Enterprise Organization Research Articles

The effect of team cultural tightness and transformational leadership on employee creative behavior: A cross-level moderated mediation model.

In recent years, "cultural tightness-looseness" refers to the strength of social norms and tolerance for deviant behaviors perceived by individuals in society, and team cultural tightness applied at the organizational level represents the strength of team norms. According to the cultural tightness-looseness theory, this study explores the influence of team cultural tightness on employee creative behavior, as well as the moderating role of transformational leadership and the mediating role of work engagement. A questionnaire method was used to survey five enterprise organizations in China through three stages, and 288 paired questionnaires were finally obtained from leaders and employees. The results found that team cultural tightness has a significant negative effect on employee creative behavior through the mediating effect of work engagement. In other words, the more the team culture in the workplace tends to be loose, the more it stimulates employee work engagement, which in turn promotes employee creative behavior. In addition, transformational leadership played a significant positive moderating role in the model. Under the influence of transformational leadership style, the negative impact of team cultural tightness on employee work engagement and creative behavior can be mitigated. The study enriches the understanding of the influence and action mechanism of the cultural tightness-looseness theory on employee creative behavior. In future research, the action mechanism of team cultural tightness interacting with different leadership styles to influence employee creative behavior will be explored more deeply.

Impact of Voluntary, Community and Social Enterprise (VCSE) Organisations Working with Underserved Communities with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in England.

The Voluntary, Community and Social Enterprise (VCSE) sector offers services and leadership within the health and care system in England and has a specialist role in working with underserved, deprived communities. This evaluation aims to identify best practices in self-management support for those living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to develop a theory of change (TofC) through understanding the impact of VCSE organisations on diabetes management. An appreciative inquiry (AI) was carried out and co-delivered using qualitative interviews and an embedded analysis with VCSE partners. A voluntary service coordinated seven VCSE organisations who assisted with recruiting their service users and undertook interviews to identify the impact of existing activities and programmes. People living with T2DM were interviewed about services. Themes were as follows: (a) individual and group activities; (b) trusted services and relationships across the community; (c) long-term engagement; (d) sociocultural context of diet and nutritional choices; (e) experience of adaptation; and (f) culturally appropriate advice and independent VCSE organisations. The structured educational approach (DESMOND) for T2DM was accessed variably, despite these services being recommended by NICE guidelines as a standard intervention. The VCSE offered continuity and culturally appropriate services to more marginalised groups. This evaluation highlights the importance of targeted engagement with underserved communities, particularly where primary care services are more limited. The TofC is a unique insight into the impact of VCSE services, offering bespoke support to manage T2DM, suggesting areas for improvements in capacity and offering the capability to sustain the VCSE sector as an essential element of the T2DM care pathway in England.

A Sociological Imagination at Work: An Appreciation of the Contribution of John Eldridge

The early experience of John Eldridge (17 May 1936 to 24 December 2022) in teaching adult classes and research in industry led him to appreciate the understandings and expertise of shop-floor informants, and to think critically about the unequal relations of authority and power that conditioned people’s working lives. His radical Weberian orientation to dispassionate research fused with his Methodist background to underpin a strong linkage between his scholarship and a commitment to social justice and peace. Fully conversant with sociological research and theory, John explored the complexity and the variety of forms of conflict and accommodation in a distinctive sociological contribution to the debate on the character of workplace industrial conflict in the 1960s and 1970s, and the centrality of analyses of contested cultures, power relations and control strategies in the organization and evolution of industrial enterprises. Later, this formed the basis for a systematic investigation of media bias in industrial relations reportage. He also explored the contested issue of ‘industrial democracy’. John’s essays for Historical Studies in Industrial Relations revisited key researchers and texts in the sociology of work and industrial relations, and highlighted their continuing relevance for understanding our world.

