that over 98% of the residual flow's spatiotemporal variations can be explained by the first three EOF modes, which are highly correlated with the cubic power of the vectorial wind components' speed and the amount of fresh water discharged into the back-barrier system. This study reveals that incidental short-duration events (e.g., storms) occurring at time scales of hours to days, albeit episodic and highly variable, strongly influence the residual transport's inter-annual variability and its long-term typical value in multiple-inlet coastal systems.

Wildfire Dynamics along a North-Central Siberian Latitudinal Transect Assessed Using Landsat Imagery

The history of wildfires along a latitudinal transect from forest–tundra to middle taiga in North-Central Siberia was reconstructed for the period from 1985 to 2020 using Landsat imagery. The transect passed through four key regions (75 × 75 km2) with different climate and landscape conditions that allowed us to evaluate regional wildfire dynamics as well as estimate differences in post-fire forest recovery. The Level-2A Landsat data (TM, ETM+, and OLI) were used to derive: (i) burned area (BA) locations, (ii) timing of wildfire occurrence (date, month, or season), (iii) fire severity, and (iv) trends in post-fire vegetation recovery. We used pre-selected and pre-processed scenes suitable for BA mapping taken within four consecutive time intervals covering the entire period of data analysis (1985–2020). Pre- and post-fire dynamics of forest vegetation were described using spectral indices, i.e., NBR and NDVI. We found that during the last three decades, the maximum BA occurred in the southernmost Vanavara region where ≈58% of the area burned. Total BA gradually decreased to the northwest with a minimum in the Igarka region (≈1%). Nearly half of these BAs appeared between summer 2013 and autumn 2020 due to higher frequency of hot and dry weather. The most severe wildfires were detected in the most northeastern Tura region. Analysis of NDVI and NBR dynamics showed that the mean period of post-fire vegetation recovery ranged between 20 and 25 years. The time of vegetation recovery at BAs with repeat wildfires and high severity was significantly longer.

Analysis of quality of information about deaths from neoplasms in Brazil between 2009 and 2019.

To assess the quality of information about mortality from neoplasm within the Mortality Information System. Descriptive observational study evaluating the quality of the Mortality Information System, with an outcome referring to data on deaths from neoplasm between 2009 and 2019 in the Brazilian population (≥15 years). Information Quality (IQ) was measured through coverage, specificity and completeness of data, at national and state level. The quality of the coverage dimension ranged from "good" to "excellent" in the national and state coverages. Specificity was classified as inadequate mainly in the states of the North and Northeast regions. The proportion of ill-defined causes was classified as "poor" quality in most units of analysis throughout the series. Data completeness varied according to indicator. Gender and age indicators were proven "excellent" for the entire period and units of analysis, while educational level varied in quality across units and periods, marital status had its quality improved over the period, as well as ethnicity/skin color. The quality of data on mortality from neoplasm in the Brazilian population (≥15 years) is mostly adequate, but there are important gaps to be filled, as the expansion of IQ seeks to give visibility to the health condition of the Brazilian population and to propose public actions for its improvement.

Análise da qualidade da informação sobre óbitos por neoplasias no Brasil, entre 2009 e 2019

ABSTRACT Objective To assess the quality of information about mortality from neoplasm within the Mortality Information System. Methods: Descriptive observational study evaluating the quality of the Mortality Information System, with an outcome referring to data on deaths from neoplasm between 2009 and 2019 in the Brazilian population (≥15 years). Information Quality (IQ) was measured through coverage, specificity and completeness of data, at national and state level. Results: The quality of the coverage dimension ranged from “good” to “excellent” in the national and state coverages. Specificity was classified as inadequate mainly in the states of the North and Northeast regions. The proportion of ill-defined causes was classified as “poor” quality in most units of analysis throughout the series. Data completeness varied according to indicator. Gender and age indicators were proven “excellent” for the entire period and units of analysis, while educational level varied in quality across units and periods, marital status had its quality improved over the period, as well as ethnicity/skin color. Conclusions: The quality of data on mortality from neoplasm in the Brazilian population (≥15 years) is mostly adequate, but there are important gaps to be filled, as the expansion of IQ seeks to give visibility to the health condition of the Brazilian population and to propose public actions for its improvement.

Market‐Wide Impact of Renewables on Electricity Prices in Australia*

This paper estimates the market‐wide impact of utility‐scale renewables on Australia's National Electricity Market (NEM) wholesale prices from 2009 to 2020. The goal is to understand the medium‐run impact of renewable generation, as opposed to the short‐run impact of weather‐driven changes in renewable output. The focus is, therefore, on the relationship between renewable generation (and its growth) and wholesale prices over a long period of time. In particular, we exploit the half‐hourly nature of wholesale price setting in the NEM to uncover the impact of solar and wind daily production on the distribution of prices throughout the day. In contrast to the merit‐order effect literature, which focuses on the short‐run (contemporaneous) impact of renewables, our results suggest that the total daily solar production has a positive, although not always significant, impact on wholesale prices throughout the day during an early development stage of solar generation. For a more recent period, following a substantive increase in utility‐scale solar generation, the results are more in line with the merit‐order effect literature with total daily solar production reducing wholesale prices for most of the day. This impact, however, is of several orders of magnitude lower than that predicted in the literature. We also show that the daily production of wind has a small negative impact on wholesale prices for most of the day, throughout the entire period of analysis.