Enterprises In Mongolia Research Articles

Negotiating standards in Sino-Mongolian industrial relations

Anthropologists have used ‘standards’ to critique Western hegemony through the centre–periphery extractive paradigm or the top–down imposition of developmental agendas. This article suggests an alternative possibility by considering the agency of local actors through their experience and evocation of standards in industrial workplaces. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork at two Chinese-owned extractive enterprises and a public vocational school in the east of Mongolia, I recast standards as a conduit for local practitioners to express genuine aspirations for improvement. Here, standards embody the ideal more than the average or the bottom line. Chinese enterprises in Mongolia are assessed against local perceptions of the global hierarchy of standards, which is not only underpinned by technical competence but also influenced by socioeconomic, moral, and geopolitical considerations. This article presents emic and etic perspectives on Chinese enterprises in Mongolia, contributing three ethnographic case studies to the discussion about the contested ascent of China as a global standards-maker and standards-shaker. It highlights the distinctive geopolitical situation of Mongolia and suggests broader implications for uneven development in the world economy.

The role of personnel management in increasing productivity at agricultural enterprises in Mongolia

The relevance of improving the efficiency of agriculture in Mongolia and, accordingly, the role of personnel management in the implementation of this task has grown especially in recent years when the number of pastures and arable land has substantially decreased due to an increase in the area of mineral extraction. The purpose of the study is to determine the most effective motivation and planning system for them, considering the national characteristics and mentality of agricultural workers, mainly nomadic shepherds, and to form recommendations on the most acceptable management style for this group. The Holfstede typology of cultural dimensions was used as a key method to identify the cultural and behavioural characteristics of the target audience. During the survey conducted among 1514 staff representatives and processing of its results, the average indicators for six cultural dimensions were calculated, and estimates of these indicators were given. According to the obtained data on the typology of cultural dimensions, it was determined that values in the examined social group are largely determined by traditions and customs, which means that a managerial model is in demand that will not impose existing Western management principles but uses its own tools based on relatively democratic principles. Based on the obtained characteristics, recommendations were formed on such key management tools as the principles of subordination, the system of setting tasks and monitoring their implementation, and on the effective motivation of personnel. The practical importance of the study lies in the development of recommendations for improving personnel management and, as a result, increasing efficiency at agricultural enterprises in Mongolia

Asset Financing Analysis of Business Enterprises

From one point, at micro level, the financial sustainability of business enterprises can be interpreted from the measurement values that display the balance of assets and sources. The paper aims to examine the 5 main strategies of asset financing, which is considered as one of the pivot indicators to determine financial sustainability. Moreover, the specifics of each model are thoroughly studied. The company, which has been taken as the research object, has been executing the “appropriate” strategy of asset financing for the last 5 years, and the conclusion has been made as the utilization of long-term loans and liabilities is regarded as appropriate according to the current asset financing strategy. In the first part of this work, I wrote about the features of 5 models of property financing as one of the features of financial stability companies. In the second part of this work, the results of the research, which model was chosen in the company “XXX” of the food industry. Data from 2017-2021 period were selected for the study from one of the largest joint-stock enterprises in Mongolia.

Mongolian Investment Regulation and Arbitration

The author of the study presents the Mongolian legal environment regulating foreign direct investment. The evolution of the rules governing this field is presented in a chronological order from the democratization of Mongolia in the early 1990s to the present day. The author remarks the changes in the rules over time, which show an evolution towards a more level playing field between foreign investors, who were initially in a privileged position when compared to domestic investors. Other changes concern the authorization requirements for foreign investments, which evolved in order to hinder the activity of foreign state-owned enterprises in Mongolia and also to safeguard Mongolian mineral wealth. Investor protection mechanisms are emphasized, such as state commitments to not modifying the taxation environment. The study analyses international arbitration case-law pertaining to foreign investment protection in Mongolia.