中国金融服务贸易竞争力之影响因素分析

Against the backdrop of economic globalization and trade liberalization, financial services, as an emerging sector, have gradually become a focal point of attention for countries around the world. The development of financial services trade has accelerated the flow of capital between nations and effectively promoted global trade as well as the development of non-trade industries. This article, based on the background of the RCEP coming into effect, conducts a comparative analysis of the financial services trade competitiveness between China and RCEP member countries, and empirically studies the factors influencing China’s financial services trade competitiveness based on Porter’s Diamond Model.
 This study first starts with the current status of financial services trade among RCEP member countries, comparing the competitiveness of China’s financial services trade with other RCEP member countries using three commonly used indicators for evaluating international trade competitiveness: market share (MS), trade competitiveness index (TC), and revealed comparative advantage index (RCA). Subsequently, based on Porter’s competitive advantage theory, an evaluation system is constructed from six aspects: factor conditions, demand conditions, related and supporting industries, government, enterprise organization strategy and competition, and opportunities. The regression model is constructed using data from 2006 to 2021 combined with the principal component analysis method to empirically analyze the factors influencing China’s financial services trade competitiveness. The analysis results show that China’s financial services trade international competitiveness is relatively weak among RCEP member countries, but it has shown a strong growth trend in recent years. The impact of fiscal policy on the competitiveness of financial services trade is the largest, followed by technological and related industry factors, while human capital has the smallest contribution to the competitiveness of financial services trade.
 Based on the research results, in the future, China should strengthen the cultivation of talents in the financial services industry, promote consumer spending in the financial services sector, increase the capital and technological content of related financial industries, expand the scale of foreign capital utilization in the financial services industry, and improve the financial regulatory system to enhance China’s international competitiveness in financial services trade.

Роль внутренней трудовой миграции в истории Дацинского нефтяного месторождения (1949–1978 годы)

This paper determines the role of the Chinese state policy in using internal labour migration to ensure accelerated socialist construction of such large industrial facilities as the Daqing Oil Field. The history of the People’s Republic of China from 1949 to 1978 is rich in examples of labour mobilization of military and technical workers as well as young people for the construction and organization of industrial enterprises in adverse climatic conditions. After the discovery of the Daqing Oil Field in the north-eastern province of Heilongjiang in 1959, more than 40,000 military men, engineers and oil workers were relocated to this facility. Chinese workers from the eastern and western provinces took an active part in organizing the process of exploration, drilling, oil extraction and transportation, as well as launching water supply and building storage facilities. Labour migrants were quick to establish new modern settlements in the oil field area under extremely harsh northern conditions. Daqing Oil Field workers steadfastly endured all the hardships, their main slogan being as follows: “Work hard, overcome difficulties, do your best to fight”. The selfless work of internal migrants was highly appreciated by the Chinese government and the Chinese society as a whole. Over 5,000 factories and enterprises throughout China manufactured mechanical and electrical products as well as equipment for the Daqing Oil Field; 200 research and development departments provided technical support to its workers. In the 1960s, an economic campaign “Learn Everything from Daqing” was launched, aimed to share the experience of building this oil field with other regions of China. Party and government officials Zhou Enlai, Zhu De, Dong Biwu, He Long and Chen Yi had repeatedly visited Daqing to inspect the work and evaluate the role of labour migrants from other provinces in the development of the oil industry in Northeast China.

To the question of the need to strengthen the role of municipal administration in the realization of spatial potential of small enterprises

The sector of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) traditionally refers to potential points of innovative growth that can play a key role in the modernization of the national economy. The current transition to spatial research has led to the study of new aspects. The publication reveals the features of the implementation of the spatial potential of small and medium-sized enterprises in terms of resource capabilities and the quality of public administration at the regional and municipal level. This aspect is relevant in view of the upcoming reform of local self-government, which implies significant qualitative changes in the management system. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to strengthen the role of municipal management in the spatial development of small enterprises as a result of the planned reform of local selfgovernment. The paper presents the updated author's structuring of the economic space on the basis of existing documents of a strategic nature. The main directions of regulating the spatial development of SMEs are analyzed on the example of the Samara region (allocation of priority regions and territories, development of depressed territories, development of non-agglomeration territories, cluster interaction), as well as gaps in regulation and support at the municipal level are identified. An updated list of strategic documents on the development of small enterprises operating in the Samara region has been compiled. The spatial and territorial organization of small enterprises is reflected in the documents of the Samara region. Legislative innovations are aimed at more active involvement of the municipal level of public authorities in the development of the local economic space. The proposed powers of the public authority at the municipal level include its own, redistributed and voluntary. However, the issues of resource provision of the powers proposed for implementation come first. Based on the results of the work, a number of additions to the draft law On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in a unified system of public authority concerning the municipal level of regulation and support of SME activities have been substantiated. By way of discussion, the article assesses the possible impact of the main innovations proposed in the draft law on the activities of SMEs.

