Entire Adult Life Research Articles

Segregation of lipid raft markers including CD133 in polarized human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells

AbstractDuring ontogenesis and the entire adult life hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells have the capability to migrate. In comparison to the process of peripheral leukocyte migration in inflammatory responses, the molecular and cellular mechanisms governing the migration of these cells remain poorly understood. A common feature of migrating cells is that they need to become polarized before they migrate. Here we have investigated the issue of cell polarity of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in detail. We found that human CD34+ hematopoietic cells (1) acquire a polarized cell shape upon cultivation, with the formation of a leading edge at the front pole and a uropod at the rear pole; (2) exhibit an amoeboid movement, which is similar to the one described for migrating peripheral leukocytes; and (3) redistribute several lipid raft markers including cholesterol-binding protein prominin-1 (CD133) in specialized plasma membrane domains. Furthermore, polarization of CD34+ cells is stimulated by early acting cytokines and requires the activity of phosphoinositol-3-kinase as previously reported for peripheral leukocyte polarization. Together, our data reveal a strong correlation between polarization and migration of peripheral leukocytes and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells and suggest that they are governed by similar mechanisms.

Early-life programming of aging and longevity: the idea of high initial damage load (the HIDL hypothesis).

In this study, we test the predictions of the high initial damage load (HIDL) hypothesis, a scientific idea that early development of living organisms produces an exceptionally high load of initial damage, which is comparable with the amount of subsequent aging-related deterioration accumulating during the rest of the entire adult life. This hypothesis predicts that even small progress in optimizing the early-developmental processes can potentially result in a remarkable prevention of many diseases in later life, postponement of aging-related morbidity and mortality, and significant extension of healthy life span.

William Robinson in North America 1870

William Robinson (1838–1935) was one of the most significant horticulturists of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, publishing, among other titles, The Wild Garden (1870) and The English Flower Garden (1883), and founding a series of periodicals including The Garden, Gardening Illustrated and Flora and Sylva. Robinson was Irish by birth, but spent almost his entire adult life, after 1860, in England.

Endō Shūsaku: Death and Rebirth in Deep River

Mention name of Endo Shusaku (1923-96) in circles, and chances are that cliched portrayals of him as author, or even as Graham Greene, will not be long in surfacing. On one level it is hard to argue with depiction. Endo was, after all, a Japanese national (albeit raised in occupied Chinese Manchuria) who identified with Catholic tradition through baptism at age of twelve (albeit, his own admission, more under duress from his devout mother than from any deeply held conviction) and who devoted his entire adult life to an increasingly successful career. As with all expedient labels, however, these present an oversimplified picture. Not only do they obscure other elements in Endo's art that root him more firmly within mainstream of contemporary Japanese than is often acknowledged, but also terms are too often used in an uncritical manner that seldom addresses their complex connotations. In this essay I hope to draw attention to some of these other elements in Endo's art. To do so is in no way to deny centrality of theological concerns to his project, nor to denigrate perspicacity of his theological insights. By considering other facets of his work and placing him more squarely in his Japanese context, however, I hope to arrive at a more critical definition of term Christian literature as applied to Endo, one that affords due prominence to process of regeneration, both physical and spiritual, that was forced upon End0 and his peers in immediate postwar period and that resonates throughout his oeuvre. One element of Endo's art germane to any discussion of his legacy--and, as I shall suggest, to his categorization as author--is his close affiliation with so-called daisan no shinjin (third generation of new writers), who emerged during 1950s following U.S. Occupation. (1) Born in early 1920s and consequently raised amid nationalistic fervor and wartime atmosphere of 1930-40s, here was a generation of authors who, for a variety of reasons (failed medicals, undeployed kamikaze, etc.), rarely experienced life at front but for whom war and confrontation with death had become norm. The confrontation is never far below surface of their fiction. It reflects determination to negotiate a transition back to life with a future, to provide reconstructions of what is often portrayed in terms of the death of their former selves, leading to frequent deployment of what Van C. Gessel has described as literary doppelganger (Voice 198). The ensuing works of fiction are marked a splintered narrative perspective, one that can be seen as both an extension of, and reaction against, prewar tradition in which shishosetsu (I-novel, (2) with its often obsessive focus on narrow and mundane concerns of author-protagonist) reigned supreme. On one hand, it represents a logical sequitur to discovery of interiority that Karatani Kojin cites as most significant trend in emergence of shishosetsu during first half of twentieth century in Japan. (3) Indeed, I would argue that this search for interiority is pursued with renewed intensity daisan no shinjin, as they come increasingly to question reliability of their own narrators. On other hand, however, as Karatani was first to acknowledge, shishosetsu form that developed in 1920s and 30s as a direct consequence of discovery of interiority has been widely criticized on grounds that, by conflating author's `I' and `I' of works, Japanese I-novel has failed to create a self-sufficient fictional world (76). It was thus left to daisan no shinjin to eschew depiction of unmediated reality (4) with which prewar shishosetsu had come increasingly to be identified and to accuse their predecessors of merely recording individual experience without delving beyond level of psyche (Endo, Ningen 161; my translation). …