Trends in Mongolian Foreign Trade Development by Joining PAA

It has not been a long time since Mongolia adopted market economy but ever since 2004, it has been recording fast development which motivated them well enough to jump into the electronic trade market. Though it has just started, many small and medium size enterprises are already doing their businesses through the internet.This means that they need to arrange new regulations regarding electronic merchant agency in order to support every needed element from e-trade education and consultation for effective support and promotion to e-trade package supply such as business good offices and trade automation.Through the PAA project system which is operated by Korea and other 9 east Asian countries, many enterprises in Mongolia can be introduced to Mongolian websites and Korean business websites. This will benefit both Mongolian economy and Korea-Mongolia cooperation.Therefore, infra system should be firmly constructed in Mongolia in order to for Mongolia to become member of PAA project and gradually enlarge the boundary of its trade market in East Asia. Keywords: PAA, E-Commerce, KOICA, UNDP DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/13-10-04 Publication date: May 31 st 2021

Employee training in small and medium-sized enterprises in Mongolia

In many developed and developing countries, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) play a significantrole in their development. All researches show that globally, SMEs account for more than 90 percent of all business activities and earlier studies have established that SMEs have a critical role in contributing to a country’s economic growth[2] such as reducing poverty and unemployment,and creating employment opportunities. In addition, they contribute to reducing inequitable income distribution, enhancing competitiveness of enterprises, as well as promoting social stability. Therefore, the development of SMEs represents theprimary goal of every modern economy. There are many factors that influence the development of SMEs andone of the most important among them is the human resource management practice, especially employees’ training. Therefore, the main aim of our study is to examine the level of awareness of the training and development (T&D) policy among owners or managers of SMEs, their attitude and organisational support towards training and to analyse the training-related problems encountered by SMEs within the context of Mongolia.

PECULIARITIES OF MANUFACTURING AND APPLICATION OF MIXED EXPLOSIVES OF ANFO TYPE AT MINING ENTERPRISES OF MONGOLIA

Рассмотрены вопросы производства взрывных работ, проводимых в промышленных масштабах c применением аммиачно-селитренных взрывчатых веществ. На основании экспериментальных исследований, выполненных авторами, было определено, что для использования на горных предприятиях Монголии, в первую очередь на угольных разрезах, наиболее рациональными и эффективными являются смесевые взрывчатые вещества на основе аммиачной селитры в твердом состоянии с различными жидкими, а также твердыми дисперсными горючими добавками – смеси типа АСДТ или ANFO. Определены температурные границы для фазовых переходов аммиачной селитры на открытых площадках в течение трех месяцев для различной влажности. Установлены показатели маслопоглощения в зависимости от цикла фазовых переходов для аммиачной селитры.

Financial Resources Management for SME`S of Mongolia

This paper Financial resources management analyzes the sources of financing for the medium enterprises in Mongolia by comparing between limited liability companies and public listed companies who are actively working in trading, manufacturing and service providing companies external and internal sources of finances. The paper gives an overview of the related theories of financial sources and capital structuring and aimed to approve based on the empirical studies on the selected three different industries 14 companies (based on the empirical studies done on 14 companies within three different industries). This paper also defined an optimal capital structure for the selected industries and each company based on the scenario analysis and assumptions. This paper investigates the sources of financing for the medium enterprises in Mongolia in different ownership structures by a capital structure theories and their impact on corporate financial performances. There are several theories regarding the process of business financing in general, companies can obtain sources of finances from short term sources, debt finance, venture capital, equity finance and internal sources.

A Comparison of Business Environments between Global Franchises and Local Enterprises in Mongolia

A Comparison of Business Environments between Global Franchises and Local Enterprises in Mongolia

INAA for determination of trace elements in bottom sediments of the Selenga river basin in Mongolia

Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) was used for the determination of major, minor and trace elements in samples of bottom sediments of the inflows of the Selenga river basin to assess the impact of the contamination from the industrial complex Erdenet and other industrial enterprises in Mongolia. A total of 42 elements (Na, Mg, Cl, K, Ca, Al, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Sr, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Sb, Cs, Ba, La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Dy, Tm, Hf, Ta, W, Au, Hg, Th, and U) was determined by combination of conventional and epithermal neutron activation analysis at the IBR-2 reactor, FLNP JINR, Dubna. For the first time such a large set of elements was used for characterization of the bottom sediments as accumulating media which may reflect industrial contamination of the water basin. The concentrations of heavy metals and other trace elements in the samples from three inflows of the Selenga river basin were compared with data from the previous studies. It was shown that the industrial zone of the Erdenet Mining Corporation (EMC) and gold mining zone Zaamar are the sources of strong environmental contamination. The concentrations of Cu and Sb determined in sediment samples of the River Khangal and Govil near the EMC exceed average crustal rock and soil values by factors of 50 and 15, respectively. In the area of the gold mining zone Zaamar concentrations of Au, As, and Sb exceed crustal rock and soil values by factors of 4, 25, and 6, respectively. The relatively high levels of As, V, Zn, V, and Sr in the sediments of the studied rivers are obviously due to the discharges of untreated wastewater of desalination plant, electrical power station, textile industry and mining activities as well as domestic wastewater.