Community-based volunteering in response to Covid-19: people, process and planning

PurposeThe Covid-19 pandemic saw a dramatic rise in the number of people volunteering to support older people shielding at home. This study aimed to determine the processes by which volunteers were rapidly engaged in their communities and their impact on the older people who were supported and health and social care services.Design/methodology/approachThe study took place in South East England between May–August 2020. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 88 participants including health and social care practitioners (n = 12), leaders of voluntary, community and social enterprise (VCSE) organisations (n = 25), volunteers (n = 26) and older people receiving volunteer support (n = 25). Policy and procedure documents were sourced from the VCSE organisation leaders. Data were analysed thematically according to a framework method.FindingsThe authors identified key themes of People, Process and Planning. People: volunteers had a significant, positive impact on older people in their communities, with volunteers themselves, also benefiting. Process: VCSE organisations needed to work together and with health and care providers to avoid gaps and duplication of services. VCSE organisations were able to act quickly, by-passing many complex operational procedures. However, there was a need to ensure the safety of both volunteers and older people. Planning: Looking forward, there were concerns about the long-term funding of VCSE organisations and the availability of volunteers.Originality/valueThis study took place during the first wave of the pandemic, hence, it provides a snapshot of how voluntary organisations operated at this time and highlights the importance of integration with health and care statutory services.

ACCOUNTING POLICY AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE ACTIVITIES OF ENTERPRISES IN WARTIME CONDITIONS

Practical management of the accounting process at Ukrainian enterprises requires the formation of their own accounting policy at each of them, which is the basis of the organization of the accounting process and the most important management tool. The article reveals the essence and procedure of development of accounting policies by domestic enterprises. It is proposed to define the accounting policy as a set of principles, methods, procedures, ways of organizing and maintaining accounting, compiling and submitting financial statements, which are chosen by the economic entity independently, taking into account the peculiarities of its activity over a long period and are reflected in the internal regulatory document of the enterprise. As a result of the research, the factors affecting the formation of accounting policy in the conditions of martial law and their reflection in accounting are summarized. New operations and new business risks were considered, which influenced the formation of the accounting policy, which in the conditions of martial law in most enterprises does not meet the requirements of the law and does not provide an opportunity to form a holistic view of the peculiarities of the accounting methodology and organization of a certain enterprise. Changes to the basic principles of the accounting policy and new components of the accounting policy are proposed, which may require changes in the conditions of martial law.
 Based on the analysis of the practical aspect of the development of the accounting policy of enterprises in Ukraine the peculiarities of the disclosure of the tax policy of the enterprise are determined and the standards are given: the taxation system used by the enterprise; method of accounting of income and expenses in the organization's activities; the procedure for calculating the tax base for taxation.
 Criteria for selecting and changing accounting policy, accounting approach to disclosure of information about changes in accounting policy, accounting estimates and correction of errors are established.

How to Make Informal Organizations become the " Driving Force " of Enterprise Development?

Enterprise organization includes formal organization and informal organization. Under the background of Chinese traditional culture, informal organization is a group that cannot be ignored in the organization and management of enterprises. It plays an important role in all aspects of enterprise development. Facing up to the existence of informal organization, understanding the characteristics of informal organization and its role in enterprises, and actively formulating strategies that can guide informal organizations to play an active role will help enterprises improve the efficiency of organization and management, thus contributing to the long-term and stable development of enterprises.

Cross-Industry Principles for Digital Representations of Complex Technical Systems in the Context of the MBSE Approach: A Review

This scientific article discusses the process of digital transformation of enterprises, analyzed as complex technical systems. Digital transformation is essential for businesses to remain competitive in the global marketplace. One of the effective tools for such a transformation is model-based systems engineering (MBSE). However, there is a gap in the practical application of knowledge regarding the uniform principles for the formation of a digital representation of complex technical systems, which limits the realization of the cross-industry potential of digital transformation in the economy. The motivation for this study is to identify common cross-industry principles for the formation of digital representations of complex technical systems that can lead companies to a sustainable and successful digital transformation. The purpose of this work is to identify and formulate these principles through an analysis of publications, using an inductive approach and classifying them by the category of application. As a result of the study, 23 principles were obtained, and the degree of their use in various industries associated with complex technical systems was determined. The results of this study will help to solve the problem of cross-industry integration and guide systemic changes in the organization of enterprises during their digital transformation.