David Played a Harp: A Free Man's Battle for Independence (review)

Nowadays, way too many of society's "victims" are mere poseurs. Not Ralph W. Johnson, who was at once victim and beneficiary of possibly the most eccentric practice ever to take root in the Jim Crow era. What a curious tale! For Ralph Johnson was a black man who spent his entire adult life as proprietor of a whites-only barbershop. This is not to say that his was a unique situation, but what is exceptional is his ability to tell a riveting story doubtless familiar to many another black barber who either owned or worked in an establishment that catered only to the white trade.

Fifty Years of Research on Stellar Atmospheres

AbstractI would like to begin by saying what a pleasure it is for me to be here. For my entire adult life I have wanted to come to Australia. Actually, I have been invited to visit here twice before, but each time I was thwarted by circumstances beyond my control. But this time I was determined to (a) prove that the third time is indeed the charm, and (b) pay homage to Walter Stibbs, who in my mind is the epitome of a scholar and a gentleman. I have known Walter as colleague, teacher, and friend, not to mention as an inspiration, both professional and personal. So I am here today to try to give some sense of progress in the study of stellar atmospheres, a field that Walter has graced with his virtuosic touch. I will follow an unabashedly personal path, describing the development as I experienced it. I will focus almost entirely on early-type stars, where we may reasonably expect the atmospheric layers to be homogeneous, and in radiative equilibrium. Only at the end will I mention our nearest stellar neighbor, the Sun, which, because we can study it in so much detail, offers counterexamples to almost all of the the theory that works so well for early-type stars. I offer apologies in advance to anyone this approach may offend.

Less than meets the eye: the strange career of Dorothea Dix. [Review of: Brown, T.J. Dorothea Dix: New England reformer. Harvard University Press, 1998

Over a century ago Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard asserted that purity of heart is the will to one thing.' By this standard Dorothea Dix's heart was pristine. Possessed of an indomitable will and wholly devoted to her personal crusade on behalf of the insane, Dix dedicated virtually her entire adult life to proclaiming that the neglect and mistreatment of these poor crazed beings amounted to nothing less than a national sin. Over four decades and tens of thousands of miles, Dix crisscrossed the country to publicize her cause, earning well-deserved fame as one of the most intrepid women in American public life. Like other romantic reformers of antebellum America, Dix understood her divine mission to encompass far more than the specific ends of her reform activities.2 Mistreatment of the insane was a barometer of the sordid spiritual life of a people obsessed with ambition and greed. By transforming the care of its weakest members, Dix as moral autocrat (p. 261) sought to save the nation. Unmarried and without close attachments, like Jean D'Arc, she eschewed a personal life in order to sacrifice herself for her country. Despite her herculean efforts for the more humane treatment of the insane, Dix long remained something of an enigma for historians. For more than a century, scholars recounted a romantic and largely apocryphal tale of Dorothea Dix based on her career in the Civil War. Most Americans still know her as the

Long-term association of tomato yellow leaf curl virus with its whitefly vector Bemisia tabaci: effect on the insect transmission capacity, longevity and fecundity.