Analysis of the Returns of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in Mongolia

This study analyses the profitability of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in Mongolia. SMEs play a crucial role in the Mongolian economy and are considered to be the stimulus of economic development in the country. The present paper investigates the factors that affect the performance of SMEs. It examines the relationship between returns, gender, age, education, bank advances, turnover volume, innovation, management experience, labour, interest rates, customer base, inflation and exchange rate based on data collected from 200 SMEs that have different capital structures. The equation specified profitability as the dependent variable and loans, sales, firm age, firm size and interest rates as independent variables. All data except interest rates which were derived from Central Bank data were gathered from a primary field survey. The conclusion to our study is that there is a strong positive correlation between sales growth, bank advances, business size and profitability.

Монгол орны жижиг, дунд аж ахуй эрхлэх нөхцөл ба онцлог

English title: Features and conditions for developing small and medium size enterprises in Mongolia

Institutional Transformation in the Agricultural Sector of the former Soviet Bloc

Institutional Transformation in the Agricultural Sector of the former Soviet Bloc This article discusses popular explanations for the demise of farm enterprises in Mongolia, such as: reduced state funding, corrupt and self-interested rural elites, and the (supposed) drastic central privatisation policy. It argues that these factors are insufficient to explain the collectives' demise, as they are largely true also for Russia, where no widespread break-up of farm enterprises took place. Farm enterprises in Russia, despite financial difficulties, show remarkable resilience as large-scale units. A tendency which can be observed in general, as well as in most of the regions bordering Mongolia with a similar type of (semi) - pastoralist livestock farming, Therefore, this article takes a look at the level of the Mongolian farm enterprise, and considers the socio-economic specifics of these enterprises to discover the incentives for employees and managers to disband (or leave) these enterprises. In doing so it pays attention to formal structures and informal social structures related to property and production, within a tentative comparison with Russia.

Standardization of the Traditional Herbal Mixtures Marbo-3 and Sorool-4

The flora of Mongolia includes about 2823 species of plants belonging to 662 genuses and 128 families. About 300 species constitute the group of medicinal plants. There are approximately 40 large and small pharmaceutical enterprises in Mongolia, which produce about 270 traditional preparations for the domestic market. The annual export of medicinals amounts to 4.8 – 5.2 ton [1]. It is planned that the consumption of the traditional Mongolian preparations and, hence, their production will continue to grow. Unfortunately, the lack of systematic basic investigations devoted to standardization of traditional drugs and to the development of methods for their identification and analysis hinders objective evaluation of the quality of traditional drugs produced in Mongolia and restricts the export. This study was aimed at the complex investigation of the widely used traditional plant preparations Marbo-3 and Sorool-4 by modern physicochemical analytical techniques, evaluation of the content of heavy metals in these preparations, and characterization of the microbiological cleanness of both mixtures and raw plant materials entering into these compositions. This investigation was performed with a view to the development of general principles for the standardization of traditional medicinal plant preparations used in the folk medicine of Mongolia [2]. The herbal mixture Marbo-3 is widely used in Mongolia, Tibetia, India, and China for the treatment of various renal and urinary disorders [3 – 5]. This mixture includes equal proportions of the roots and rhizomes of Indian madder (Rubia cordifolia of Rubiaceae family), the leaves of Japan medlar (Eriobotria japonica of Rosaceae family), and shellac (Laccifer Lacca of Coccideae family). In the first step, we have studied the anatomic structure of the roots and rhizomes of Rubia cordifolia and the leaves of Eriobotria japonica and established their identification characters (Fig. 1). The results of microscopic examination of Marbo-3 obtained from various manufacturers reveal the parenchymal cells of Indian madder and long simple hairs of the upper and lower epiderm cells of the leaves of Japan medlar.