Eco-oriented digitalization of agricultural production activities within the framework of the concept "Agriculture 4.0"

The key aspects of the practical implementation of the concept "Agriculture 4.0" are considered, the basic paradigm of which is the active use of digital technologies that lay the foundation for the introduction of qualitatively new approaches to the organization of agricultural enterprises. At the same time, it is stated that the practical implementation of the ideas laid down within the frame-work of this concept allows not only to increase the efficiency of agricultural production activities, but also to contribute to ensuring its greening.

SOCIAL VALUE CREATION THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP - A QUALITATIVE APPROACH

The objective of this paper is to contribute to better understanding of the concept behind social entrepreneurship. A qualitative approach was carried out to better know the perception behind social entrepreneurs. A sample of 10 social entrepreneurs engaged in MSME sector were interviewed pertaining to the questions behind the success of social entrepreneurial activities. The questions were raised based on their success, market orientation, image and value creation and enterprise organization. The paper nally concludes that social entrepreneurs apart from their concepts, the activities are towards the welfare of the society and it improves the economic development of the country which is a boon for the society as well as country.

Improve the Accounting Organization in Medical Equipment Business Enterprises in Nghe an Province, Vietnam

The article presents the theoretical basis of accounting work, requirements, and methods of organizing accounting work in commercial enterprises. Currently, the organization of accounting work in medical equipment trading enterprises in Nghe An province is still limited. With characteristics such as small size, the need for accounting information is specific, unlike large enterprises, so the organization of accounting work has not been focused. Based on the actual survey data, and in-depth interviews with the accounting team, the research team identified several shortcomings in the organization of accounting work such as vouchers, accounting books, and accounting reports. ... at the same time pointing out the causes of these existences. From the above limitations, the article also proposes some measures to improve the organization of accounting work in medical equipment trading enterprises in Nghe an province.

Improve the Accounting Organization in Medical Equipment Business Enterprises in Nghe an Province, Vietnam

Improve the Accounting Organization in Medical Equipment Business Enterprises in Nghe an Province, Vietnam

Analysis of Waste-Free Processing of Dairy Raw Materials Implementation Issuesin Industrial Conditions

Topicality. Today, the existing innovative developments of dairy food products have great opportunities for the wide implementation of various types and quality of dairy raw materials into production. After all, many inventions directly relate to technologies for the production of fermented milk products, bakery and confectionery products, beverages, health products, etc. This requires the use of a certain type of dairy raw materials. The problem is that there are many such products, and with the increase in the production capacity of food enterprises, there is a necessity to enlarge the number of implementations of the production of dairy products. Currently, in food industry, the number of such implementations which would provide our population with the necessary amount of scarce animal protein is insignificant. In addition, under such circumstances, people’s nutrition becomes too unbalanced, especially in the winter season. An equally important problem of new waste-free technologies implementation is a weak experimental base for creating new competitive equipment in laboratory conditions. The developed model of the process, equipment or the entire line will not have a sense without the implementation of cer tain investment contributions. The aim of this article is to reveal the main points, to choose the optimal solutions for the complex waste-free processing of dairy raw materials, and to avoid crisis situations, as well as to highlight the most precise directions in which the improvement of the general process itself should be carried out, to provide some explanations and suggestions for avoiding the main problems in the field of processing dairy raw materials. Research methods: analytical, standard generally accepted physical and chemical, as well as monographic, analysis and synthesis, classification. Results. An analysis of technological, technical and organizational issues is provided, the solution of which will allow the implementation of innovative solutions for waste-free processing of dairy raw materials in the conditions of food industry. The qualitative indicators of protein-carbohydrate dairy raw materials for further implementation in the production of dairy products are shown, and the needs of future production in another raw materials base are analyzed. Taking into account the seasonal distribution of usage in waste-free production of certain types of raw materials will ensure its reliable and stable operation with the simultaneous expansion of the final products range. A variant of technical equipment of the future zero-waste production for the processing of dairy raw materials and its maintenance is developed. A clear and well-considered choice of technology and equipment for modernization or creation of new lines of waste-free processing of dairy raw materials and means of its sanitary processing will allow to increase the competitiveness of final products and bring production to a modern level. Conclusions and discussion. A number of issues that must be taken into account when organizing a future enterprise for the production of dairy products using zero-waste technologies are presented. An analysis of investment needs for the development of the chosen direction for the effective organization of the future milk processing enterprise is provided.