The association between tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV, Israeli isolate) and its insect vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, was investigated. Insects that emerged during a 24 h period were caged with TYLCV-infected plants for a 48 h acquisition access period, then with egg-plants--a TYLCV non-host--for the rest of their lives. While TYLCV DNA was associated with the whiteflies during their entire adult life, the amount of capsid protein rapidly decreased and was not detectable in the insect after approximately 12 days of age. The ability of the infected whiteflies to transmit TYLCV to tomato test plants steadily decreased with age but did not disappear completely. Transmission by viruliferous insects decreased from 100% to 10-20% during their adult lifetime, compared with a decrease from 100% to 50% for non-viruliferous insects. The association of TYLCV with adult B. tabaci led to a reduction of 17-23% in their life expectancy compared with insects that had not acquired the virus, and to a 40-50% decrease in the mean number of eggs laid. These results suggest that TYLCV has some features reminiscent of an insect pathogen.

Continuous neurogenesis in the olfactory brain of adult shore crabs, Carcinus maenas

To scrutinize the common belief that the number of neurons in the CNS of adult decapod crustaceans stays constant, in spite of their dramatic postlarval increase in size, I counted olfactory projection neurons (OPNs) in the brains of differently-sized postlarval shore crabs, Carcinus maenas, and performed in vivo labeling of proliferating cells with 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) on brains of adults. The number of OPNs increases continuously throughout the postlarval life of shore crabs and approximately doubles from the very young to the oldest animals. Brain sections from adult crabs labeled with BrdU revealed ongoing proliferation of cells in the lateral soma cluster, which consists of OPN cell bodies, and in the cluster of somata of hemiellipsoid body local interneurons, which are the targets of the OPNs. Post-injection survival times from 5.5 to 120 h revealed a small but relatively constant number of labeled nuclei with neuronal morphology in both soma clusters of all specimens (31.3±9.5 S.D. nuclei per lateral cluster, n=29; 20.1±4.5 S.D. nuclei per hemiellipsoid body cluster, n=10). The labeled nuclei were located in a distinct proliferative zone in each cluster. There were significantly more labeled nuclei in both soma clusters after a prolonged post-injection survival time of 1 month (71.3±7.8 S.D. nuclei per lateral cluster, n=4; 38.2±7.1 nuclei per hemiellipsoid body cluster, n=6). In both soma clusters the labeled nuclei formed a compact group that was dislocated from the proliferation zone towards the outer edge of the cluster. In the proliferation zone of the lateral cluster histological stainings revealed cell bodies of typical neuronal shape that are slightly smaller and more intensely stained than the surrounding OPN somata. Some of these cell bodies were captured in various stages of mitosis. Collectively, these data indicate that continuous neurogenesis occurs in the central olfactory pathway of the brain of shore crabs throughout their entire adult life. This unexpected structural plasticity may enable long-lived decapod crustaceans to adapt to ever-changing olfactory environments.

Orientation of the trabecular pattern of the distal radius around the menopause

The trabecular pattern depicted on radiographs of the distal radius of women around the menopause is analysed by a new method to measure orientation. It is shown that the trabecular pattern on radiographs of the distal radius is aligned preferentially along the axial direction and to a lesser extent along the transverse direction. Two minima of orientation are found at 60° off the axial direction. A significant correlation is found between the average value of the orientation in the radius and the average lumbar bone mineral density. It is known that the bone mineral content decreases around the menopause. Previous reports on the present images describe several features that were found to be related to bone mineral content and to time. The orientation of the trabecular pattern, however, is found to be independent of time, at least during the two years of the investigation. Therefore, it is concluded that the orientation of the radiographic trabecular pattern tends to remain stable even if some features of the pattern evolve. Previous studies on radiographs of the radius of children and elderly women and men provide evidence for the tendency of orientation to remain stable not only in women around the menopause, but also in men and women during the entire adult life.

A Personal Note on Trademark and Unfair Competition Law before the Lanham Act

I was first exposed to antitrust and trademarks in the 1926 term of the United States Supreme Court, when I served as law clerk to Justice Stone. I had studied neither subject while at law school, a remarkable deficiency in my education having regard for the fact that both subjects were the centerpiece of my teaching, which extended for some forty-five years, and my practice over a period of some seventy years. The Court that term decided two trademark and unfair competition cases, with both opinions written by Justice Holmes.1 I doubt whether these opinions alone would have sufficiently kindled my interest to lead me to devote my entire adult life to these subjects. What aroused my interest was the conversation about trademarks between Justices Stone and Holmes at which I was present. Holmes's tribute to Frank Schechter's The Historical Foundations of the Law Relating to Trade-Marks2 induced me to immerse myself in this subject. I discovered that the first trademark case to be litigated in the federal courts was as late as 1844, over 100 years before the enactment of the Lanham Act.3 The paucity of reported decisions made it possible for a neophyte to read all of the court opinions, which I did when I joined the Columbia faculty in 1927. What I found was rather disconcerting; valuable brands of immense commercial magnetism were not accorded trademark status because of their etymological inferiority, despite the fact that they identified the source of the goods upon which they were affixed. Waterman Fountain Pens, Waltham Watches, and Kellogg Corn Flakes were trade names, not trademarks, and in theory (but not necessarily in fact) accorded limited and inadequate protection. At Columbia, my mentor, Professor Herman Oliphant, who pioneered the field with the first published casebook on trade regulation and who introduced the subject as a separate course in the law school curriculum, invited me to teach it notwithstanding my total unfamiliarity with the subject. He also encouraged me to put out a revised

Pope John Paul II: The Biography by Tad Szulc

Pope John Paul II: The Biography. By Tad Szulc. (New York: Scribner. 1995. Pp. 542. $27.50.) Aptly subtitled The (not merely A) biography of Pope John Paul II, Szulc's timely book will predictably have field to itself for indefinite future. All of other biographies of Pope accessible to this reviewer, whether in original language or in translation, pale in comparison to it or, in vernacular, cannot hold candle to it. Born and raised in Poland, Szulc has spent his entire adult life working, first, as highly respected reporter for The New York Times in New York City, Rome, and several Latin American capitals and, more recently, as an unaffiliated free-lance writer with dozen boo to his credit, plus number of nationally syndicated interviews, including one with John Paul II on Catholic-Jewish relations. It is tempting for some critics to denigrate even serious historical works by an academically uncredentialed writer as mere journalism which, in their view, does not measurer up to exacting standards of professional scholarship in field. In case of Szulc's book, that would be serious mistake. The incredible range and depth of his on-the-spot, person-to-person research in Poland, Rome, United States, and other countries; his unprecedented personal access to John Paul II and to Pope's closest friends, colleagues, and collaborators both in Poland and in Rome; his firsthand knowledge of Vatican and Roman Curia; his personal knowledge of political situation in Poland; and his privileged entree to leaders of both Church and State in Poland, Rome, and elsewhere, will be difficult for future historians to match simply on basis of archival research In short, there is something to be said for writing of serious history by an experienced reporter while all or most of principals are still alive and accessible and because they have confidence in his judgment and respect his Expertise and professional integrity, are willing to provide him on record with essential background information which is not available, and may never become available, in their official archives. On latter score, Szulc has uncovered several scoops which are of more than passing interest and significance: The never-before told story of how Polish Communist regime influenced elevation of Bishop Wojtyla to Archbishop, key step on his road to papacy; The real story, based on handwritten notes, of delicate negotiations between Gorbachev, Pope, and General Jaruzelski, concerning rise of democracy in Poland; The moving drama of John Paul II's secret conduct of developing relationship between Vatican and Israel; The detailed, hour-by-hour, inside story of Wojtyla's election as Pope as revealed by cardinals who were present at conclave. It is important to note, however, that Szulc's intimate portrait of Pope goes far beyond and beneath Holy Father's public persona. As he reports in his preface, when John Paul II and he first discussed his plans to write his biography, Holy Father remarked that a biography must be more than dates, facts, and quotations.... It must convey, Pope stated in Polish: the person's heart, soul, thoughts.... Szulc acted upon Pope's advice in this regard by studying in depth Polish history and literature and immersing himself in Pope's voluminous writings both before and since his election to papacy. Szulc's extensive study of Pope's phenomenal output of articles and books leads him to conclude that Karol Wojtyla simply had to be most prolific writer in Poland. In this connection it would be fair to add that no pope in history has ever written as much in his own name and in his own hand as John Paul II has done on an astonishingly wide variety of subjects. Indeed, one gets impression that writing is and always has been veritable passion with man, and this despite fact that throughout his entire adult life he has been burdened with administrative duties that would have made it impossible for less energetic and less disciplined man to have found time for anything more than casual and routine writing. …