ANALYSIS OF THE DISADVANTAGES AND ADVANTAGES OF THE MODERN HRM SYSTEMS FOR OPTIMIZING THE FUNCTIONING OF ENTERPRISES

This article is devoted to the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of modern HRM systems for optimizing the work of enterprises. Among the most common HRM information systems, such as built-in, cloud and mobile systems, «Zoho People», «OrangeHRM», «CakeHR», «Workable», «BambooHR», «SAP SuccessFactors», «Workday HCM», «DeloPro», «HugeProfit», «ISpro», «Scala HR», «Axapta HR Management», «IRenaissance Human Resources / Payroll», «Hurma System», “Vchasno» were researched. A detailed study of the disadvantages and advantages of the mentioned HRM systems helps to determine the optimal system for researched enterprise (organization) according to the specifics of its activity, opportunities, and potential. The authors note that the successful implementation of HRM systems requires interaction between the IT department and the personnel management department, as well as a clear understanding of the organization’s needs and goals. The article proves that HRM systems are a necessary tool for optimizing the work of enterprises, but their implementation should be carried out taking into account the specific needs and capabilities of the organization.

ФОРМАЛІЗАЦІЯ МЕТОДИКИ ПРОГНОЗУВАННЯ ЗБУТУ ПРОДУКЦІЇ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ СІЛЬСЬКОГОСПОДАРСЬКОГО МАШИНОБУДУВАННЯ

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the sales organization of agricultural engineering enterprises. The need to develop the growth potential of its volumes and improve the methodology of their forecasting, taking into account the participation of enterprises in integration associations, is considered urgent. The purpose of the study is to substantiate an innovative approach to the formalization of the method of forecasting sales of products of agricultural machinery enterprises. The object of the study is a complex of factors that affect the sales performance of enterprises. Methods used in the research: analysis and synthesis, grouping, economic-mathematical forecasting, statistical research, Delphi. Hypothesis: the use of the developed sales forecasting methodology will allow developing a sales policy that meets the threats of the market environment. Presenting main material. It is proposed to forecast the sales volumes of agricultural machinery enterprises taking into account the elasticity of demand, changes in sales volumes, and the capabilities of consumers. The use of the presented methodology does not negate the possibility of a selective approach in the selection of components for the formation of an individual selection of indicators for determining the sales forecast. Originality and practical significance of the research. The presented method of forecasting sales involves adjusting the forecast indicators for a number of parameters that take into account potential changes in the market and the fact of the joining of enterprises to the contract group and makes it possible to determine realistic, optimistic and pessimistic sales scenarios. Conclusions and prospects for further research. Effective functioning of agricultural engineering enterprises that integrate their efforts requires forecasting of product sales volumes. The developed methodology was supplemented with an implementation algorithm. The development of individual methods of sales forecasting for enterprises of various branches of production is considered promising