Fighting for a harem of queens: physiology of reproduction in Cardiocondyla male ants.

Several species of the ant genus Cardiocondyla produce dimorphic males, which exhibit sharply different mating strategies. Winged males typically disperse to mate outside the nest, whereas wingless, ergatoid males stay in the nest and aggressively employ their mandibles against competing ergatoid males to monopolize the virgin queens eclosing in the nest. Such aggressive mating strategy would only be adaptive if the males had unlimited sperm supply. Histological studies showed that, contrary to the rule in the Hymenoptera order, the ergatoid Cardiocondyla males are indeed able to produce sperm during their entire adult life. Winged males, on the other hand, have only a limited sperm supply since spermatogenesis ceases in the late pupal stage.

Axon terminals on Betz cell somata of area 4 in rhesus monkey throughout adulthood.

Previous work in our laboratory demonstrated an age-related decline in the size of Betz cell somata in cortical area 4 of the adult rhesus monkey brain. The present study was conducted to determine whether changes might also occur in the axon terminals upon these cortical cells. Tissue from area 4 was collected from seven rhesus monkeys and prepared for electron microscopy. The ages of the monkeys ranged from 5 to 35 years, covering the entire adult life span of this species. A total of 140 Betz cell profiles (20 per monkey) were examined. Measurements of these profiles confirmed our earlier finding of a decline in the perimeters of Betz cell somata with advancing age. The 1,540 axon terminals upon these cells, however, remained unchanged in size and length of membrane apposition, as well as in their number of mitochondria throughout the adult life (greater than or equal to 5 years) of the rhesus monkey. In addition, the total number of axon terminals on Betz cells did not change with age. Because the axosomatic terminals showed no age-associated changes, the material was used to calculate parametric characteristics of Betz cells and associated terminals. Betz cell somata of the rhesus monkey were estimated to have a mean membrane surface area of 5,700 microns2. Axosomatic terminals on Betz cell somata had a mean appositional area of about 3.33 microns2 and covered about 15% of the somal surface. Thus, on average, each Betz cell appeared to receive approximately 260 axosomatic terminals. There were also some conspicuous age-associated changes in the motor cortex that were not quantified. These included an accumulation of lipofuscin and the presence of a novel inclusion body in the somata of Betz cells. Age-related occurrences in the neuropil included the degeneration of axons and their myelin, membrane-bound holes, and neuritic (senile) plaques.

Continuous spawning in the cirrate octopods Opisthoteuthis agassizii and O. vossi: features of sexual maturation defining a reproductive strategy in cephalopods

The reproductive strategy of the cirrate octopods Opisthoteuthis agassizii and O. vossi (collected off Namibia from 1988 to 1990) was analyzed. Ovarian oocyte size frequency analysis for both species revealed continuous egg production over the entire adult life span. Mature eggs were stored in the single oviducal gland and distal oviduct, but oviducal gland fullness was not related to body size (p>0.2). All O. agassizii male specimens from 95 to 5400 g total weight were sexually mature, as were all females from 190 to 1650 g, indicating that considerable growth takes place after the onset of sexual maturity. “Continuous spawning” is defined as a single, extended and continuous period of egg maturation and spawning. This model of reproductive strategy is previously unreported in cephalopods. All O. vossi male specimens from 750 to 3050 g total weight, and females from 800 to 1300 g, were sexually mature. Mature males and females of both species were collected in all seasons of the year. The adaptation of cirrate octopods to non-scasonal deep-sea environments is considered. The sexual maturity characteristics of males were analyzed, and examination of the spermatophore revealed opercular structures previously unreported in cephalopods. For females, the micropyle of the eggs are described and the mineral analysis of the egg shell disclosed that sulphur was the major element present.

The effect of adult diet on the biology of butterflies : 2. The common crow butterfly, Euploea core corinna.

Euploea core is a long lived butterfly which lays a few relatively large eggs each day. In such a species it is unlikely that reserves of carbohydrate and amino acid accumulated during the larval instars would be sufficient to last its entire adult life. Female E. core were kept in a large flight cage and assigned to one of four treatments. Each treatment comprised a different concentration of sugar and amino acid in the adult diet of the butterflies. Individuals with 25% sugar in their diet lived for longer and attained higher fecundities than those with 1% sugar in their diet. Butterflies on the 1% sugar diet removed greater volumes of food solution than those on the 25% sugar diet. The availability of amino acids in the adult diet had no marked effect on longevity and, if anything, had a negative effect on fecundity. The composition of the adult diet had no discernable effect on egg weight in this species. Sugar is shown to be an important component of the adult diet of E. core but their requirement for amino acids in their adult diet remains unresolved. Finally, using the known volume of food solution removed each day, estimates were made of the minimum amount of energy required by this species each day and the amount of energy required to produce an egg.

Features of the cell-free translation of a spider fibroin mRNA.

The massive production of fibroin by the large ampullate glands of the spider, Nephila clavipes, serves as a model system in which to study the synthesis and control of a large secretory protein. Their tissue-specific product, fibroin, produced during the entire adult life of the female, is approximately 320 kilodaltons, and rich in glycine and alanine. Highly purified fibroin mRNA from the glands has been translated in a rabbit reticulocyte cell-free system with variable supplements. The translational products analyzed by SDS-PAGE display two features, tRNA modulation and discontinuous pauses during elongation. tRNA complements exert their effects both in the translational efficiency and in the size of the peptides generated. The pauses observed during translation generate subsets of smaller discrete peptides, visualized in the gels as ladders of variable relative intensities, appearing exclusively and concomitantly with the fibroin. Definitive linkage between the discrete peptides and fibroin synthesis process has been established by their selective labeling with specific radioactive amino acids.

"Society Improved the Way You Can Improve a Dynamo": Charles P. Steinmetz and the Politics of Efficiency

In the early decades of this century, when American technological development contributed to one wing of the Progressive movement a vocabulary of reform, Charles Proteus Steinmetz occupied a special position relevant to both technology and reform. As the second-bestknown electrical scientist in the country after Thomas Edison, Steinmetz came to symbolize the era's spirit of technical achievement, partially through his development of a spectacular lightning generator. As an employee of the most powerful electrical-equipment firm in the country, he generalized from his experiences to devise a social theory calling for the replacement of America's elected national government by corporate functionaries. As a non-Marxian socialist for his entire adult life, Steinmetz challenged class-based radicalism with a reformist politics that he felt could overcome class antagonism. So perceptive a cultural radical as Randolph Bourne found Steinmetz's corporatist political reformulation compelling. The means by which a technical expert came to play such a sustained part in social and political thought are primarily linguistic. And no single word was more vital to Steinmetz's eminence than the word efficiency. It provided the semantic adhesive that bonded all of his utterances about state and society. Efficiency, of course, is a simple mathematical relationship between parts of a machine process. Was society therefore a machine? It would seem so; Steinmetz wrote consistently and vigorously in this metaphorical light.' When society is a

“Society Improved the Way You Can Improve a Dynamo”: Charles P. Steinmetz and the Politics of Efficiency