Expressing identity in mission statements: a case of Polish social cooperatives

The rise of social cooperatives can be related to the blurring of boundaries between sectors in the modern economy and the creation of hybrid organizations, which combine different rationalities in their activities. Despite the defined legal form, they can still express their organizational iden-tity in a variety of ways - adopt a more social or a more market orientation. One of the forms of expression of organizational identity is a declaration of mission, which includes, among others, basic values. The aim of the article is to: a) identify the types of mission statements in Polish social cooperatives; b) identify the values contained in the mission statements of Polish social cooperatives; c) determine whether the identity of an enterprise, social organization or mutual-support group prevails in Polish social cooperatives. For the purposes of the research, the contents of the missions of social cooperatives registered in Poland were analysed. 99 missions were identified and analysed using the IRAMUTEQ program. At a later stage, an invitation to participate in the survey was sent out to the 99 social cooperatives whose missions were being researched. The invite was addressed to the managers. The conducted analyses point to the existence of three main elements in the identity of Polish social cooperatives. The first, and the most developed one, is a social element related to the organ-ization’s orientation towards solidarity and its responsibility for the work and social integration of persons at risk of social exclusion, focus on beneficiaries and on their comprehensive service. This identity is related to high prioritization of such value as education. The second exposed element of identity is related to economic activity. The organizations in question see themselves as enterprises that should provide high-quality products and focus on customer satisfaction. This identity is related to values such as professionalism and work engagement, focus on employees and work safety. Matters related to business growth and competition, as well as values such as research and development, growth, product superiority, focus on competitors or company success are much less exposed. The third, least exposed area of identity has to do with responsibility for the environment and is associated with activities undertaken for the sake of community and envi-ronment. The analysis of the mission statements was supplemented with an analysis of case-specific data obtained in the questionnaire research. Two identities were predominant: enterprise and social organization, while the identity related to community affairs was marginalized.&nbsp

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE FORMATION OF THE PARADIGM FOR THE SALE

In order to achieve the epistemological result, the concept of “sales”, “sales organization” was considered, the interpretation of these concepts by scientists was given, and the real circumstances of the sale of enterprise products were analyzed. The purpose of the article is to generalize the methodological foundations of the formation of the paradigm of sales of enterprise products. To achieve the goal, general scientific and specific methods were used, in particular, the method of logical generalization, scientific abstraction, comparison, empirical, graphic… The conceptual apparatus “sales” was studied by comparing it with other types of activity, namely, it was defined as an economic category based on the statement that sales activity has its own individual characteristics and is clearly defined as one of the influential functional links of the enterprise’s economic activity. This will make it possible to clearly define the features, tasks and the level of influence of sales on the level of development of the enterprise. As a result of the conducted empirical research and logical generalization, regularities and principles of sales activity were revealed, and new scientific knowledge regarding the sales paradigm was formed. The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the improvement of the methodological foundations of the formation of the sales paradigm, which approves it as an economic category, which is a sequence of measures for the sale of the company’s products based on the use of marketing methods and its organizational adequacy to ensure the satisfaction of demand and the achievement of the company’s profit. The given categorical model substantiates the ratio of the “sales” and “marketing” categories. The subject of further consideration is the study of methods of organization and management of enterprises by industry orientation, approaches to the development of the latest methods of sales organization based on the introduction of consolidated marketing.

Specific practice of application of the criminal law provisions establishing liability for bribery of an employee of an enterprise institution or organization

The article, resting upon the data of official statistics, examines the practice of application of the criminal law provisions which establish liability for bribing an employee of an enterprise, institution, or organization.Quantitative indicators of this crime category are calculated, particularly, their rate (336 crimes) and the av- erage annual number (34 crimes). The main trends and periods of reproduction of the crimes under study are determined: the first period (2013–2019) is characterized by a stable upward trend from the minimum initial number of 16 crimes (2013) to the maximum number of 67 crimes (2019); the second period (2020–2022) is notable for a sharply decreased number of recorded crimes and a relative stabilization of the relevant indica- tors at the level of average numbers for the whole period under study.The practical application of Part 5 of Art. 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which describes one of the special releases of a person from criminal liability provided for in the Criminal Code, is an isolated instance and has no noticeable anti-corruption influence on the area of legal relations under study.The article determines the main quantitative indicators which reflect the imposition of criminal liability and punishment on the persons who offer an illegal benefit, as well as on those who receive it. Their ratio is 30% to 70%, respectively. The author arrives at the conclusion about defectiveness of the construction of the sanctions established under Parts 1–4 of Art. 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine and suggests that their optionality be limited to three main types of punishments, and this is reasoned, in particular, by the specifics of the actual criminalization of the crime under study. The author established that a fine was the predominant type of punishment (90% of those convicted). It is noted that release from punishment was very rarely (3.4%) applied to those convicted under Art. 354 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, and this makes this category of cases significantly different from others which have the corresponding share reaching a half of the total number of convicts.Given the social and role characteristics of the convicts most of whom are engaged in the fields of med- icine and education, the author suggests that deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or practice certain professions be included in the sanctions under the relevant provisions as an additional punishment.