“Society Improved the Way You Can Improve a Dynamo”: Charles P. Steinmetz and the Politics of Efficiency JOHN M. JORDAN In the early decades of this century, when American technological development contributed to one wing of the Progressive movement a vocabulary of reform, Charles Proteus Steinmetz occupied a special position relevant to both technology and reform. As the second-bestknown electrical scientist in the country after Thomas Edison, Stein­ metz came to symbolize the era’s spirit of technical achievement, par­ tially through his development of a spectacular lightning generator. As an employee of the most powerful electrical-equipment firm in the country, he generalized from his experiences to devise a social theory calling for the replacement of America’s elected national government by corporate functionaries. As a non-Marxian socialist for his entire adult life, Steinmetz challenged class-based radicalism with a reformist politics that he felt could overcome class antagonism. So perceptive a cultural radical as Randolph Bourne found Steinmetz’s corporatist political reformulation compelling. The means by which a technical expert came to play such a sustained part in social and political thought are primarily linguistic. And no single word was more vital to Steinmetz’s eminence than the word “efficiency.” It provided the semantic adhesive that bonded all of his utterances about state and society. Efficiency, of course, is a simple mathematical relationship between parts of a machine process. Was society therefore a machine? It would seem so; Steinmetz wrote con­ sistently and vigorously in this metaphorical light.1 When society is a Dr. Jordan recently received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan and is completing a book on engineering and American political discourse. He thanks the readers of the essay—David Hollinger, Ronald Kline, David Nichols, John Staudenmaier , James Turner, and George Wise—and the Technology and Culture referees. Tor a helpful discussion of technological metaphor, see D. O. Edge, “Technological Metaphor,” in Meaning and Control: Essays in Social Aspects of Science and Technology, ed. D. O. Edge and J. H. Wolfe (London, 1973), pp. 31—59.© 1989 by the Society for the History of Technology. All rights reserved. 0040-165X/89/3001 -0002$01.00 57 58 John M. Jordan machine, the premises of engineering—faith in the direct efficacy of logic, objectivity, certification of expertise, and quantitative preci­ sion—come to be the premises of social thought as well.2 Who better to organize such a society than a designer of machines: the engineer? While this literal application of logic rarely took hold, the lasting importance of engineering’s language and values to social thought has thus far been underestimated. While the political career of Her­ bert Hoover is the greatest example of this process, the writings of Charles Steinmetz illustrate the seepage of technical language into political discourse slightly earlier.3 His public visibility, his self­ consciously political use of engineering discourse, and his seemingly contradictory affinity with literary utopianism command attention as episodes in the linguistic transformation of technical reason into a tool of social organization. * * * As the son of a minor railway worker in Breslau, Germany, born in 1865, Steinmetz seems to have had an uneventful childhood. An apparently inherited hunchback caused relatives, especially his grand­ mother, to pamper him. At gymnasium, Steinmetz graduated first in his class, having mastered both mathematics and the Greek classics. Five years at the University of Breslau brought two important devel­ opments: Steinmetz completed the course work and thesis require­ ments for a doctorate in mathematics, and hejoined a group of young Socialists in the midst of Bismarck’s crackdown on the Left. Because he had to flee to Switzerland to avoid arrest for his political activities, Steinmetz never received his Breslau diploma. Yet the excellence and breadth of his technical education were to suit him well to America’s expanding electrification. Steinmetz, despite his physical deformity, was a gregarious sort and longed throughout his life for human fellowship. Partly because the Breslau student Socialists quickly and heartily embraced Steinmetz as one of their number, he often referred to these days as his life’s best. He edited the group’s newspaper for several months in early 1887 when one of its...

The fractionation of retrograde amnesia

This single case study describes our investigations of the retrograde memory deficit of a patient who became severely and selectively amnesic after an encephalitic illness. On clinical assessment his retrograde deficit for both personal and public events appeared to encompass his entire adult life. However, he retained knowledge of words introduced into the vocabulary during the retrograde period. The experimental investigation documented his inability to recall, recognize, and place in temporal order the names and faces of famous people for all time periods sampled. By contrast, his recall of either a famous face or a famous name was significantly facilitated by the verbal cue of the person's first name and initial of the surname (i.e., Margaret T …). His performance on a test of “familiarity” that required him to select the famous name or the famous face from two distractors (unknown) was within normal limits. It is argued that names and faces of famous people are represented in more than one system: both in a vocabulary-like fact memory system that is preserved and also in a cognitively mediated schemata that in this case is functionally inoperative.